Chapter 1: Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
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CHAPTER 1: PARTITION OF BENGAL 8. When did the unification of Bengal take place?
AND SWADESHI MOVEMENT Answer: The unification of Bengal took place on 12

December 1911.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
SHORT LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In which Viceroy’s time did the partition of Bengal
take place? 1. Mention three main geographical regions of
Bengal which were annexed to the province West
Answer: In the time of Viceroy Lord Curzon, the Bengal and Assam created after the partition of
partition of Bengal took place. Bengal.
2. On Which date in 1905 did the partition of Bengal Answer: The three main geographical regions of
come into force? Bengal which were annexed to the province West
Bengal and Assam created after the partition of
Answer: On 16 October 1905, the partition of Bengal
Bengal were Dhaka, Chattagram and Rajshahi.
come into force.
2. Write briefly about what were the intentions of
3. In which meeting was the proposal of giving up
the partition of Bengal.
foreign commodities accepted?
Answer: In Bengal, the unity between Hindu and
Answer: In the second protest meeting held at
Muslim farmers and labourers was a threat for the
Dinazpur on 20th July 1905, the proposal of giving up
British and they planned to break the unity by
foreign commodities was accepted.
division. So the hidden purpose behind the partition
4. Who was the editor of the journal Jugaantar of Bengal was to decimate the Hindu Muslim unity. To
published in the time of Swadeshi movement? meet this vested interest, communal feelings were
needed to be spread.
Answer: Bhupendra Nath Dutta was the editor of the
journal ‘Jugaantar’ or ‘Yugantar’ published in the time 3. Why was the anti-partition of the Bengal
of Swadeshi movement. movement named as Swadeshi movement? Discuss
briefly.
5. When was the institution named the National
Education Council (Jatiya Siksha Parisad) established Answer: The anti-partition of the Bengal movement
in Bengal? was named as Swadeshi movement because it was
publicly recommended that the Indians would
Answer: On 11th March 1906, the institution named unitedly boycott foreign goods and would start using
the National Education Council (Jatiya Siksha Parisad) homemade goods made by the Indians. Irrespective of
was established in Bengal. caste, creed and religion people plunged into this
movement.
6. Who was the main introducer of the industry
named Bengal Chemicals? 4. Discuss the contributions of the Swadeshi
movement towards national education.
Answer: Acharya Prafulla Ray was the main introducer
of the industry named Bengal Chemicals. Answer: The Swadeshi movement had a big influence
on the prevalent educational system of Bengal. Satish
7. Under whose presidentship did the Conference of
Ch. Mukherjee; started a national institution named
Indian National Congress accept the proposal of
‘Dawn Society’, with full co-operation from Rabindra
swaraj for Indians?
Nath Tagore and Charu Das Banerjee. This society did
Answer: Under the presidentship of Dada Bhai Naoraji against the Curzou’s University law (1904) and
the Conference of Indian National Congress accept the Carlyle’s circular (1905) and started the movement for
proposal of swaraj for Indians. uprising national education. The number of students
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Class 10, SEBA
History notes
leaving government schools increased and Swadeshi movement opened a new chapter in the
consequently many national schools were established progress of Indian industries and businesses.
at many places of Bengal. During the Swadeshi iii. Keeping equal pace with the man, the middle-class
movement, altogether 62 secondary schools and 3000 urban-women also took active part in the swadeshi
national primary schools were established. movement by crossing all the social barriers. This
participation against the partition of Bengal led the
5. How did the national industries develop during the
Indian freedom struggle to a well-organized level.
Swadeshi movement? Explain in short.
8. Mention three contributions of the Swadeshi
Answer: On the background of the swadeshi
movement.
movement, the mentality for self-development grew
in Bengal and it brought a positive and congenial Answer: The three contributions of the Swadeshi
atmosphere for the establishment of national movement were:
industries. As the demand for locally made goods
grew higher, several big industries and various small i. The Swadeshi movement was able to give the
scale industries came into being. As a consequence of Indians a political knowledge regarding mass
boycotting foreign goods and productions of local movement. Indian people learned that if the majority
industries, the number of imported-goods came to be of the people come forward for a common cause,
very low in India. Due to the political movement in then a mass movement would certainly become
Bengal, the foundation of modern industries was laid successful.
in various provinces of India. In short, the Swadeshi ii. The sense of nationalism stirred by the Swadeshi
movement opened a new chapter in the progress of movement compelled the Indian National Congress
Indian industries and businesses. for the first time to take the proposal for demanding
Swaraj in its Calcutta session in 1906 under the
6. What were the anti-movement measures taken by presidentship of Dada Bhai Naoraji.
the British to dominate the Swadeshi movement? iii. The Swadeshi movement also gave birth to armed
movement. The tendency to resort to violent methods
Answer: The British Government expected support
occurred in some sections of activists.
from moderate group leaders of Congress on ‘the
issue of partition of Bengal. In order to keep these WRITE SHORT NOTES ON
leaders loyal, Lord Curzon offered them various titles,
posts, medals, etc. The moderate Congress members 1. Kabiguru Rabindranath Tagore
were offered the post, of judges in the high court, Answer: Kabiguru Rabindranath Tagore was a great
member of the British parliament, member in Indian writer and freedom fighter who through his
Viceroy’s Council, etc. for obtaining support towards writings, speeches, ideas, and active involvement
partition. shaped the Swadeshi movement. On the day of
implementation of the partition of Bengal i.e. 16th
7. Mention three results of Swadeshi movement.
October 1905, at the call of Rabindranath Tagore, the
Answer: Three results of Swadeshi movement were: Bengali people of Calcutta observed Rakhibandhan.
Under his leadership, thousands of people gathered at
i. The Swadeshi movement had a big influence on the Maszids at Kalutola and Chitpur and tied rakhis to the
prevalent educational system of Bengal. The number Moulabi’s and other Muslims. On the background of
of students leaving government schools increased and the swadeshi movement, The Swadeshi Bhandar,
consequently many national schools were established established by Rabindranath Tagore became a
at many places of Bengal. reputed textile firm. He also had received Nobel Prize
ii. On the background of the swadeshi movement, the for literature in 1913.
mentality for self-development grew in Bengal and it
brought a positive and congenial atmosphere for the 2. Margaret Elizabeth Noble (Bhagini Nivedita)
establishment of national industries. In short, the

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Answer: Bhagini Nivedita, born in 1864, was a

prominent woman who contributed a lot in creating
national awareness among the youths. Ireland born
Margaret Elizabeth Noble during her stay in Calcutta
she was actively associated with Youngman’s Hindu
Union, Vivekananda Society, Dawn Society, and
Anusilan Saminltee and encouraged the youth’s and
the womenfolk to be independent by involvement in
indigenous industries. She died in the year 1911.
3. Nawab Salimullah
Answer: Nawab Salimullah led the creation of the

Muslim League and later declared the aims and
objectives of the All India Muslim League. This league
soon became a big force to weaken the Indian
National Congress. He was instrumental in the
propaganda propagation among the Muslims against
the Hindus initiated by Lord Curzon. With the help of
Nawab Sallimullah Khan Lord Curzon tried to
approach the Muslim of Bengal. For this purpose he
lent Rs. 14 Lacs to Nawab with minimum interest.
Nawab Salimullah died in the year 1905.
*****

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
CHAPTER 2: RISE OF GANDHI AND THE distance between Sabarmati Ashram and the sea -
coast at Dandi?
FREEDOM MOVEMENT OF INDIA
Answer: The distance between Sabarmati Ashram and
VERY SHORT/SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS the sea -coast at Dandi was 385 km.
1. When was Mahatma Gandhi born? 9. Who was known as Frontier Gandhi?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was born at Porbandar in Answer: Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was known as
Gujarat on October 2, 1869. Frontier Gandhi.
2. In which country did Gandhi first apply the 10. Who was the sole Congress representative at the
technique of Satyagraha? Second Round Table Conference in London?
Answer: Gandhi first applied the technique of Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was the sole Congress
Satyagraha in South Africa. representative at the Second Round Table Conference
in London.
3. Why did Rabindranath Tagore renounce his
Knighthood? 11. Name the British Prime Minister who announced
the Communal Award in 1932?
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore renounced his
Knighthood in protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh Answer: Ramsay Macdonald was the British Prime
Massacre. Minister who announced the Communal Award in
1932.
4. Under whose leadership was the Khilafat
movement started in India? 12. During the course of which movement did Gandhi
give the slogan “Do or Die”?
Answer: The Khilafat movement was started in India
under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Answer: During the course of the Quit India
Mohammad Ali. Movement Gandhi give the slogan “Do or Die”.
5. When did the Chauri-Chaura incident take place? 13. Who was the founder of the Azad Hind Fauz?
Answer: The Chauri-Chaura incident took place on Answer: The founder of Azad Hind Fauz was Netaji
February 5, 1922. Subhas Chandra Bose.
6. Under what circumstances did Lala Lajpat Rai lose 14. “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”.
his life? This famous quote is attributed to which Indian
leader?
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai lost his life when he was ‘lathi-
charged’ by the British for leading a protest against Answer: This famous quote is attributed to Netaji
the Simon Commission at Lahore. Subhas Chandra Bose.
7. When and in which session of the Indian National 15. What is the name of the International Boundary
Congress was Purna Swaraj declared to be the chief Line between India and Pakistan?
goal of the Indians?
Answer: Radcliffe Line is the name of the
Answer: In 1929, the Lahore session of the Congress International Boundary Line between India and
under the Presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Pakistan.
declared Complete Independence as the chief goal of
the Indians. LONG ANSWERS
8. Gandhi started on his Salt march from Sabarmati 1. What do you understand by the term Satyagraha?
Ashram to the sea coast at Dandi. What was the Briefly write about the three local disputes where

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in iv. The economic exploitation of India by the British.
India? v. The Indian Muslims had launched the Khilafat
movement to ensure the protection of the Ottoman
Answer: It is a compound of two separate words,
Empire.
Satya (truth) and agraha (adherence, holding fast). Its
root meaning is ‘holding on to truth”. Gandhi The Non-cooperation movement had two aspects –
explained that Satyagraha was not mere passive positive and negative. The former included the
resistance. It meant intense political activity by large promotion of Swadeshi, particularly the revival of
masses of people. hand-spinning and weaving; removal of untouchability
among the Hindus; promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity;
The three local disputes where Gandhi first applied
prohibition of the use of alcoholic drinks, a~d the
the technique of Satyagraha in India were Champaran colle~tion. ~f a crore of rupees for the memorial of
(North Bihar), in Kheda (Gujarat) and in Ahmedabad Tilak. The negative side is usually referred to as the
during 1917-18. In Champaran, he took up the cause
triple boycott; namely, the boycott of Legislatures,
of peasants against landlords, in Kheda that of Courts ‘and educational institutions schools and
farmers against the collection of land-revenue when
colleges maintained or aided by the Government.
their crops failed, and in Ahmedabad that of the mill
workers against the mill owners. In each of the cases, The Chauri-Chura incident made Gandhi suspend the
the strategy was Satyagraha, and the principles were movement.
truth and non-violence. And in every case, the real
force working under Gandhi was ‘mass participation’. 4. What was the main aim of the Civil Disobedience
Movement? What were the main features of the
2. Why was the Khilafat movement started in India? movement?
Answer: As a result’ of the defeat of Turkey in the Answer: The main aim of the Civil Disobedience
First World War, the influence of the Khalifa was Movement was that India should be granted dominion
greatly reduced. The Muslims regarded the Sultan of status.
Turkey as their Khalifa or spiritual head. They became
upset when they found that he would retain no The main features of the movement were:
control over his empire’s holy places. The Muslims in i. Gandhi protested against the Salt Law by making salt
India became apprehensive of the fate of the Khalifa himself and throwing up a challenge to the British
and formed a Khilafat Committee under the government. The movement spread and salt laws
leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad were challenged in other parts of the country.
Ali. Its object was the restoration of the Sultan of ii. Gandhi and thousands of freedom lovers (men,
Turkey as Khalifa (Caliph) of Islam. women, and children) were arrested.
3. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the Non- iii. The first Round Table Conference in London was
cooperation movement of 1920-22? What were its boycotted by the Congress.
programmes? What made Gandhi suspend the iv. The freedom of the Press was curtailed. Nationalist
movement? literature – poems, stories, and novels were banned
on a large scale.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi launch the Non- v. The Civil Disobedience Movement demonstrated
cooperation movement of 1920-22 because of the the awakening of the political consciousness among
following reasons: the Indian masses.
vi. It exposed the British rule in India in all its naked
i. The discontent over the World War-I, as it had taken
hideousness and lowered its prestige in the eyes of
a big toll on India’s economy and human resource.
the world.
ii. The Jalianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.
iii. The growing British oppression of Indians as 5. Under what circumstances was the Quit India
demonstrated by the Rowlatt Act of 1919. movement launched? Do you consider the

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
movement to be a milestone in India’s struggle for The slogan of the INA was ‘Jai Hind’. It fought with the
independence? Give reasons in support of your Japanese army against the British and Commonwealth
answer. forces in the campaigns in Burma, Imphal, and
Kohima. However, the defeat of Japan led to the
Answer: In September1939, the Second World War
eventual surrender of INA.
broke out. M.K. Gandhi and J. Nehru both were
strongly critical of Hitler and the Nazis. Therefore, *****
they promised the British to provide the support of
the Congress to their war efforts, in return they asked
to grant India complete independence. The offer was
not accepted by the British government. In 1942,
Churchill sent one of his ministers, Sir Stafford Cripps
to negotiate with Indian political parties seeking their
support in the war. However, the Cripps mission failed
and Gandhi decided to launch the Quit India
Movement. Other factors that led to the Quit India
Movement was the fear of Japan attacking India,
terror in East Bengal and the fact that India had
realized that the British could not defend the country
anymore.
Yes, I consider the movement to be a milestone in

India’s struggle for independence because though the
movement was short-lived, it demonstrated the depth
that nationalist feeling had reached in the country and
the great capacity for struggle and sacrifice that the
people had developed. After ‘Quit India’ there could
be no retreat. Independence was no longer a matter
of bargain, for any future negotiations with the British
government could only be on the manner of transfer
of power.
6. Write a brief note on the Indian National Army.
Answer: In 1941, Subhas Chandra Bose, who was

twice elected as President of the Indian National
Congress was interned in his own house in Calcutta
for his anti-British, activities. But he eluded police
vigilance and went to Afghanistan, Russia, Germany
and ultimately to Burma and Malaya. In 1943, with
the aid of expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari
Bose, the Indian National Army (INA) or the Azad Hind
Fauz was revived. The idea of the Indian National
Army was first conceived by Captain Mohan Singh, an
Indian officer of the British army in Malaya who had
to surrender to the Japanese in the Second World
War.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
CHAPTER 3: ANTI- BRITISH RISING 9. Mention two causes of the failure of the revolt of
1857 in Assam.
AND PEASANT REVOLTS IN ASSAM
Answer: Two causes of the failure of the revolt of
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1857 in Assam were:
1. After the establishment of the British rule in i. The number of rebels in Assam was very small.
Assam how did the system of revenue collection Maniram Dewan's supporters were confined to Jorhat
change? and Sibsagar. He hardly gained any support in
Nowgaon, Kamrup and Gauhati.
Answer: After the establishment of the British rule in
ii. The leaders of the rebellion failed to understand
Assam the foreign government attached more
the importance of time and so, even after
importance to collection of taxes. In the
completion• of all preparations for the revolt, they
administrative system prior to that of the British,
failed to begin in time. As a result the British
revenue was not collected through cash.
government gained a lot of valuable time for defence.
2. In which year did Moffat Mills come to Assam?
10. In which years were the Stamp tax and Income
Answer: Moffat Mills came to Assam in the year 1853 tax implemented?
3. Who were the Keyas? Answer: Stamp Tax was implemented in the year
1858 and Income Tax was implemented in the year
Answer: Keyas were immigrant Marwaris in Assam 1860.
who thrived on interest and referred to as Mahajans.
11. Write two causes of the pitiable condition of the
4. Who led the revolt of 1857 in Assam? peasants of Assam during the British rule.
Answer: Maniram Barbhandar Barua led the revolt of Answer: Two causes of the pitiable condition of the
1857 in Assam. peasants of Assam during the British rule are:
5. Which Ahom Prince did the rebels of Assam want i. Between 1854 and 1870 there was a hundred
to re-install on the throne in the revolt of 1857? percent rise in taxes. Though taxes were collected,
from the peasants, no -steps were taken by the
Answer: The rebels of Assam wanted to re-install
government for the development of agriculture and
Kandarpeswar Singha on the throne in the revolt of
the agriculturists.
1857.
ii. The foreign government did not exempt the
6. Who was the Bengali Muktiyar who helped peasants from payment of taxes even during natural
Maniram Dewan? disasters, epidemics or families.
Answer: Madhu Mallik was the Bengali Muktiyar who 12. Who was Lieutenant Singer?
helped Maniram Dewan.
Answer: Lieutenant Singer was an Assistant
7. Who was hanged along with Maniram Dewan? Commissioner who was sent by Commissioner of
Nowgaon Sconce to meet the angry people holding
Answer: Piyoli Barua was hanged along with Maniram Raij Mels from 15 October 1861 for five days. Later,
Dewan he was killed by the angry public.
8. Who tried the case of Maniram Dewan? 13. When did the Phulaguri Dhawa take place?
Answer: Captain Charles Holroyd tried the case of Answer: Phulaguri Dhawa took place on October 18,
Maniram Dewan. 1861.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
14. When did the peasant revolt of Rangia take major causes of the revolt of 1857-58 in Assam were
place? the following:
Answer: The peasant revolt of Rangia took place on i. Land revenue system: The introductions of new land
24 December 1893. revenue as well as other taxes were very high. All
these taxes were to be paid in terms of cash. This
15. Where is Lachima Iocated? created a deep resentment among the common
Answer: Lachima is Iocated at Bajali region. people of Assam.
ii. Spread of epidemic: Prior to the outbreak of the
16. When did the peasant revolt of Lachima take rebellion, the Upper Assam suffered greatly from
place? cholera and measles. Several villagers were wiped out
due to the widespread of these diseases and the
Answer: The Lachima revolt took place on 21st
people never got any help from the British
January 1894.
administration.
17. When did the peasant revolt of Patharughat take iii. Abolition of slavery: The abolition of Slavery in
plane? Assam caused a severe blow to the Assamese
aristocrats. They lost all their social positions and
Answer: The peasant revolt of Patharughat took place powers and they were also compelled to manual
on January 28, 1894. labours.
iv. Reassessment of Lakheraj land: The British
18. Who led the Jaintia revolt in 1861?
Government took away the excess of the Lakheraj
Answer: Ukiang Nonbah led the Jaintia revolt in 1861. untaxed land in Upper Assam. It created resentment
among the Brahmin purohits who became against of
19. Who led the revolt of the ethnic tribes of North the British rule and joined the revolt of 1857.
Cachar in 1881? v. Unemployment situation: Though some of the
Assamese aristocrats who held positions like Phukan,
Answer: Sambhudhan Kachari Who led the revolt of
Barua, Rajkhowa, etc. during the Ahom reign were
the ethnic tribes of North Cachar in 1881.
made Maujadars with the responsibility to collect
20. Who punished Tikendrajit with the death taxes, largely this responsibility were vested upon the
sentence? outsiders like Bengalis from Srihatta in Bengal or
Marwaris from Western India.
Answer: The British force punished Tikendrajit with vi. Resentment of aristocrats: The Assamese
the death sentence. aristocrats during the Ahom rule have led a luxurious
life with servants galore to crater to their whims and
21. In which year was J.W Quinton murdered?
fancies. But, the British stopped slavery in Assam in
Answer: J.W Quinton was murdered in 1890. 1843 and as a result this class suffered a lot from the
dearth of labourers to work in their estates and fields.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2. Discuss the role of Maniram Dewan in the revolt of
1. Discuss in brief the causes of the revolt of 1857-58. 1857-58 in Assam.
Answer: After the occupation of Assam by the British Answer: Maniram Borbhandar Barua came to be
in 1826, Assam has to face a number of local known as Maniram Dewan. In the early part of 1857,
rebellions. Maniram went to Calcutta to appeal to the British
government to restore Kandarpeswar Singha on the
One of the major rebellion against the British in
Assam took place in 1857. This revolt was a part of throne of Assam. But he never got an opportunity to
Sepoy Mutiny which started in Northern India. The meet the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
At that time he came to know about the revolt of the conspiracy and could successfully suppress the revolt.
Indian soldiers in the British army in Northern India vi. Sixth, the rebels in Assam had no access to arms
and began to dream of overthrowing the British rule and ammunitions as was required. Though Maniram
in Assam with the help of the Indian soldiers in the Dewan was supposed to bring arms and weapons, he
British army posted in Assam through a revolt. He sent was arrested before he could do so.
some secret letters from Calcutta to Kandarpeswar
Singha in Jorhat and some other trusted people. In 4. Discuss the importance of the revolt of 1857 in
these letters he advised that the Indian soldiers in Assam.
Dibrugarh and Golaghat be contacted and a revolt Answer: The revolt of 1857 was started in Northern
rose. Maniram Dewan planned to come to Upper India at Meerut. Maniram Dewan, one of the greatest
Assam with arms and ammunitions and join in the personalities of that period, also wanted to organize
revolt. Unfortunately, many of these conspiratory such a rebellion in Assam but he failed to do so.
letters fell into the hands of the officer of Sibsagar Though the revolt failed but it has a great importance
district, Captain Holroyd and Maniram Dewan was in history of Assam which are stated below:
immediately arrested in Calcutta. His supporters in
Jorhat and Sibsagar like Piyoli Barua, Kandarpeswar i. For the first time in the history of Assam, it was
Singha and others were arrested. associated with a historical event in India.
ii. The peasant revolt that began in 1861 in Assam was
Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua were kept in Jorhat a reaction of the revolt of 1857.
Jail and hanged on 26 February 1858. iii. In Assam, the Hindu and Muslim communities
3. Discuss the reasons why the- revolt of 1857-58 united to take part in the revolt. Thus, there was
failed in Assam. growth of nationalism.
iv. During the Indian national Movement the freedom
Answer: The revolt of 1857 which was to be led by fighters of Assam were inspired by the activities of
Maniram Dewan and his associates in Assam failed Maniram Dewan and his associates in the revolt of
due to the following reasons: 1857.
i. First of all, the number of revolts in Assam was very 5. Write a note on the Phulaguri Dhawa.
few. Maniram Dewan’s supporters were confined to
Jorhat and Sibsagar. He hardly gained any support Answer: The banner of revolt that was raised for the
from Nowgaon, Kamrup and Guwahati. first time in Assam by the exploited peasants against
ii. Second, the leaders of the rebellion failed to the British policy of economic, exploitation was the
understand the importance of time, and so, even after Phulaguri Dhawa. Located near Nowgaon, Phulaguri
completion of all preperations for the revolt, they was a village inhabited by the Tiwa ethnic community
failed to begin in time. As a result the British who survived on the commercial cultivation of Poppy.
Government gained lot of valuable time for defense. When the British government began to sell opium
iii. Third, the chief organizer of the revolt, Maniram these peasants were naturally infuriated. In 1861, the
Dewan was far away from the scene of revolt. At that British, government completely banned the
time he was in Calcutta, and was very far away from cultivation of Poppy. This agitated the Tiwa ethnic
Assam to command a revolt. community and more so, because the selling of opium
iv. Fourth, Maniram Dewan and his associates never by the British government continued. The British
tried to involve all sections of the society in the revolt. administration's decision adversely impacted upon
The new Assamese middleclass people of Nowgaon the economic condition of this community. Another
and Guwahati were not at all sympathetic towards the news that made rounds was that the government
revolt. would impose tax on Tamul-paan also.
v. Fifth, the rebels of Assam failed to maintain the As soon as the news of banning Poppy cultivation
secrecy of their activities. As a result the British spread on 17th September 1861, more than 1500
Government came to know about their entire peasants from the various adjoining, areas gathered in

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Phulaguri and organized a Raij Mel to oppose this peasants and sent them to jail on 25th January 1884
decision of the government. In the Mel it was decided around 6000 people submitted a signed document to
to submit a petition to the Deputy Commissioner Deputy Commissioner McCabe for releasing arrested
requesting the removal of the ban on Poppy peasants. But, McCabe refused to do so. At last on the
cultivation and not to fix any tax on Tamul-paan. order of Calcutta High Court, the punishment of rebel
peasants was reduced and finally the revolt came to
At that time, the Deputy Commissioner of Nowgaon an end.
was Herbert Sconce. Instead of showing any sympathy
towards the public, he misbehaved with them. To 7. Give an account of the peasant revolt of
protest against this, the public held Raij Mels for five Patharughat in 1894.
consecutive days from 15th October in Phulaguri. The
1000 strong peasants who gathered on the first day Answer: The peasant revolt of Patharughat began in
were mostly armed with bamboo sticks. In the the Mangaldoi Circle of Darrang district in 1894. The
public had organized Raij Mels to oppose the
following days the number or gathered public
increased and on l8th October about 4000 people had increased revenue as well as its collection. The
gathered. Deputy Commissioner Sconce sent his peasants of Kalaigaon, Mangaldi, Sipajhar of
Mangoldoi circle and Patharughat tehsil gathered in
Assistant Commissioner Lieutenant Singer to the
meeting. When Singer reached the spot, he became these Raij Mels. After holding such public assemblies
infuriated and ordered the people to leave. Moreover, in their own areas, the peasants were planning a huge
public assembly for three days, 26-28.January, in
he also ordered his sepoys to snatch away the
bamboo sticks carried by the peasants. While this Patharughat. This news travelled from the Tehsildars
tussle over the bamboo sticks broke out, one peasant of that area to the Circle Officer who in turn informed
the Deputy Commissioner, J. D Anderson, about this
struck Singer on the head with his stick and Singer fell
on the ground. When the other peasants also joined proposed Raij Mel.
in this attack, Singer died on the spot. His body was In order to stop this huge public assembly, J, D
thrown into the Kollong River. The police force that Anderson, along with a force comprising of police and
had accompanied Singer fled the scene. This incident military personnel and the Police Superintendent J. R
has been mentioned in the pages of history as the Berington, arrived in Patharughat on 27th January.
Phulaguri Dhawa. With the help of the police and military, the
6. Discuss the peasant revolt of North Kamrup in properties of those peasants, who had refused to pay
revenue, were confiscated. This infuriated the
1894.
peasants and about 200 of them surrounded
Answer: The peasant revolt of North Kamrup started Berington who had gone for the revenue extraction.
on 21st January 1884 when the moujadars of Lachima He somehow managed to save himself from the
and Holiram Mishra were badly beaten off by the clutches of the public and reaching the Rest Camp,
people while collecting revenue from them. described everything to the Deputy Commissioner. A
few hours later around 2000 peasants marched
Main causes: towards the Rest Camp. Almost each one of them was
The people and peasants of places like Rangia, armed with sticks.
Nalbari, Lachima, Bajali, etc. organized a Raij Mel in
When the peasants reached the Rest Camp, Anderson
Panegaon Sapori. They protested against the advised them to go home as soon as possible but they
enhanced rate of revenue by British Government. did not move. At this the Deputy Commissioner
Main event: ordered the Police Superintendent to disperse the
peasants by using force, if necessary. Following this
The angry peasants killed moujadars of Lachima and order when the Police Superintendent tried to
surrounded the rest camp of the British. The next day forcefully chase away the peasants, they retaliated by
Deputy Commissioner McCabe arrested 59 rebel brandishing their sticks, hurling stones- pebbles and

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
moved in closer" The raining of stones and pebbles Jayantipur. The 44th Native Infantry and- 33rd Bengal
was such that the police- military and administrative military Police forces deployed by the British
officers, none could keep their eyes open. Under such administration had been torturing the people
conditions the Deputy Commissioner ordered the inhumanly. The rebels too, killed many of their
Police Superintendent to open fire. According to opponents. In the midst of this violent conflict been
unofficial records, 140 peasants were killed and 150 the two sides, the British administration entrusted the
peasants were injured as a result of the firing. On the military and civil authority of the entire Jaintia Hills
other hand the official records showed 15 killed and with the Brigadier General of the Eastern Command,
37 injured. Hence, this peasant revolt of 1894 came to G. D. Showers. In addition B.W.Morton was appointed
be known as the Revolt of Patharughat. as the Deputy Commissioner of the Khasi-Jaintia Hills.
The continuous attacks from the government side
8. Write a note on the Jaintia revolt against the
were leading to the gradual erosion of the strength of
British in 1850. the rebels. The British government promised a general
Answer: The Jaintia Kingdom went into the hands of amnesty if the rebels surrendered voluntarily and an
the British from the Jaintia King Rajendra Singha in award of 1000/ rupees were announced for anyone
1835. who would capture, and hand over to the British 'their
leader, Ukiang Nongbah, alive. At last Ukiang Nongbah
The freedom loving Jaintia people were infuriated by was captured by the British and in the presence of a
this act of incorporating the Jaintia Hills within the huge crowd, he was hanged to death in Jowai, This
Company's domain. More than the loss of land, it was incident dampened the spirit of the rebels to a large
the high- handed attitude of the British that agitated extent and many of them surrendered, voluntarily. In
the Jaintias or Syntengs. Under the British Political this manner by 1863 the Jaintia Revolt came to an
Agent, the Diwani and Faujdari responsibilities were end.
vested in the Dolois but the foreign administration
always tried to find their faults. The British made 9. Write about the anti-British revolt of 1891 in
arrangements to extract revenue by banning Manipur under the leadership of Tikendrajit?
community fishing and collection of firewood which Answer: The kingdom of Manipur was outside the
was common among these people. Moreover,
administration of Assam. Since many years Manipur
interference in the religious and traditional social was recognized as a native Kingdom under the
practices and banning the use of weapons that had protection of the British. In 1890, an internal quarrel
been used for generations turned this ethnic hill tribe
broke out in the Manipuri royal family for the Throne.
completely against the British. They organized village In this struggle among the successors, the Chief
meetings with the Dolois and Sardars and began to Commissioner of Assam interfered unnecessarily'
prepare for revolt. On the other hand the British to
Taking advantage of the presence of the British, the
establish their authority began to impose taxes like Crown Prince Kulachandra, dethroned the king,
House tax, Income Tax etc on these people who had Surachandra and sat on the throne himself on 2nd
never ever paid any tax in cash. When the British
September 1890. Though the King Surachandra
implemented House tax the Jaintias raised the banner appealed for help to the 'British, the latter recognized
of revolt by removing the tehsildar of Jowai the British Kulachandra as the king of Manipur; Thereafter the
administration adopted stem measures. In retaliation
British began to put pressure on Kulachandra to
the Jaintias under the leadership of Ukiang Nonbah banish his Commander- in- Chief (Senapati)
doubled the strength of the revolt. They met in a Tikendrajit, who was the main leader of the anti-
meeting near Jowai, where they swore to overthrow
British revolt which was secretly going on, from the
the British authority from the Jaintia Hills and re-
kingdom. But to banish the popular leader who was
establish their own rights. On 17th January 1862, the working to protect the .freedom of the Kingdom, on
Jaintias made a sudden attack on the British Camp in the direction of the British, was not an easy task for
Jowai. The rebels had already blocked the two roads
Kulachandra. When the Chief Commissioner of Assam,
connecting Jowai- Cherrapunji and Cherrapunji-

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
J.W. Quinton and four other European officers came interest from this very class to clear their land
to Manipur themselves to capture Tikendrajit, the revenue to the government. This class of Mahajans
freedom seeking Manipuris killed all of them. To were the immigrant Marwari (keya) and Bengali
avenge this incident a strong military contingent was businessmen.
sent to Manipur. Tikendrajit was successfully captured
by the British force and on the charges of anti- British 2. Maniram Dewan: Maniram Borbhandar Barua
activities and killing British Officials, he was hanged. came to be known as Maniram Dewan. He had not
King Kulachandra was exiled and a minor Manipuri only been a witness to the Burmese invasion of Assam
prince, Churachandra was declared to be the King in and how the Assamese people had suffered but also
September 1891. The Political Agent of the British to how the British came to lord over Assam in 1826.
government was given all responsibilities of the When King Purandar Singha was re- established in
administration of Manipur since the King was a minor. Upper Assam, Maniram Barua joined his service as the
Manipur had to pay Rs. 2.50 Lakh to the government Dewan. But for reasons unknown, he resigned from
as compensation for the losses incurred during the this post and joined in the Assam Tea Company, which
revolt. In addition, a sum of Rs. 50,000 had to be paid was owned by the British and established in 1839. In
annually by Manipur to the British. In this way, the 1844 he resigned from there as well and set up his
British established their domination in the Kingdom of own tea garden in Jorhat.
Manipur. In the early part of 1857, Maniram went to Calcutta to
appeal to the British government to restore
WRITE SHORT NOTES ON
Kandarpeswar Singha on the throne of Assam. But he
1. The Revenue system implemented by the British in never got an opportunity to meet the Lieutenant
Assam. Governor of Bengal.
2. Maniram Dewan.
3. Phulaguri Dhawa. At that time he came to know about the revolt of the
4. Peasant revolt of Lachima. Indian soldiers in the British army in Northern India
5. Battle of Patharughat. and began to dream of overthrowing the British rule
6. Importance of peasant revolts in Assam. in Assam with the help of the Indian soldiers in the
British army posted in Assam through a revolt. He sent
7. Tikendrajit.
some secret letters from Calcutta to Kandarpeswar
Answer: 1. The Revenue system implemented by the Singha in Jorhat and some other trusted people. In
British in Assam: Through a completely new revenue these letters he advised that the Indian soldiers in
system the British took control of the economies. In Dibrugarh and Golaghat be contacted and a revolt
this revenue system the foreign government attached rose. Maniram Dewan planned to come to Upper
more importance to collection of taxes. They took no Assam with arms and ammunitions and join in the
measures to erase the sorrows and difficulties of the revolt. Unfortunately, many of these conspiratory
peasants and poverty ridden subjects. In Assam, in the letters fell into the hands of the officer of Sibsagar
administrative system prior to that of the British, district, Captain Holroyd and Maniram Dewan was
revenue was not collected through cash. But the immediately arrested in Calcutta. His supporters in
introduction of payment of land revenue as well as Jorhat and Sibsagar like Piyoli Barua, Kandarpeswar
other taxes by means of cash by the British further Singha and others were arrested.
impoverished the Assamese subjects while the
Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua were kept in Jorhat
exploitation by the British increased day by day. The
new hind revenue policy and the money economy of Jail and hanged on 26 February 1858.
the British government created deep resentment 3. Phulaguri Dhawa: The banner of revolt that was
among the Assamese common people. This money raised for the first time in Assam by the exploited
economy led to the creation of the Mahajans, who peasants against the British policy of economic,
thrived on interests in Assam and the Assamese exploitation was the Phulaguri Dhawa. Located near
subject populace was compelled to take out loans on

