SREE CHITHIRA THIRUNAL RESIDENTIAL

CENTRAL SCHOOL, KUNNATHUKAL,

KARAKONAM P.O, TRIVANDRUM

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Name: ABHIJITH.J.B
Class: XII
Reg:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the project entitled ³ DIFFUSION OF SOLID

IN LIQUID´ being submitted by ABHIJITH.J.B of this school is bonafide
record of the work done by him under my supervision and guidance with his
own effort and has not been submitted anywhere else.

Examiner Teacher in charge

Head of the institution

 DECLARATION

I ABHIJITH.J.
ABHIJITH.J.B B of class XXII
II Sree Chithira Thirunal
Residential Central School Kunnathukal,Karakonam P.O hereby declare that the
report presented here is the original report of the work done by myself for the
fulfilment of AISSCE March 2012 biology practical examination has not been
submitted anywhere
anywhere else.

Kunnathukal ABHIJITH J B

2012 XII
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would

not
and have been possible
organizations. without
I would like tothe kind my
extend support andthanks
sincere help of many
to all individuals
of them.

I am highly indebted to chemistry teachers miss Soumya for her guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding
the project & also for her support in completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of my

group Akash for his kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in
completion of this project. I also thank our principal Smt. S.PUSHPAVALLY

for providing me all the facilities to finish the project on time.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to the institution for
giving me such attention and time.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends in developing the projec

projec t and
people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

ABHIJITH J B
Study of Diffusion of solids in Liquids
 CONTENT

y Aim

y Introduction

y Propertiess o
Propertie off solutions

y Objective

y Experiment 1

y Experiment 2

y Experiment 3

y Result

y Bibliography
AIM

Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids

INTRODUCTION

When substances are brought in contact with each other they intermix, this
property is known as Diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very
rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas solids
do not show this process of diffusion with each other. But what we can observe
in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes place at a very
slow rate.

If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some

portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as
dissolution of a solid in liquid and this process has taken place due to the
diffusion of solid particles into liquid.

A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with variable composition.

The substance present in the major prop ortion is called the solvent, whereas the
substance present in the minor proportion is called the solute. It is possible to
have solutions composed of several solutes. The process of a solute dissolving
in a solute is called dissolution.

Many common mixtures (like concrete) are heterogeneous ²the components

and properties of such mixtures are not distributed uniformly throughout their
structures. Conversely,
Conversely, solutions are said to be homogeneous because they have
uniform composition and properties. Solutions are intimate and random
homogeneous mixtures of atomic -size chemical species, ions, or molecules.

In addition to their observed homogeneity, true solutions also have certain other
characteristics. For example, components of a solution never separate
spontaneously, even when a significant density difference exists between the
components. Solutions also pass through the finest filters unchanged.

Molecules of solute are in constant random motion due to the collision between

molecules of solute andparticles

between solute-solvent that of the solvent.
that It diffusion.
leads to is this physical interaction
The components of a solution distribute themselves in a completely random
manner, given sufficient time. For example, a lump of sugar dropped into a
glass of water dissolves, and eventually molecules of sugar can be found
randomly
random ly distributed through
throughout
out the water, even thoug
thoughh no mechanical stirri ng
has been employed. This phenomenon, called diffusion, is similar to the process
of diffusion that occurs with gases. The molecules of sugar (as well as those of
water) must be in constant motion in the solution. In the case of liquid solutions,
the sugar molecules do not move very far before they encounter other
molecules; diffusion in a liquid is therefore less rapid than diffusion in a gas.

In general, three major factors²pressure, temperature, and the nature of the

solute and solvent²influence the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Not all
these factors are equally important in a specific instance.

Pressure: Changes in pressure have little effect on the solubility of solid or

liquid solutes in a liquid solvent, but pressure has a much greater influence on
the solubility of a gaseous solute. A commonly observed phenomenon that

supports this iswater

ordinary soda the effervescence
effervescen
is removed. ceSoda
that occurs when thecarbon
water contains cap ofdioxide
a bottlegas
of
dissolved in water under pressure; when the cap is removed, the pressure of the
gas on the liquid is decreased to atmospheric pressure. Since carbon dioxide gas
leaves the solution at this lower pressure, it follows that the solubility of carbon
dioxide in water is dependent upon
upon the pressure of the carbo n dioxide above the
liquid. The results of this simple observation are summarized in Henry's Law,
which states that at any specified temperature, the extent to which a gas
dissolves in a liquid is directly dependent upon the pressure of the gas.

Temperature: In general, a change in temperature affects the solubility of

gaseous solutes differently than it does the solubility of solid solutes, because
the solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent decreases with increasing temperature.
With relatively few exceptions, the solubility of solids in liquids increases with
an increase in temperature. In some instances, the increase in solubility is very
large; for example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water at 25°C is about
31 grams of KNO 3 per 100 grams of water and about 83 grams of KNO 3 per
100 grams of water at 50°C (122°F). On the other hand, the solubility of some
solutes, such as ordinary table salt, shows very little dependence on
temperature.
tempera ture. Often this difference in solubilit
solubility
y can be used as an ad vantag
vantagee in
the preparation, isolation, or purification of substances by the process of
crystallization. In general, it is not possible to arrive at any reliable
generalization concerning the influence of temperature upon the solubility of
liquids in liquids. In some cases the solubility increases with an increase in
temperature, in some cases it decreases, and in others there is very little effect.
The nature of solute and solvent: Crystalline substances consist of a regular
arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions; in the latter case, the forces that hold
the crystal together are electrostati
electrostaticc in nature. For an ionic crystal to dissolve in
water, the water molecules must be able to shield the charges of the positive and
negative ions from each other. The attractive forces between the ions in solution
are less than those in the solid
solid state because of the solvent
solvent molecules;
molecules; hence , the
ions behave more or less independently in solution. In general, the relative
solubilities of ionic substances are a measure of the magnitude of the
electrostatic forces that hold the crystals together.

