Dia 2 Colegio de Ingenieros Del Perú - Capacitacíon Tecnica - PQ - R0

Curso Técnico: Sesión 2
TRANSMISIÓN FLEXIBLE Y RESILIENTE PARA LA TRANSICION ENERGÉTICA USANDO STATCOM

CON ALMACENAMIENTO DE ENERGÍA POR SUPERCONDENSADORES
Bruno Gallucci – bruno.gallucci@hitachienergy.com
Contacto en Peru – Johnny Cuevas - johnny.cuevas@hitachienergy.com Lima – Peru – 31/01/2023
© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.
Agenda
01. What is Power Quality?

Introduction
02. Grid Challenges
03. Power Quality Solutions
04. Dynamic Shunt Compensation
05. STATCOM Enhanced
2 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

The changing power landscape
Many drivers – one common need
Generation
Increasing energy Integration Distributed

production of renewables generation
Consumers
Increasing power New grids in Faster and stronger

consumption emerging markets transportation systems
Need for good
power quality
Transmission
Changing
Aging Energy trading Reversible
regulations grid
infrastructure between regions power flow
code compliance

Your partner in handling unexpected events
Thermal limit
100%
Our solutions are deployed worldwide to ensure
Transmission capacity
reliable power supplies and to ride-through
contingencies. Series Compensation
increase power transfer
capacity with no 50%
compromise on grid
reliability and stability
We take our electricity for granted until the unexpected

Technology
happens:
– Blackout – Overvoltage
Voltage
– Congestion – Power oscillation
– Contingencies – Reverse power flow With FACTS device
– Flicker – Sensitive loads
Dynamic Shunt
– Generation loss – Voltage collapse
Compensation
Improving power quality
– Harmonics – Voltage unbalance
delivers increased productivity Without FACTS device
and reliability
Time, s

What is Power Quality, also known as FACTS?
FACTS = Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Փ1 Transmission/Distribution Փ2
Generation U U2 Consumption
1 Series Capacitor
SVC or
STATCOM
Active Power Transferred
U1 U2
P= .Sin (Փ1 – Փ
2
)
Xline– Xcapacitor

What is Power Quality?
Concept of Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, and Power Factor.
Potencia
Aparente
(VA)
Potencia
Reativa
Q
(VAr)
P
Potencia Ativa
(W)
Without FACTS With FACTS
MW MVar MW MVar

Grid Challenges
The changing power landscape
Traditional Grid Today’s Grid
• Centralized power generation (Radial Grid) • Distributed generation (Mesh Grid)
• Conventional power plants (gas, coal, nuclear) • Introduction of Renewables generation
• Synchronous generators provided Inertia and Strength • Decommission of conventional power plants (less synchronous generators)
• One-directional power flow, high to low • Multi-directional power flow
• Operation based on historical experience • More power electronics
• Operation based on real-time data
Slow evolution for 100 years Fast, complex

7
Grid Challenges
Need of Dynamic Voltage Control

• Prevent Voltage Collapse
• Fault Ride Through
• Reduction of Temporary Overvoltage
• Balancing support
Need of System Strength

• Strength = Short Circuit Power/Current
• Less synchronous generators → Lower short circuit current → Weaker Grids
• Undetection of fault currents
Need of Inertia
• Frequency support for power imbalances
• Energy stored in the synchronous generators rotating mass
• Less synchronous generators → Lower inertia → Grid susceptible to freq.
variations
• Damp of RoCoF (Rate of Change of Frequency)

8
Grid Challenges
Integration of Renewables
Intermittent Sources of Energy

• Solar and wind are neither constant nor predictable sources of
energy.
• This can lead to voltage fluctuations and instabilities.
Reactive Power Balance

• More Active Power installation → requires more Reactive Power
at the TIP (Transmission Interconnection Point)
• Required by Grid Code regulations to maintain Power Factor
levels at TIP.
In Case of a Fault in the Grid

• Fault Ride-Through capability required by Grid Codes.
Use of Converters
• No inertia contribution.
• Non or low short circuit current contribution

9
Power Quality Portfolio

Power Quality Solutions
Technologies for Grid Stability
Dynamic Shunt Compensation Series Compensation Static Frequency Conversion

SVC Classic Fixed Series Compensation Rail Static Frequency Converter
‒ Improved voltage control and power ‒ Increased power transfer capability (SFC)
quality ‒ Improved voltage and transient Active power in-feeding 3 phases-1
‒ Load balancing stability phase to 16,7/25Hz, 50/60 Hz
‒ Flicker mitigation ‒ Improved voltage profile along the ‒ Full decoupling of grids
‒ Increased productivity line ‒ Independent, fast control of
frequency, voltage, active and
STATCOM Thyristor Controlled Series reactive power on both sides
‒ Similar benefits as for SVC Classic Compensation (TCSC) ‒ Connection to weak grids
‒ More robust in weak grids ‒ Power oscillation damping (POD)
‒ Higher performance flicker mitigation ‒ Inherent immunity against sub
‒ Reduced footprint synchronous resonance (SSR)
‒ Dynamic power flow control
E-STATCOM Series Reactors

‒ Similar benefits as for STATCOM ‒ Short-circuit current limiter
‒ Increased network inertia ‒ Power flow control
‒ Increase of short circuit power
MiniCap
Synchronous Condenser ‒ Distribution level (up to 36 kV)
‒ Increase of short circuit power solution for series compensation
‒ Increased network inertia
‒ Voltage fluctuation damping
(+/- Mvar control)

Power quality solutions – Center of Competence
Sweden: Switzerland: Complete STATCOM

- SVC for Utility / Industry - STATCOM – Medium Power portfolio up to
- STATCOM for Utility / Industry – Medium / High Power - SFC = Static Frequency Converters
- SC = Synchronous Condensers
- FSC and TCSC *NEW - China:
- STATCOM – Low Power
425
with one single
MVAr
converter
LOW POWER LOW TO MEDIUM POWER MEDIUM TO HIGH POWER
IGBT IGCT IGCT IGBT
3 MVAr up to 20 MVAr 20 MVAr up to 40 MVAr 40 MVAr up to 125 MVAr 100 MVAr up to 425 MVAr
Distributed Power PCS 6000 SVC Light®

Dynamic Shunt Compensation

SVC

Power quality solutions
Evolution of Dynamic Shunt Compensation

1970s 1980s 1990s After 2000
Industrial Applications Utilities tried SVC for High Power Turn-Off Voltage Collapse
Distribution Voltage “everything” Semiconductors Applications (115-380kV)
SVC topology: TCR + Filters Applications at 765 kV Commercialization of Renewable Applications
TCR+TSC+Filters STATCOM based on two- and Railway Applications
2”/2kV thyristors three-level converters
4”/5-6kV thyristors Digital Controls
Underinvestment in
transmission Advanced Control Features
SVC Light® technology STATCOM and Hybrid SVC -
based on Chain-Link
converters

Power quality solutions - SVC
Static VAR Compensator

SVC main equipment and systems
1. Power Transformer
8
2. TCR Reactor
9 3. TSC Capacitor
1
4
2 4. TSC Reactor
3
5. HF Capacitors
6. HF Reactors
7 7. HF Resistors
8. Thyristor Valve
Control Room
6
6
9. Cooling System
(refrigeration
5 tower).
5
Cooling Skid MACH Control System Thyristor Valves Thyristor Discs

Rective Power control (-50/+150 Mvar)

0
50 50
HV
Mvar 150 150 MVA
MV bus
ITCR ITSC
Ifilters
TCR TSC 5th and 7th filters

100 Mvar 100 Mvar 50 Mvar (total)

VI Characteristic ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉 + 𝑋𝑠 ∙ 𝐼
V SVC
1.0
Network
Characteristics
I
1.0 Capacitive Output 0 Inductive Output 1.0
Power quality solutions – SVC Industry
Mining and Steel Industry
Difficult Load
• Electric Arc Furnace
• Ladle Furnace
• Mine Hoists
Causes
• Poor Voltage Quality
• Low Power Factor
• Harmonics
• Flicker

35
Heavy industry loads

Heavy Industry load comprises combination of
- Rolling mills often driven by thyristor-controlled DC Drives/
AC Drives
- Electric Arc furnaces needing large & fast varying reactive
power (0.7 lag power factor), causing many disturbances
- Induction motor start can draw 6 to 8 times nominal
current
- In process industries there is a reactive base load
consisting of large AC motors (pumps, etc..)
Supply agreement could be different -

depending on loads, and also depends on other
existing consumers on same grid
- Flicker limits (Voltage fluctuations)
- Unbalance limits
- Harmonic Limits
- Power factor Max take-off active & reactive power. (power
factor 0.9 lag implies Mvar consumption ≈ 50 % of MW)

36
Add a picture Add a picture
SVC – Static Var Compensator STATCOM – SVC Light®

- Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) + Filters - Voltage source converter (VSC) + Filter (optional)
- Line commutated converter - Multi chain-link topology based on IGBTs or IGCT´s
- Creates odd harmonics, i.e. 3,5,7,9,11 etc - Low level of harmonics generated
- Harmonic filters needed to reduce harmonics generated by the TCR - Reduced need of harmonic filters
- Flicker reduction by a factor of 2 - Flicker reduction factor 5-7

- From a grid perspective, the SVC or SVC Light®

technologies are doing the same job
- The network requirements determines

what technology to use
Existing transformer
- Studies are required to determine the
most optimal technology
- Industrial applications usually do not

have inductive range
Critical Critical
Load Load
Filters
50 Mvar
TCR Filters
100 Mvar 100 Mvar VSC
50 Mvar

Improvements with an SVC/SVC Light
Add a picture
Improved Power Quality Improved Process Economy

- Voltage variations/ Stabilization of voltage - Increased production
- Power factor - Reduced energy losses
- Harmonics - Electrode savings
- Unbalance - Refractory savings
- Flicker mitigation - Shorter Rolling time

STATCOM

Power quality solutions - STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator
LOW POWER LOW TO MEDIUM POWER MEDIUM TO HIGH POWER
IGBT IGCT IGCT IGBT
3 MVAr up to 20 MVAr 20 MVAr up to 40 MVAr 40 MVAr up to 125 MVAr 100 MVAr up to 425 MVAr
Distributed Power PCS 6000 SVC Light®

STATCOM – Distributed Power

Power quality solutions – STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator – Low Power – IGBT - 3 MVAr up to 20 MVAr
NEW Product release in April/2021.

PCS6000

Static Synchronous Compensator – Medium Power – IGCT – PCS6000 – 10MVAr up to 40 MVAr
Water cooling
unit
Control cabinet
Auxiliary power
cabinet
Precharger
Transformer precharger UPS
Hp-filter

Static Synchronous Compensator – Medium Power – IGCT – PCS6000 – 10MVAr up to 40 MVAr

SVC Light ®

Static Synchronous Compensator – Medium / High Power – IGCT/IGBT – 40MVAr up to 425MVar

SVC Light® building blocks
Power Transformers
1. Power Transformers
2. Voltage Transformer
3. HP-filter (if required)
4. Charging Circuit
5. Phase Reactor
6. Electronic Current Transducer
7. Voltage Source Converter
SVC Light ® from ~40 up to ~425 MVA per block

AC yard and Phase Reactors
4. Charging Circuit
5. Phase Reactor

Cooling System
4. Charging Circuit
5. Phase Reactor

SVC Light®
building blocks
Cooling System
- Same type of cooling system as for

Classical SVCs
- Pump Unit
- Wall-mounted or free-standing
- Redundant pumps
- ABB Ability MACH™ enabled control
system: connected to the MACH™ main
control
- Heat Exchanger (Cooler)
- Redundant fan(s)
- Most SVC/STATCOM worldwide are
designed without redundant heat exchanger

Control & Protection
4. Charging Circuit
5. Phase Reactor

Control & Protection
ABB Ability MACH™ System
• Utilized in FACTS & HVDC projects since the late 1990’s

• Parallel operating control systems:
• One “Active”, one “Standby”
• One system can be switched out for maintenance
without de-energizing
• Integrated Transient Fault Recorder
• Gateway Station for Interface into grid communications.
• Remote Access Server capability
• Extensive Factory Validation Testing to ensure quick on-
site commissioning.
• User friendly HMI

SVC Light® High Power
System Integration
Same integration concept

as for SVC Light® HP, just with a
different valve module
Converter valves are connected in a configuration to optimize

performances and controllability of the converter

STATCOM
Working principle
STATCOM – VI Diagram
20 10 0 10 20 30
20
30
40 40
50 50
60 60
70 70
80 80
Capacitive Inductive
STATCOM Rating VT
Mvar
+80/-80 MVAr
80 MVAr Inductive MACHTM
Vresp
Control System
to Vref Voltage
regulator
XT
V
80 MVAr Capacitive 1.0
VSC
+ VDC -
I
0.8 Capacitive Output 0 Inductive Output 0.8

58
STATCOM
Converter valve topology
Pos 1 Pos 2
FP FP
GDU 1 3 GDU
Chain-Link Cell IP IP
FP FP
GDU 2 4 GDU
U dc
IP IP
Phase Pos 3 Pos 4

Reactor
U dc
U dc
PCU (Position Control Unit)
VSC FP
Valve GDU 1 StakPak IGBT
U dc
IP

59
STATCOM
Working principle

60
STATCOM
Components
STATCOM Layout Single Line Diagram
❑ 1. Transformer
1
❑ 2. Filter for high frequency
harmonics
❑ 3. Line Reactor 6 2
4 7
❑ 4. Resistor with bypass for
5
converter energization
❑ 5. Modular Multilevel
3 3
Converter (MMC) 2 1
❑ 6. Control System 4
❑ 7. Cooling System
Typical footprint: 30 x 70 m

61
SVC Light ® Enhanced

Continuous Technological Development
Yesterday Today Tomorrow

• Traditional STATCOM • Traditional STATCOM • Enhanced STATCOM Technologies
• Multiple VSC Branches over 150 MVAR • Single branch up to 400 MVAr • Active and Reactive Power Capability
– Grid Forming Control / – Inertia Response

Zero-Inertia – Fast Frequency Response (FFR)
– Multiple topologies
Larger Capacity → Reduced Footprint → Increased Functionality