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Nowgaon, Phulaguri was a village inhabited by the Patacharkuchi etc, thousands of peasants participated
Tiwa ethnic community who survived on the in the Raij Mels. The largest Raij Mel in this entire
commercial cultivation of Poppy. When the British region was held in Panagaon sapori. In these assembly
government began to sell opium these peasants were peasants from various places like Rangia, Nalbari,
naturally infuriated. In 1861, the British, government Dharmapur, Bajali etc of North Kamrup took part. On
completely banned the cultivation of Poppy. This 21st January 1894, when Dasuram Choudhury, the
agitated the Tiwa ethnic community and more so, Moujadar of Kapla village near Lachima in Sarukhetri
because the selling of opium by the British Mouja, and his Mondol Holiram Mishra went out to
government continued. The British administration's collect revenue, they were very badly beaten up by
decision adversely impacted upon the economic the people. After some days the Moujadar died.
condition of this community. Another news that made Arriving at the scene, the Circle Officer of Barpeta,
rounds was that the government would impose tax on Madhab Chandra Bordoloi arrested 75 persons and
Tamul-paan also. took them to his rest camp in Lachima. When about
3000 people surrounded the rest camp and
As soon as the news of banning Poppy cultivation
threatened to burn it down, he was compelled to
spread on. 17th September 1861, more than 1500 release the arrested persons. The next day, Deputy
peasants from the various adjoining, areas gathered in Commissioner McCabe arrived there with about 30
Phulaguri and organized a Raij Mel to oppose this
policemen and soldiers from the Gorkha regiment. He
decision of the government. In the Mel it was decided arrested 59 rebel peasants and locked them up in a
to submit a petition to the Deputy Commissioner temporary jail. On 25th, around 6000 people signed a
requesting the removal of the ban on Poppy
document demanding the release of the imprisoned
cultivation and not to fix any tax on Tamul-paan. persons and submitted it in the' Deputy
At that time, the Deputy Commissioner of Nowgaon Commissioner's camp.
was Herbert Sconce. Instead of showing any sympathy McCabe showed no sympathy; instead by applying
towards the public, he misbehaved with them. To force, he chased away the crowd. Among those
protest against this, the public held Raij Mels for five
arrested were many leaders like Gosain Doley. These
consecutive days from 15th October in Phulaguri. The people were tied to the yokes like bullocks and
1000 strong peasants who gathered on the first day paraded before the public as a lesson, so that no one
were mostly armed with bamboo sticks. In the
might revolt in the future. 16 people were given
following days the number or gathered public various kinds of punishments for committing the
increased and on l8th October about 4000 people had crime of organizing the peasant revolt in Lachima and
gathered. Deputy Commissioner Sconce sent his
assaulting Holiram Mishra Mondal. Later, on the
Assistant Commissioner Lieutenant Singer to the orders of the Calcutta High Court, the punishment
meeting. When Singer reached the spot, he became sentenced for these people was reduced. Two years of
infuriated and ordered the people to leave. Moreover,
rigorous imprisonment was awarded to Pushpara
he also ordered his sepoys to snatch away the Kalita, Debi Dutta Sarma, Jayanti Bez, Nirbhasa Kalita
bamboo sticks carried by the peasants. While this and Monglu Kalita for organizing and leading the
tussle over the bamboo sticks broke out, one peasant
revolt. Hence, the peasant revolt of Lachima was too
struck Singer on the head with his stick and Singer fell
marked in the history of Assam.
on the ground. When the other peasants also joined
in this attack, Singer died on the spot. His body was 5. Battle of Patharughat: The peasant revolt of
thrown into the Kollong River. The police force that Patharughat began in the Mangaldoi Circle of Darrang
had accompanied Singer fled the scene. This incident district in 1894. The public had organized Raij Mels to
has been mentioned in the pages of history as the oppose the increased revenue as well as its collection.
Phulaguri Dhawa. The peasants of Kalaigaon, Mangaldi, Sipajhar of
Mangoldoi circle and Patharughat tehsil gathered in
4. Peasant revolt of Lachima: In the Bajali region,
these Raij Mels. After holding such public assemblies
comprising Lachima, Choukhuti, Panagaon, Sarthebari,

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
in their own areas, the peasants were planning a huge Peasants organized Raij Mels. There were in no way
public assembly for three days, 26-28.January, in any kind of political organizations and yet their
Patharughat. This news travelled from the Tehsildars importance in Assam was immense. These raij Mels
of that area to the Circle Officer who in turn informed did their best to make the peasants and other
the Deputy Commissioner, J. D Anderson, about this common people politically conscious.
proposed Raij Mel. In order to stop this huge public
assembly, J, D Anderson, along with a force 7. Tikendrajit: Tikendrajit was the main leader of the
comprising of police and military personnel and the anti-British revolt which was secretly going on, from
Police Superintendent J. R Berington, arrived in Manipur. But to banish the popular leader who was
Patharughat on 27th January. working to protect the .freedom of the Kingdom, on
the direction of the British, was not an easy task for
With the help of the police and military, the Kulachandra. When the Chief Commissioner of Assam,
properties of those peasants, who had refused to pay
revenue, were confiscated. This infuriated the J.W. Quinton and four other European officers came
peasants and about 200 of them surrounded to Manipur themselves to capture Tikendrajit, the
Berington who had gone for the revenue extraction. freedom seeking Manipuris killed all of them. To
He somehow managed to save himself from the avenge this incident a strong military contingent was
clutches of the public and reaching the Rest Camp, sent to Manipur. Tikendrajit was successfully captured
described everything to the Deputy Commissioner. A by the British force and on the charges of anti- British
few hours later around 2000 peasants marched activities and killing British Officials, he was hanged.
towards the Rest Camp. Almost each one of them was King Kulachandra was exiled and a minor Manipuri
prince, Churachandra was declared to be the King in
armed with sticks.
September 1891. The Political Agent of the British
When the peasants reached the Rest Camp, Anderson government was given all responsibilities of the
advised them to go home as soon as possible but they administration of Manipur since the King was a minor.
did not move. At this the Deputy Commissioner Manipur had to pay Rs. 2.50 Lakh to the government
ordered the Police Superintendent to disperse the as compensation for the losses incurred during the
peasants by using force, if necessary. Following this revolt. In addition, a sum of Rs. 50,000 had to be paid
order when the Police Superintendent tried to annually by Manipur to the British. In this way, the
forcefully chase away the peasants, they retaliated by British established their domination in the Kingdom of
brandishing their sticks, hurling stones- pebbles and Manipur.
moved in closer" The raining of stones and pebbles
was such that the police- military and administrative *****
officers, none could keep their eyes open. Under such
conditions the Deputy Commissioner ordered the
Police Superintendent to open fire. According to
unofficial records, 140 peasants were killed and 150
peasants were injured as a result of the firing. On the
other hand the 'official records showed t15 killed and
37 injured. Hence, this peasant revolt of 1894 came to
be known as the Revolt of Patharughat.
6. Importance of peasant revolts in Assam: Peasant

Revolt in Assam began in the 19th century against the
British. The British Government in Assam introduced a
number of taxes such as stamp duties in 1858, income
tax, license tax, grazing tax, etc. All these measures of
the British Government to collect more and more
revenue ruined the common people and peasants.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
CHAPTER 4: INDIAN FREEDOM 10. Who were the first President and Secretary of
Assam Provincial Congress Committee?
MOVEMENT AND NATIONAL
Answer: Kuladhar Chaliha and Nabin Chandra
AWAKENING IN ASSAM Bordoloi were elected as President and Secretary of
the Assam Provincial Congress Committee,
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
respectively.
1. When was the Treaty of Yandaboo signed?
11. Who was the first formally elected president of
Answer: Yandaboo Treaty was signed on 24th APCC?
February 1826. Answer: Bishnuram Medhi was the first formally
elected president of APCC.
2. Which period is known as Company Raj in Assam?
12. Who was the first Prime Minister of Assam and
Answer: The period from 1826 to 1858 is known as
when was he elected?
Company Raj in Assam.
Answer: Gopinath Bordoloi was the first Prime
3. When was Bengali Language introduced in Assam?
Minister of Assam. He was elected in 1946.
Answer: Bengali Language was introduced in Assam in
13. On what crime Kushal Konwar was hanged?
1836.
Answer: Kushal Konwar was hanged in connection
4. When was Bengali Language replaced by
with derailment of a train at Sarupathar.
Assamese language?
Answer: Bengali Language was replaced by Assamese 14. When was Gauhati University established?
language in 1873. Answer: It was established on January 26, 1948.
5. What was the mouthpiece of Assam Chatra 15. When the name Assam Medical College was
Sanmilan? formally introduced?
Answer: MILAN was the mouthpiece of Assam Chatra Answer: On 3rd November 1947 the name of Assam
Sanmilan. Medical College was formally introduced.
6. What was main objective of the Ryot Sabha? 16. When was Gauhati Medical College formally
Answer: The main objective of the Ryot Sabha was to started?
resolve the problems faced by the peasants. Answer: On the 20 September 1960, the Gauhati
Medical College was formally inaugurated.
7. When was All Assam Ryot Sabha established?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
Answer: All Assam Ryot Sabha was established on
April 8, 1933. 1. Write a brief note on Assamese Literary Society.
8. Who was the Secretary of Ahom Sabha? Answer: The first known association formed in
Calcutta was the Assamese Literary Society
Answer: Sarat Chandra Goswami was the Secretary of
established in 1872 under the leadership of
Ahom Sabha.
Devicharan Barua and Gangagovinda Phukan. The
9. When and under whose leadership was Jorhat proclaimed objective of the society was literary, yet it
Sarbajanik Sabha constituted? also played a political role. In 1872, two of its
illustrious members, Jagannath Barua and Manik
Answer: The Jorhat Sarbajanik Sabha was founded in Chandra Barooah, on behalf of the society submitted
1884 by Jagannath Barua at Jorhat.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
a memorandum to the Viceroy, Lord Northbrook Calcutta University Syndicate, appointment of

appealing to take necessary steps for the Assamese teachers in Cotton College, establishment
development of the natural resources of Assam and of technical institutions.
linking Assam with Bengal by railway. The Society was
active till 1885. 5. Mention about the Assamese leaders who had led
the Non-cooperation Movement in Assam.
2. Give a brief trace of important nationalist rise in
Answer: At the seventeenth session of the Assam
Jonaki Age.
Association held at Tezpur in December 1920, the
Answer: Jonaki, the mouthpiece of the ABUSS played Association after considerable debate took the
a significant role in literary and cultural regeneration resolution of joining the non-cooperation movement.
of Assam. Jonaki never dabbled in politics, but the The movement in Assam soon merged with the
articles and poems published in it reflected the national stream with the formation of the Assam
nationalistic views of the authors. One of the Provincial Congress Committee in June 1921. Kuladhar
recurrent themes of Jonaki was the decline of Chaliha and Nabin Chandra Bordoloi were elected as
indigenous commerce and industries of Assam after President and Secretary of the Assam Provincial
British annexation and about regenerating economic Congress Committee, respectively. The Non-
self-dependence. Jonaki was successful in cooperation movement in Assam reached its climax
regenerating cultural and social consciousness in with the visit of Gandhi to Assam in August 1921.
Assam. Under the leadership of Chandranath Sarma,
Hemchandra Barua, Omeo Kumar Das, Muhibuddin
3. Write briefly on the political demands of Ahom
Ahmed, the youth of Assam participated in the
Sabha. movement by boycotting government educational
Answer: The chief aim of the Sabha was to demand institutions. Some of the prominent youth leaders of
for privilege for the Ahoms in the British the movement were, Lakhidhar Sarma, Rohinikanta
administration and to revive their traditional religion, Hatibarua, Bimalakanta Barua, Kanak Chandra Barua,
language arid social customs, thereby re-establishing Benudhar Sarma, Tilak Sarma and so on. Following the
cultural identity of the Ahoms. A significant political students many lawyers like Nabin Chandra Bordoloi,
dem'and of the Sabha was to get recognition for the Kuladhar Chaliha, Tarunram Phukan, Kamini Kumar
Ahoms as. a minority community and reservation of Chanda, Bishnuram Medhi left their legal practices
seats in the Assembly and a separate-electorate for and joined the movement.
Ahoms. 6. Write about Cunningham Circular.
4. What were the issues raised by Assam Association Answer: R. J. Cunningham, Director of Public
before the British Government? Instruction, issued a circular on May 1930, popularly
Answer: Some of the issues raised by the Associarion known as Cunningham Circular asking students and
were: their parents to provide written undertaking
guaranteeing that the students would not participate
i. It was critical of the predominance of government in any kind of political activity. Those found guilty
officials in the Municipal Committee and of tea would be punished by imposing fines and depriving of
planters in the Local Boards. scholarships and also expulsion in case of severe
ii. It demanded democratisation of the local bodies. 'crimes'. The students sharply reacted to such
iii. It opposed enhancement of taxes, excise policy of humiliating diktat and it further sparked off the Civil
the government, and demanded absolute prohibition Disobedience movement in the region.
of opium.
iv. It was concerned about the development of the 7. Write briefly about the problems faced by the
province in the field of education. Hence, it Ministry of Gopinath Bordoloi after independence.
negotiated for the representation of Assam in the

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Answer: Immediately after independence, the North Doctor John Berry White, Civil Surgeon of the East
Eastern .region had to face the problem of India Company. After the Second World War the
borderland. In 1947 the partition of India disrupted college was shifted to nearby hospital premises that
the communication between the north-eastern region had been used by the US Army. After independence,
and the rest of India. Only a narrow strip of land of 12 on November 3, 1947, the college was formally
km, joined North-East with the other parts of India. renamed to become Assam Medical College.
After the partition, railway lines and river LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
transportation between West Bengal and Assam ran
through East Pakistan. The partition also disrupted the 1. Discuss the role and activities of Asomiya Bhasa
complex economic ties that existed between Bengal- Unnati Sadhini Sabha?
Assam-Arakan regions. Before the partition, this Answer: With the growing attacks on the Assamese
region (Bengal-Assam-Arakan) enjoyed a dynamic language in the Bengali press the Assamese students
global economy through its agro-industries producing in Calcutta felt the need to organise an association to
tea, indigo, jute, silk and cotton textiles. After the enrich the Assamese language and literature.
partition the newly formed states disentangled the Consequently, in 1888, the Asomiya Bhasa Unnati
global economy in order to build up their own Sadhini Sabha was formed and it soon matured into a
regional economy. Besides economic disruption, the literary organisation.
region had to deal with the problem of the
immigrants, and geographical reconstruction problem. Unnati Sadhini Sabha aroused a sense of unity and
Thus, the region turned into a geographically isolated national awareness amongst the Assamese. To
area, but at the same time a strategically sensitive develop a strong scientific base for the Assamese
area. language, the Sabha took the initiative of adopting a
correct and standardised grammatical system in all
8. Write brief history of establishment of Assam the vernacular schools of Assam. It also decided to
Agriculture University. compile a comprehensive social history of Assam and
Answer: The origin of the Assam Agricultural to translate the important Sanskrit works into
University can be traced back to 1913 when an Assamese.
agricultural research station was established at It was due to the initiative of the Asomiya Bhasa
Karimganj followed by another at Titabar in 1923. Unnati Sadhini Sabha, the government undertook the
Though the stations continued their research and publication of Hemchandra Barua's magnum opus,
training, yet it became imperative to have an Hemkosh. The AsomiyaBhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha
agricultural and a veterinary college which led to the used to hold regular scholarly discussions on various
establishment of the Assam Agricultural College at subjects. It also sought to establish branches in
Jorhat and the Assam Veterinary College at Nagaon in different parts of Assam. Several Assamese students,
1948. In 1969, the Assam Agricultural University was who returned to Assam after completion of their
established embracing .both these Colleges and studies at Calcutta formed branches in Kohima,
shifting the Veterinary College from Nagaon to the Tezpur, Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Nowgong, Golaghat,
present location at Khanapara, Guwahati. Barpeta, Goalpara, Jorhat, and Guwahati. The most
9. Write brief history of establishment of Assam significant contribution of the Asomiya Bhasa Unnati
Medical College. Sadhini Sabha was the publication of their journal,
Jonaki which ushered in a new era in Assamese
Answer: Assam Medical College situated at Dibrugarh literature.
is the first medical college in north-east India. The
history of the college can be traced back to the Berry 2. Write about the contribution of Assam Chatra
White School of Medicine which was established in Sanmilan.
the year 1900 using a donation of Rs 50,000 from

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Answer: The growth of national awareness also 4. Write about the objectives and activities of Jorhat
inspired the formation of the Asam Chatra Sanmilan Sarbajanik Sabha.
and its first session was held on 25 December 1916 at
Guwahati under the Presidentship of Lakshminath Answer: The Jorhat Sarbajanik Sabha was founded in
Bezbarua. The founder secretary was Chandranath 1884 by Jagannath Barua at Jorhat. The chief
Sarma. The chief objective of the Sanmilan was to objectives of the Jorhat Sarbajanik Sabha were:
enrich the mother tongue by contributing towards its i. To represent the aspirations of the people to the
development and preservation. The Chatra Sanmilan government.
also attempted at exchanging views amongst all the ii. To explain government policies to the people.
students of schools and colleges of-Assam. At its iii. To ameliorate the condition of the people.
inception, the Sanmilan kept politics away from its
purview, yet many of its leaders supported Although the Sabha avoided corning into direct
participation of students in national politics. Though it confrontation with the government, yet it raised its
was not a political organisation, it helped in the voice against exploitative government policies. Few
growth of a conscious group of Assamese students. such issues taken up by the Sabha were:
Eminent personalities from different fields like i. It raised voice against the introduction of the 'Assam
education, politics and literature used to participate in Land and Revenue Regulation Act', 1886.
the annual sessions of the Sanmilan. Prominent ii. In 1892-93, it took up the cause of the ryots who
amongst them were Lakshminath Bezbarua, protested against the enhancement of revenue.
Padmanath Gohain Baruah, Acharya Prafulla Chandra iii. In 1893, the Sabha submitted a memorandum to
Ray, and Krishna Kanta Handique. The mouthpiece of the Royal Commission on Opium asking for gradual
Assam Chatra Sanmilan was MILAN. The Sanmilan abolition of opium in Assam.
made remarkable contribution to the growth of
Assam's educational cultural and literature and also to The Sabha was strongly against the partition of Bengal
the growth of national consciousness. in 1905. The Sabha opined that the political future of
Assam would be endangered if Assam is annexed with
3. Give an account on the objectives and role of the East Bengal.
Ryot Sabhas.
5. Write on the contribution of Assam Association
Answer: Under the banner of Ryot Sabha, the leaders towards social reform in British ruled Assam.
of the Congress attempted at mobilising the peasants.
Ryot Sabhas came up in Sibsagar and Darrang districts. Answer: A broad based provincial forum to apprise
The Ryot Sabha ofNaduar and Chayduar were very the Government of the wishes and aspirations of the
strong between 1930 and 1939. During the period of people of Assam became an urgent need. This led to
the Civil Disobedience the most important demand of the formation of the Assam Association in 1903. The
the Ryot Sabhas was the reduction of land tax by 50 Association served as the mouth piece of the people
per cent. To direct all the Ryot Sabhas towards a of Assam in presenting to the authorities their 'needs
common goal or objective a central committee, the All and grievances, hopes and aspirations '. The
Assam Ryot Sabha was formed and its first session Association followed peaceful and constitutional
was held near Tilikiyam in Jorhat on 8 April 1933 methods to bring change. Some of the members of
under the presidentship of Congress leader the Association were also the members of the
Nabinchandra Bordoloi. In the second session held at Legislative Council; and' therefore, could influence the
Dergaon around 3000 peasants were present. During government through their speeches and debates on
the period between 1934 and 1939 around 300 Ryot the floor of the Council. Some of the issues raised by
Sabhas were established in different parts of Assam. the Association were:
Gradually, by the end of 1940, the Ryot Sabhas lost its
i. It was critical of the predominance of government
vigour and in many Earts the Ryot Sabhas were
officials in the Municipal Committee and of tea
included within the Provincial Congress Committees.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
planters in the Local Boards. Answer: The effect of the Swadeshi movement
ii. It demanded democratisation of the local bodies. extended up to Assam. The influence of the
iii. It opposed enhancement of taxes, excise' policy of movement was seen mainly in Dhubri, Gauripur,
the government, and demanded absolute prohibition Goalpara, Guwahati, Tezpur, Dibrugarh etc. town of
of opium. the Brahmaputra Valley. Asom Keshari Ambikagiri
iv. It was concerned about the development of the Raychoudhury and Gobinda Lahri formed
province in the field of education. Hence, it revolutionary organization among the students of
negotiated for the representation of Assam in the Guwahati. They called for using indigenous
Calcutta University Syndicate, appointment of commodities and boycotting foreign goods in the
Assamese teachers in Cotton College, establishment districts of Assam. The people of Assam used local
of technical institutions. andi, muga, cotton and khadi cloths instead of foreign
cloths. A group of students in Guwahati worked as
One of the major issues undertaken by the labour in dock twice in a week and donated the
Association was to oppose the incorporation of Assam money to the fund of Swadeshi movement thus
into a single province named as Eastern Bengal and
earned. Ambikagiri Raychoudhury wrote a
Assam in 1905. The Assam Association got actively revolutionary drama named 'Bandini Bharat'. The
involved in: the Non-Cooperation Movement, 1921. movement became much more popular in the Surma
6. Give brief description on the creation and the role Valley under the leadership of the Surma Valley
of Assam Provincial Congress Committee. Association. National Schools were set up at Sylhet,
Habiganj, Srimangal, Lakhai, Baniachang, Karimganj,
Answer: Like the Indian National Congress, the Assam Silchar, and other places.
Provincial Congress Committee was also a result of
nationalist zeal against British rule. In 1921, Assam 8. Give an account on the role of Assam in Non-
Association decided to merge itself in the newly cooperation movement.
formed Assam Provincial Congress Committee. Under
Answer: The movement in Assam soon merged with
the initiative of the Assam Provincial Congress the national stream with the formation of the Assam
Committee, Gandhi was invited to Assam in 1921 to Provincial Congress Committee in June 1921. The
propagate the message of non-cooperation. His visit
Non-cooperation movement in Assam reached its
tremendously encouraged the congress workers to climax with the visit of Gandhi to Assam in August
carry out the non-cooperation movement and 1921. In all the meetings addressed by Gandhi in
implement the principles of Swadeshi. The first
major towns were attended by large section of
officially elected President of the Assam Provincial people. Responding to the appeal made by Gandhi
Congress Committee was Bishnuram Medhi who was people joined boycott movement by organising huge
elected in 1930 for a period of 9 years. The Congress
bonfires of British goods. Under the leadership of
party could finally secure a major victory in the Chandranath Sarma, Hemchandra Barua, Omeo
general elections held in 1946 and Lokapriya Gopinath Kumar Das, Muhibuddin Ahmed, the youth of Assam
Bordoloi became the first Premier of the Assam
participated in the movement by boycotting
Province. In 1946 when the Cabinet Mission proposed government educational institutions. Some of the
to integrate Assam and the North East into group C prominent youth leaders of the movement were,
with East Bengal, the Congress party under Bordoloi
Lakhidhar Sarma, Rohinikanta Hatibarua, Bimalakanta
strongly protested against the proposal. Ultimately, Barua, Kanak Chandra Barua, Benudhar Sarma, Tilak
Assam was not included in Group C for the movement Sarma and so on. Following the students many
led by Bordoloi, supported by Gandhi. lawyers like Nabin Chandra Bordoloi, Kuladhar
7. Give brief description on the role of Assam in Chaliha, Tarunram Phukan, Kamini Kumar Chanda,
Swadeshi Movement. Bishnuram Medhi left their legal practices and joined
the movement. Many government officials and
teachers also left their jobs.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
One of the major impacts of the movement in Assam Answer: The movement in Assam started with non-
was the fall in opium consumption. Another important violent methods of hartals, processions,
constructive work was popularising the use of khadi demonstrations, and picketing. However, leaders
and increasing the production of khadi. The being in jail and with the growing police atrocities the
movement witnessed unprecedented support from movement turned into rebellion. The people attacked
the tea garden labourers. The large population of tea government buildings, destroyed railway tracks and
garden labourers took the opportunity to raise their sabotaged military supply lines. Particularly, in
voice against the colonial exploitation on them. Nagaon and Darrang districts, government buildings
were regularly attacked and officers were assaulted.
9. Give an account on the role of Assam in Civil There were incidences of sabotage on railways near
Disobedience Movement. Shahabibazar in Habiganj, Sarupathar in Golaghat,
Answer: Gandhi, who had re-entered active politics in Panbari and Rangiya in Kamrup and Suffrai in Sibsagar.
1928, gave the call for a Civil Disobedience Movement
Throughout the country, the British responded to the
in 1930. In Assam, young leaders like Omeo Kumar movement by mass arrests and public flogging. In
Das appealed to the students to join the Civil Assam too, the government started taking stern
Disobedience Movement, but response from the
measures to repress the movement. Kushal Konwar
students was lukewarm. However, to protest against was hanged in connection with derailment of a train
the arrest of Nehru on 14 April and Gandhi on 5 May at Sarupathar. During the Quit India Movement,
1930, students participated in hartal in a large
parallel governments were formed in a few rural areas
number. On 6 and 14 May 1930, students in the in Assam Village panchayats were established at
Brahmaputra valley resorted to the boycott of their places like Bajali, Hatisung, Dhakuakhana, Raha,
institutions to demonstrate their protest. Meanwhile,
Jamuguri and Bahjani. No revenue campaign was also
the situation became more sensitive when R. J.
carried out vigorously. Despite of the active
Cunningham, Director of Public Instruction, issued a involvement of the leaderless people in the
circular on May 1930, popularly known as movement, the movement was snuffed out very soon.
Cunningham Circular asking students and their
By 1944, even when the Congress leaders were still
parents to provide written undertaking guaranteeing behind bars, the movement was dominated by the
that the students would not participate in any kind of Govt. with enormous force. Many nationalists were
political activity. Those found guilty would be
disappointed that the Quit India Movement had
punished by imposing fines and depriving of
failed.
scholarships and also expulsion in case of severe
'crimes'. The students sharply reacted to such 11. Give a brief description about the institutions
humiliating diktat and it further sparked off the Civil established in Assam under the leadership of
Disobedience movement in the region. Bordoloi Ministry.
The Assam Chatra Sanmilan organised a special Answer: The elections conducted after the World War
session at Gauhati to discuss its plan of action. They II in 1946, the Indian National Congress emerged as
decided to picket government institutions. Around the majority party by winning 58 seats out of 108
3,117 out of 15,186 students left their institutions seats. Thus, Congress formed the government with
between July and August 1930. Picketing was soon Gopinath Bordoloi as the Prime Minister (Chief
extended to opium and liquor shops. Peasants too got Minister) of Assam.
engaged in the movement by demanding reduction of
land revenue by 50 per cent. Forest laws were also Under his ministry, the region focussed on building up
violated in certain areas. Student unrest took place in its infrastructure along with overall socio-economic
growth. Another important task was to develop its
Surma Valley as well.
human resource as well. Here, we will briefly discuss a
10. Write about the Quit India Movement in Assam. few post independence developments of Assam along