Properties of Solutions

Pure liquids have a set of characteristic physical properties (melting point,

vapour pressure at a given temperature, etc.). Solutions in a solvent exhibit
these same properties, but the values differ from those of the pure solvent
because of the presence of the solute. Moreover, the change observed in these
properties in going from the pure solvent to a solution is dependent only upon
the number of solute molecules; these properties are called colligati
colligative
ve
properties.
proper ties. The propert
properties
ies of a solvent that show a predic
predictable
table change up
upon
on th e
addition of a solute are melting ppoint,
oint, boiling point, vapour pressure, and
osmotic pressure.

Melting and boiling points. Solutions exhibit higher boiling points and lower
melting points than the parent solvent. The increase in boiling point and
decrease in melting point is dependent upon the number of solute particles in
the solution. The greater the number of solute particles (i.e., the concentration),

the greater
common will be theofboiling
application point
this effect inelevation and
some parts ofmelting point
the world is indepression.
the use of A
antifreeze solutions in the cooling systems of automobiles in cold climates.
"Antifreeze" compounds
compounds are usually org organic
anic liquids that are miscible with water
so that large freezing point effects can be attained.

Vapor pressure : All liquids exhibit a vapor pressure, the magnitude of which
depends on the temperature of the liquid. For example, water boils at 100°C,
100°C,
which means that at 100°C the vapor pressure of water is equal to the
atmospheric pressure allowing bubbles of gaseous water (steam) to escape from
the liquid state. However,
However, the vapor pressure of a solution (at any temp erature)
is less than that of the solvent. Thus, boiling water ceases to boil upon the
addition of salt because the salt solution has a lower
lower vapour pressure than pure
water. The salt solution will eventually boil when the temperature of the
solution increases bringing about an increase in vapour pressure sufficient to
again form bubbles. Note in this example that the boiling point of water
increases with the addition of salt; thus, the boiling point elevation and the
vapour pressure depression are related.

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate that rate of diffusion depends upon the following factors:-

Temperature : As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles

increases. Thus, the speed of particles also increases, which in turn increases the
rate of diffusion.

particle: As the size of particle increases, rate of diffusion

Size of the particle:
decreases. This is because the particles become less mobile in the solvent.

particle: As the mass of the particle increases, the rate of

Mass of the particle:
diffusion decreases; as the particle becomes less mobile.
EXPERIMENT 1

To study
study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in contact with water
(liquid)

REQUIREMENTS:

Copper sulphate crystals, 100ml beaker.

PROCEDURE:

y Ø Take about 2g of copper sulphate crystals in 100ml beaker.

y Ø Add about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few minutes.
y Ø Note the development of blue colour in water.
y Ø Allow to stand further till it is observed that all copper sulphate
disappears.
y Ø Note the blue colour change in water.

CONCLUSION:

When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are brought in

contact with liquids such as water, intermixing of substances, i.e. diffusion takes
place.
EXPERIMENT 2
To study
study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids

REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 200ml beaker, watch glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod
stand, thermometer and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:

y Ø Take 5g of copper sulphate each in three beakers.

y Ø Pour 100ml of distilled water slowly in one of the beakers.
y Ø Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
y Ø Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly.
y Ø Place a third beaker containing 100ml of water on a tripod stand for

y
heating.
Ø Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the beakers.
y Ø Record the time taken for the dissolution of copper sulphate in all the
three cases.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. No. Temperature of water Time Taken in Minutes

0
1. 25 C 15 Min.
0
2. 10 C 20 Min.
0
3. 70 C 10 Min.

CONCLUSION:

The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below:

Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1

Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

EXPERIMENT 3
To study
study the effect of size of particles on the rate of diffusion of solids in
liquids

REQUIREMENTS:

Graduated 100ml measuring cylinders, copper sulphate crystals of different

sizes, stop watch

PROCEDURE:

y Ø Add 50ml of water to each of the three cylinders.

y Ø Take 5g each of big size, medium size, small size crystals of copper
sulphate and add them separately in three cylinders.
y Ø Allow to stand for some time.
y
Ø Note the time taken for blue colour to reach an y fixed mark in each of
the cylinders and note the observations.

OBSERVATION:

Sl. No. Crystal size Time Taken in Minutes

1. Big 20 Min.
2. Medium 15 Min.
3. Small 10 Min.

CONCLUSION:

The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below:

Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1

Thus, smaller particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.
RESULT

y Ø When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are

brought in contact with liquid such as water, intermixing of the
substances,
substances, i.e. diffusion takes place.

y Ø The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

y Ø Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

y
Chemistry (Part I) ± Textbook for Class XII; National Council of
Educational Research and Training
y Concepts of Physics 2 by H C Verma; Bharti Bhawan (Publishers &
Distributors)
y Lide, David R., ed. (2003). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th
edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
y Whitten, K. W.; Davis, R. E.; Peck, M. L.; and Stanley, G. G. (2004).
General
Gener al Chemistry. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole