States of Matter

Lec. 2
by : Dr. Haithem N. Abed
1. Particles arrangement
2. Particles energy
3. Distance between particles(intermolecular forces)
 State of matter changes
• Melting : conversion of state from solid to liquid.

• Fusion or freezing : is when a substance goes from a liquid to solid state,

the reverse of melting.

• Sublimation :substance goes directly from solid to gaseous state.

• Deposition : substance goes from gaseous to solid state

• Vaporization : Boiling + Evaporation. It is the transition of state

from liquid to gas

• Condensation: substance goes from gaseous to liquid state.

Gas state
 gas properties
• Expand infinitively (No intermolecular forces)
• take the volume and shape of the container (unit : L
or ml)
• Compressible
 Due to a lot of free spaces between gas molecules
• Gas pressure
 (force per unit area) : unit : atmosphere (atm) or
mmHg
 1amt= 760 mmHg=760torr
 Temp. in gas state expressed by kelvin scale (K= C+273)
Gas state
 Ideal gas
• No intermolecular interaction
• No energy exchanged or lost during collision
(perfectly elastic)
• Three laws describe properties of ideal gas
1. Boyles law
2. Charles law
3. Gay-Lussac law
 Ideal Gas
 Boyles law (P =1/ V )
• P1 V1 = P2 V2
 Ideal Gas
 Charles law (T and V)
• volume of gas directly proportion to gas
temp.
 Effect temp. on gas volume
Example : a collected ideal gas in burette occupies a
volume of 30 ml at a temp. of 20°C and a pressure
of 740mmHg. Calculate the volume of the gas at 0°C
and 740mmHg.
• Pressure is constant
• T1 = C + 273 = 20+273=293 K
• T2 = C+273= 0 +273 = 273
• P1 V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 (combined gas low)
740mmHg*30ml/293 = 740mmHg* V2/273
27.9 ml
 Ideal gas
 Gay-Lussac law ( T and P )
• Gas pressure proportion directly to gas
temperature
• P1/T1 = P2/T2 (Temperature in Kelvin)
 Ideal gas
• General Ideal gas law relate P, T, V of a given
mass of gas
PV = n RT
P = gas pressure , unit =atm i.e (1 atm= 760
mmHg=760 torr)
V = gas volume , unit = L
T = temp. , unit K = 273 +C
R = molar gas constant (R=0.08205 atm .L /mole K)
R= 8.314 Joules/mole. K
n = number of gas moles = W (g)/M.Wt (g/mole)
 R= 0.08205 atm L /mole K

T = 273+25 = 298 K
P = 780mmHg/760 mmHg = 1.062 atm
• PV=nRT
 Real gas properties
• Don’t follow ideal gas laws
1. composed of molecules of finite volume
2.There is intermolecular interactions between gas
particles that affect the volume and pressure of the
gas
3. energy exchanged or lost during collision
van der waals equation of Real gas
Real gas
a)As ideal gas
PV=nRT
P 7.35 L = 0.193 295 *0.0821= P = 0.636 atm
b)as a real gas

(P+17.38 X 0.193²/7.35²) = (7.35 – 0.193 X 0.1344) = 0.193 X 0.0821 X 295

P=0.626 atm
• THAT MEAN GASES BE AS IDEAL GAS UNDER LOW PRESSURE
 liquid state
• General properties
1. More dense than gas
2. Has definite volume i.e not expand due to
intermolecular forces
3. Take the shape of the container
4. Incompressible
5. Have translational motion (due to
intermolecular forces).
 Condensation vs evaporation

cooling (due to in kinetic energy)

• Gas liquid
pressure (van der waals forces)

• Condensation vs evaporation
• Critical temperature : a temperature above which, a
substance can not exist as a liquid, no matter how
much pressure is applied. Every substance has a critical
temperature.
• Critical pressure : The pressure required to liquify a
substance vapor at its critical temperature
 218atm
25c
Less than 1
atm
374C
?