2

Chapter 3
UNDERSTANDING
DATA AND WAYS
TO SYSTEMATICALLY
COLLECT DATA

ROMADEL R. PERALTA
Mathematics Teacher
Opening Prayer
We Create
Quality Professional
PPT Presentation
 In your own
word, what is
quantitative
data?

Generally, data are any pieces of information or facts that people have known. Once
these data answer the research problem, it becomes helpful to research. When research
data appears to be measurable in the numerical form, it is considered quantitative data.
However, some qualitative data can also be useful to quantitative research once it is
given a numerical value.
The Objectives
01 Plan data collection procedure

02 Plan data analysis using

statistics and hypothesis
testing (if appropriate)
Techniques in Collecting
Quantitative Data
 OBSERVATION
• It is gathering information about
a certain condition by using
senses.
• The researcher records the
observation as seen and heard.
• This is done by direct observation
or indirect observation using
gadgets or apparatus.
• An observation checklist aids the
researcher in recording the data
gathered.
SURVEY
• Data gathering is done through
interview or questionnaire.
• By means of questionnaire you use
series of questions or statements that
respondents will have to answer.
• Basically, respondents write or choose
their answer from given choices.
• On the other hand, interview is when
you ask respondents orally to tell you
the responses. Since you are doing
quantitative research, it is expected
that responses have numerical value
either it is nominal or ordinal in form.
 EXPERIMENT
• When your study is an
experimental design, it was
already discussed in the
previous lesson that it would
use treatment or intervention.
• After the chosen subjects,
participants, or respondents
undergone the intervention,
the effects of such treatment
will be measured.
 Looking at the flowchart of the data gathering procedure,
what do you think is the research design of the study?

BEFORE DURING AFTER

1. Seek permission from 1. Provide instructions 1. Encode the data
school principal of to respondents gathered
students 2. Administer the 2. Analyze the data
2.Develop research questionnaire
questionnaire
3.Determine sample size
through stratified
random technique
Three Phases in Data
Collection
In doing research, data collection is a major
component of research. Neglecting to clarify the
collection procedure would result in acquiring
inaccurate data that will make you research study
invalid. Hence, the data collection procedure is
given meticulous attention to gather appropriate
data. You are making sure that data you will
gather answers to your research questions.
The data gathering procedure is presented in a
paragraph format in your research paper.
Basically, the contents are the steps you are going
to follow:
1. before you will gather the data,
2. what to do during the actual
gathering of data, and
3. the things to consider after data
has been gathered.
The following are the suggested steps but not
limited to it, are the procedures in gathering
quantitative data.
 BEFORE DURING AFTER

1. Prepare the research 1. Clear the instructions 1. Summarize the data

instruments provided to the gathered, in a tabular
2. Identify the authorities that will respondents. form
be involved and need to ask
2.Administer the research 2.Analyze the summarize
permission
3.Determine the samples size
instrument or data corresponding to
and corresponding implement the research the research questions.
respondents; per group if intervention, if
applicable. applicable.
4.Ask consent form (if 3.Collect or gather or take
respondents are 18 years old note of the responses.
above) or parent's consent (if
minor).
5.Pilot test the research
instrument if needed.
ACTIVITY 1
Arrange your Step!
Arrange the
following steps in
data gathering into
their correct
sequence, 1 as being
the first step, and 10
as the last step.
Data Analysis
 Data Analysis
➢ is a process in which gathered information are summarized in
such a manner that it will yield answers to the research
questions.
➢ During quantitative data analysis gathered information were
break down and ordered into categories in order to draw trends
or patterns in a certain condition.
➢ In quantitative research, the numerical data collected is not
taken as a whole. In order to understand it better, it is analyzed
into components based on the chosen research variables and
research questions you are going to answer.
➢ These numerical data are usually subject to statistical treatment
depending on the nature of data and the type of research
problem presented.
➢ The statistical treatment makes explicit the different statistical
methods and formulas needed to analyze the research data.
Statistics Recall! percentage

Parametric
test mean
data
table
Standard
frequency deviation
figure
Non-
parametric
correlation
test
regression
Planning your Data
Analysis
Before choosing what statistical test is
appropriate for your research study it is
important to determine what statistical
formation is applicable to your current study.
In immersing yourself into planning your
data analysis, you must decide what basic
descriptive statistical technique you are
going to use.
Although this technique does not give you
the degree of association or effect between
variables, this will help you to code and
simply tabulate your data.
❑ provides a summary of the INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
ordered or sequenced data
from your research sample.
❑ Frequency distribution,
measure of central ❑ is used when the research study
tendencies (mean, median, focuses on finding predictions;
testing hypothesis; and finding
mode), and standard
interpretations, generalizations,
deviation are the sets of and conclusions.
data from descriptive ❑ Since this statistical method is
statistics. more complex and has more
advanced mathematical
computations, you can use
DESCRIPTIVE
computer software to aid your
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE analysis.
 Types of statistical analysis of
variable in your quantitative research.
 UNIVARIATE BIVARIATE MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

analysis of Analysis of two analysis of the

one variable variables such as multiple relations
independent and between multiple
dependent variables
variables
Furthermore, selecting what test to use is basically done by identifying whether you will
use parametric test or nonparametric test.
In addition, in choosing statistical techniques in quantitative research, the purpose or
objective of the research study should be considered.

01 Test of Relationship between Two Variables

• Pearson’s r (parametric)
• Phi coefficient (non-parametric for nominal and
dichotomous variables)
• Spearman’s rho (non-parametric for ordinal variable)
D
D
D
02 Test of Difference between Two Data Sets from
One Group
• T-test for dependent samples (parametric)
• McNemar change test (non-parametric for nominal
and dichotomous variables)
• Wilcoxon signed-rank test (non-parametric for
ordinal variable)
D
D
D
03 Test of Difference between Two Data Sets from
Two Different Groups
• T-test for independent samples (parametric)
• Two-way chi-square (non-parametric for nominal
variable)
• Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric for ordinal
variable) D
D
D
04 Test More than Two Population Means
• Analysis of Variance or ANOVA (parametric)

05 Test the Strength of Relation or Effect or Impact

• Regression (parametric)
D
D
D
Choose the Appropriate Statistical Test
Determine the statistical test/s appropriate for the sample research.

01
Relationship between Academic Stressors and Learning Preferences
of Senior High School Students

02
Reading Electronic Learning Materials as a Support for Vocabulary
of Grade 1 Pupils

03
Impact of the Implementation of COVID – 19 Health Protocols in
Supermarkets on Consumer Behaviors
Choose the Appropriate Statistical Test
Determine the statistical test/s appropriate for the sample research.

04
Effects of Morning Exercise on the Health Anxiety Level of Senior
Citizens

05
Measuring the Gadgets Usage of Children at Home during
Quarantine
 What are your
learnings in today’s
lesson?

What is your
realization on your
learnings?
 Check what you’ve learn
difference between sets of
data from different groups.
A
difference between two sets
What is the purpose B
of data from one group
of Pearson’s r as a
degree of effect research
statistical technique? intervention or treatment.
To test the. Question C
relationship between two
continuous variables.
D
 Check what you’ve learn
T-Test for two dependent
What statistical samples
technique should be A
used for this research T-Test for independent
problem, “You would samples
B
like to determine the
differences between Two-way Chi-square
the opinions of men Question C
and women on the
COVID – 19 local Pearson’s r
government response?” D
 Check what you’ve learn
T-Test for two dependent
samples
A
T-Test for independent
What statistical samples
technique purposes to B
test the relationship
between two Two-way Chi-square
continuous variables? Question C
Pearson’s r
D
 Check what you’ve learn
T-Test for two dependent
What statistical samples
technique should be
A
used for this research T-Test for independent
question, “Is there a samples
B
significant difference
between the pretest Two-way Chi-square
and posttest scores of Question C
learners in reading
comprehension test?” Pearson’s r
D
PERFORMANCE Perform the following task. From
what you have learned in this lesson
TASK
1. Fill out the table considering your
current research study.
2. List the steps that you are going to
follow in gathering the data of
your research. For this part, just
enumerate it to clearly see the
procedure before, during, and
after your data gathering.
Then incorporate it to your research
manuscript in a paragraph format.
Thank You!