Renewable Energy in Developing Countries:

In current periods, renewable fuel generation and its utilization have become a big
challenge for the world. There are many renewable energy resources reported and
there are technical challenges noted for their generation at high efficiency at a lower
cost. These challenges in developing and underdeveloped countries are greater with
limited resources and technical skills, devices, or procedures. The massive quantity of
fuel utilization finds itself in developed countries. This is due to the number of
developmental activities and industrial growth. Another factor for fuel utilization is the
exponential rate of population that needs fuel utilization for their daily needs. We are
rich in resources of energy that require the utilization of fuel energy production, but it
needs the advanced levels of technical approaches or devices for energy harnessing at
a lower cost with high efficiency. We are continuously utilizing non-renewable energy
like coal, natural gases, and petroleum oils that created the environmental degradation
trends and natural health issues for the world from ancient periods. The authors will
discuss biomass, the solar system, and wind resources for renewable energy
generation and make it our habit to utilize this renewable energy to maintain a green
environment. The global energy transition discourse aims to achieve two mutually
reinforcing goals: meeting the world’s increasing demand for affordable, accessible, and
secure energy consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)
7 on clean and affordable energy; and at the same time reducing GHG emissions that
contribute to climate change, consistent with SDG 13. These dual aims of global energy
transition go hand in hand with the need to promote energy diversification to increase
the shares of renewable energy in the energy mix, and the need to stimulate energy
citizenship and decentralized energy generation and distribution to promote active local
and community engagement in the energy transition process.
The just transition approach has been widely promoted over the last decade as a
framework for promoting coherent and coordinated implementation of low carbon
energy transition policies and projects in a manner that does not result in social-
economic exclusions and human rights violations. To reduce the regional and global
impacts of transition efforts on justice and fundamental human rights, energy markets
must remain competitive, inclusive, and dynamic, to maximize the full development of
new transition technologies and energy sources, such as blue and green hydrogen.
Exclusionary policies and competitive geopolitics, as well as information asymmetry on
the role of natural gas in the ongoing global energy transition, will need to be addressed
through increased cooperation and partnership.
Over the last two decades, renewable energy communities (RECs) have become critical
players driving a citizen-led European energy transition. Organized collectively, RECs
engage with local households, enable local citizen participation and raise social
acceptance for energy transition. Pooling their members’ resources, they develop local
renewable energy projects in doing so, energy communities contribute to energy
decentralization, and by enabling citizen participation, they contribute to energy
democratization. Furthermore, by investing in renewable energy projects locally, they
increased awareness of energy transition and create value locally by improving income
streams, developing skills, building capacity and reducing CO2 emissions RECs may
also facilitate community regeneration and autonomy.
Providing access to electricity in remote and underserved areas can be achieved
through the use of renewable energy sources such as hydro, biomass, wind, and solar,
which can offer decentralized and off-grid energy solutions with increased availability.
Renewable energy technologies present a long-lasting and sustainable solution to
decreasing dependence on costly fossil fuel imports. As these technologies become
increasingly cost-effective, energy-poor communities are able to benefit from them more
frequently.
Renewable energy is a powerful tool that can transform various aspects of life for the
better. Not only does it provide clean cooking solutions, but it can also enhance crop
productivity through irrigation and power small businesses. Additionally, improved
access to renewable energy can have a positive impact on education, healthcare, and
income generation.
Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced through the use of renewable energy, which
addresses both energy poverty and climate change.
Challenges and opportunities for implementing renewable projects in developing
regions:
Developing regions face specific challenges when it comes to implementing renewable
energy projects. Some of these challenges include:
Limited financial resources: Developing countries often have limited financial capacity
and struggle to secure investments for renewable energy projects. This can hinder the
deployment of necessary infrastructure and technologies.
Lack of technical expertise: The availability of skilled labor, technicians, and engineers
with expertise in renewable energy can be limited, making it challenging to develop,
operate, and maintain renewable projects.
Infrastructural constraints: Developing regions may lack the necessary infrastructure,
including transmission and distribution networks, to efficiently integrate renewable
energy into the existing grid. Policy and regulatory frameworks: Inadequate or
inconsistent policy and regulatory frameworks can create uncertainty for investors and
project developers, hindering the growth of the renewable energy sector.
However, despite these challenges, there are also several opportunities for
implementing renewable projects in developing regions:
Abundant renewable resources: Many developing countries have ample renewable
energy resources, such as solar, wind, hydro case studies highlight successful
renewable energy initiatives in developing countries and demonstrate the positive
impact they can have on energy access, sustainability, and economic development.
In conclusion, renewable energy plays a crucial role in addressing energy poverty in
developing countries. Despite challenges, opportunities for implementing renewable
projects exist, and successful case studies demonstrate the potential of renewable
energy in transforming energy access and promoting sustainable development.

Grid Integration and Smart Grids:

Calls for low-carbon urban energy transition have led to systemic changes across the
power grid, built environment, transportation, industries, and other urban energy
sectors. Numerous efforts from multiple disciplines have been conducted to describe
what future urban energy systems should be like and how they should function. This
review looks at the low-carbon urban energy transition problem from a transdisciplinary
and integrative perspective by synthesizing the literature from two big research
communities: smart grid (SG) and smart urban energy system.
The need to align research in smart grids (SG) and smart urban energy systems:
Originating from different disciplines, many concepts of SG and SUES have overlapped
and converged over time on mutual themes, i.e., energy system modeling, renewable
energy integration, and active engagement of users. SG is a technology-centric concept
focusing on the electricity sector. The implementation of SG technologies in cities needs
to examine the urban built environment, such as the physical, institutional, and social
elements, and facilitate new ways of thinking about the values of urban infrastructure.
Conversely, migrating SG technologies to urban energy systems fosters the upgradation
of lagged urban energy infrastructures. Urban planners need to understand how SG and
other energy interventions change the urban forms and energy infrastructures, redefine
the roles of urban spaces, and how the governance of that space interacts with new
energy systems.
Designing and implementing smart grids and urban energy systems is a complex task
with multiple facets. This systematic review synthesizes the literature about two
complexly engineered systems, smart grid (SG) and smart urban energy system
(SUES) and proposes a holistic analytical framework – multi-scale multi-process cyber-
physical-social system for transdisciplinary and integrative energy management of
smart grids and urban energy systems.