SVC Light® Enhanced
• Building on Hitachi’s proven STATCOM technology, SVC Light®

• Integrating supercapacitors for energy storage – contributing with active
power
• Combining the advantages of two grid-stabilizing technologies into one
solution – providing both active and reactive power
• Offer multiple grid-stabilizing services – in a single solution
• Reducing the risk that unexpected system events will be causing more
severe frequency disturbances than we are seeing today
Main circuit
Features Capabilities
– Fast voltage/ frequency support – Up to over 400 MVAR in a
– Synthetic Inertia single system
STATCOM + Energy Storage =
Reactive + Active Power – Fault current generation – Grid-forming control
– System Strength Support – Scalable energy storage

capacity in the hundreds of
MWs

SVC Light® Enhanced – an all-in-one solution
Providing both active and reactive power
Grid-forming capability Control Algorithms

MACH™
provides stable operation
Control System & System Expertise
and a robust control
Reactive power is
dynamically generated Active Power
and exchanged with the Reactive Power
SVC Light®
network to control the
voltage and respond to Reactive Power
emergency conditions SVC Light® Power System
Enhanced
Active power is Active Power

introduced to provide Supercapacitors
additional grid services.

76
Supercapacitor Basics
© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved. 81

Supercapacitor Basics
Energy storage component for high power application
Battery-based systems Supercapacitor-based systems

– Energy is stored in the form of chemical energy; a chemical reaction – Energy is stored in a combination of electrostatic field and
is needed to generate electricity. electrochemical reaction. For electric double layer capacitors, the
dominant mechanism is the electrostatic field.
– Higher energy density compared to ultra-capacitors – Lower energy density compared to batteries
– Lower power density compared to ultra-capacitors – Higher power density compared to batteries
Because of the high-energy density, batteries1 are the most Because of the high power density, supercapacitors are the most
cost-effective solution for applications which requires rated power for cost-effective solution for applications which requires rated power for
minutes to hours. up to 10 seconds.
Energy Power
1. Several batteries technologies are available in the market, the most suitable one shall be selected based on the requirements for energy, C-rate, and application.
Power quality
SVC Light® Enhanced – At a glance
Next-generation grid-stabilizing
technology
– Enables a smart transition to a decarbonized
future
– Manages increasing inertia shortage due to
continuous retirement of large fossil-fueled
generators
– Natural evolution path from Hitachi ABB Power
Grids’ proven STATCOM technology
– Integrating supercapacitors for energy storage
– Provides both active (MW) and reactive (MVAr)
power
– Adaptive to evolving grid conditions due to grid-
forming control capabilities of MACH™ control
system
– Video
84
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Curso Técnico: Sesión 2

TRANSMISIÓN FLEXIBLE Y RESILIENTE PARA LA TRANSICION ENERGÉTICA USANDO STATCOM

01. What is Power Quality?

02. Grid Challenges

03. Power Quality Solutions

04. Dynamic Shunt Compensation

05. STATCOM Enhanced

2 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Increasing energy Integration Distributed

Increasing power New grids in Faster and stronger

3 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

We take our electricity for granted until the unexpected

4 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

FACTS = Flexible AC Transmission Systems

5 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Without FACTS With FACTS

6 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Traditional Grid Today’s Grid

• Centralized power generation (Radial Grid) • Distributed generation (Mesh Grid)

• Conventional power plants (gas, coal, nuclear) • Introduction of Renewables generation

• One-directional power flow, high to low • Multi-directional power flow

• Operation based on historical experience • More power electronics

• Operation based on real-time data

Slow evolution for 100 years Fast, complex

© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Need of Dynamic Voltage Control

Need of System Strength

© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Intermittent Sources of Energy

Reactive Power Balance

In Case of a Fault in the Grid

© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

10 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Shunt Compensation Series Compensation Static Frequency Conversion

E-STATCOM Series Reactors

11 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Sweden: Switzerland: Complete STATCOM

LOW POWER LOW TO MEDIUM POWER MEDIUM TO HIGH POWER

IGBT IGCT IGCT IGBT

Distributed Power PCS 6000 SVC Light®

12 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

28 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

29 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Evolution of Dynamic Shunt Compensation

30 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

31 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Cooling Skid MACH Control System Thyristor Valves Thyristor Discs

Rective Power control (-50/+150 Mvar)

Mvar 150 150 MVA

TCR TSC 5th and 7th filters

33 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Mining and Steel Industry

© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Heavy industry loads

Supply agreement could be different -

© 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Add a picture Add a picture

SVC – Static Var Compensator STATCOM – SVC Light®

37 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

- From a grid perspective, the SVC or SVC Light®

- The network requirements determines

- Industrial applications usually do not

38 © 2021 Hitachi Energy. All rights reserved.

Improvements with an SVC/SVC Light