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
with the establishment of a few institutions under the

leadership of the ministry of Gopinath Bordoloi.
Assam Agricultural University: The origin of the Assam

Agricultural University can be traced back to 1913
when an agricultural research station was established
at Karimganj followed by another at Titabar in 1923.
Though the stations continued their research and
training, yet it became imperative to have an
agricultural and a veterinary college which led to the
establishment of the Assam Agricultural College at
Jorhat and the Assam Veterinary College at Nagaon in
1948. In 1969, the Assam Agricultural University was
established embracing .both these Colleges and
shifting the Veterinary College from Nagaon to the
present location at Khanapara, Guwahati.
Gauhati University: The University of Gauhati,

popularly known as Gauhati University, is the oldest
and the first public university of North-East India. It
was established on January 26, 1948. The university
was established under the Gauhati University Act
1947 of the Govt. of Assam. It had 17 afflicted colleges
and eight post-graduate departments on its
establishment. The university was shifter from the
City Centre to its present campus in 1955-56. Now,
the university area is known as Gopinath Bordoloi
Nagar.
Assam Medical College: Assam Medical College

situated at Dibrugarh is the first medical college in
north-east India. The history of the college can be
traced back to the Berry White School of Medicine
which was established in the year 1900 using a
donation of Rs 50,000 from Doctor John Berry White,
Civil Surgeon of the East India Company. After the
Second World War the college was shifted to nearby
hospital premises that had been used by the US Army.
After independence, on November 3, 1947, the
college was formally renamed to become Assam
Medical College.
*****

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
CHAPTER 5: CULTURAL HERITAGE OF 9. How many slokas are there in the Natyashastra?
INDIA AND NORTH EAST REGION Answer: There were around 6000 slokas in the
Natyashastra.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
10. What is Heraka movement?
1. What was the eastern border of the Indus Valley
civilization extended up to Ganga Valley? Answer: The Heraka movement was a movement
launched by Rani Gaidalu for the revival and
Answer: The eastern border included the Harappa preservation of the traditional beliefs and cultural
and Mahenjadoro that extended from Sindhu valley to heritage of the tribes of Nagaland.
Merrat in Ganga valley.
11. Hornbill festival of Nagaland is based on which
2. When was the town culture developed during the name of organism?
Indus Valley Civilisation?
Answer: Hornbill festival of Nagaland is based on
Answer: During the Indus Valley Civilisation, the town Hornbill bird.
culture developed around 2600 BC.
12. The traditional festival Chapchar Kut belong to
3. What was the presumed time of writing of the Rig which state?
Veda?
Answer: The famous festival, ‘ChapcharKut’, belong to
Answer: The Rig Veda was written in between 1500 Mizoram.
BC to 1000 BC.
13. What is the meaning of the word Mizo?
4. The term Satyameva Jayate in the National symbol
was taken from which book? Answer: The term, ‘Mizo’, means ‘inhabitants of the
hill’.
Answer: The term Satyameva Jayate in the National
symbol was taken from Mundak Upanishad. 14. Which state of the North East has a matriarchal
society?
5. Which book did establish the term 'unity in
diversity'? Answer: The state of Meghalaya has matriarchal
society.
Answer: The term ‘unity in diversity’ was established
by Nehru in his book, “Discovery of India”. 15. What is the main theme of Manipuri dance?
6. Greek-Roman techniques were used in which style Answer: The main theme of Manipuri Dance is on the
of sculptures of India? basis of the childhood of the saint Chaitanya and of
Lord Krishna.
Answer: Greek-Roman techniques were used in
several Buddha sculptures in India. 16. What is the ancient name of Assam?
7. What is the name of the famous book on political Answer: The ancient names of Assam were
science written in ancient India? Pragjyotishpur and Kamrup.
Answer: The famous book written on political science 17. From which Bodo word the name Assam is
in ancient India was Kautilya’s Arthashastra. considered to be derived?
8. When was the Natyasastra by Bharat Muni Answer: The name Assam is considered to be derived
written? from the Bodo word ‘ha-chom’.
Answer: The Natyashastra by Bharat Muni was 18. What is Charyapada?

written between 200 BC to second century.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Answer: Charyapada is a written Assamese literature. Answer: Arundoi was the first Assamese news
It is a collection of songs. magazine.
19. When was the Charyapada written? 29. Which tribe of North East is a part of the Austric
ethnic group?
Answer: Charyapada was written between 10th to 14th
century. Answer: The Khasi tribe of Meghalaya is a part of the
Austric ethnic group.
20. Under whose patronage did Madhab Kandali
translate the Saptakanda Ramayana? 30. Name the writers of the books: Arthashastra,
Hashtividyarnava, Kirtan, Naamghosa, Chordhora aru
Answer: Under the patronage of Barahi King
Pimpara Goshowa, Kaliya Daman, Ramvijoy, Katha
Mahamanikya, Madhab Kandali translated the
Geeta, Rajtarangini, Bharat Sambhed.
Saptakanda Ramayana.
Answer: The writers of these books are as under:
21. Who was the first to introduce prose literature in
Assamese? Arthashastra: Kautilya
Hashtividyarnava: SukumarBorkaith
Answer: Sankaradeva and Madhabdeva were the first
Kirtan: Sankardeva
to introduce prose literature in Assamese. Naamghosa: Madhavdev
22. Who composed Zikir and Zari? Chordhora aru Pimpara Goshowa: Sankardev
Kaliya Daman: Sankardev
Answer: Ajan Peer composed, ‘Zikir’ and ‘Zari’. Ramvijoy: Sankardev
Katha Geeta: Bhattadeva
23. Who is Ajan Peer?
Rajtarangini: Kalhana
Answer: Ajan Peer was a famous poet. Bharat Sambhed: Jawaharlal Nehru
24. When did Ajan Peer come to Assam? SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer: Ajan Peer came to Assam in the reign of 1. Write the names of two foreign communities
Gadadhar Sinha. which came to India after 6th century.
25. When was the stone gate of Da-Parbatia made? Answer: The two foreign communities which came to
India after 6th century are:
Answer: The stone gate of Da-Parbatiya was made in
6th century. i. Greek and
ii. Portuguese
26. What was the duty of the Changrung Phukan?
2. Name two statues used for worshipping and which
Answer: The main duty of Changrung Phukan was to were discovered during Indus Valley civilisation.
supervise the construction and measurements of the
roads, palaces, temples, houses etc. Answer: Two statues used for worshipping and which
were discovered during Indus Valley civilisation are
27. Which artist got Padmashree award for the Shivalinga and Mother Goddess with symbols of
contribution in folk song? Swastika.
Answer: Pratima Pande Baruah got Padmashree 3. Mention two contributions of the Austric to Indian
award for the contribution in folk song. culture.
28. What is the name of the first news magazine of Answer: Two contributions of the Austric to Indian
Assam? culture are as under:

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
i. Cultivation of rice. 10. Write names of two medical books written in

ii. Use of sindoor in religious works. ancient India.
4. How does the geography of India play a role in Answer: Two medical books written in ancient India
creating cultural diversity of India? are as under:
Answer: Some areas of the country have fertile land i. Sarak and
and the communication system is much improved, ii. Susruta
while some areas do not have these facilities which
create geographical diversity. Thus, geography of India 11. Write names of two Moghul emperors who
plays a role in creating cultural diversity of India. patronised arts.
5. Write the names of the four Samhitas of the Answer: Two Moghul emperors who patronised arts
Vedas. were:
Answer: The four Samhitas of the Vedas are as i. Akbar and

follows: ii. Jahangir
i. Rigveda 12. Write names of two pictorial books written in

ii. Samaveda "Sanchipat" in Assam.
iii. Yajurveda Answer: Two pictorial books written in "Sanchipat" in
iv. Atharvaveda Assam are:
6. What is written about religious tolerance in the i. Kumor Horon and
12th main stone carvings of Ashoka? ii. Geet Govindo
Answer: In the 12th stone of Ashoka, Emperor Ashoka 13. Write the names of the two painters of
conveyed the message that no one should consider Hastibidyamava.
his or own religion as superior to other. Rather people
should follow a path of unity by acquiring essence of Answer: The names of the two painters of
other religion. Hastibidyamava are as follows:
7. What is multiculturalism? i. Dilbar and

ii. Dosai
Answer: The term multiculturalism refers to the
respect that different groups of people of the country 14. What is jhum cultivation?
have for each other’s cultural heritage and tradition.
Answer: It is known as the slash and burn agriculture.
8. What are the divisions in the ancient Indian It is the process of growing crops by first clearing the
culture? land of trees and vegetable and burning them
thereafter.
Answer: The History of India begins with the Indus
Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. These 15. What is Zeng bihu?
two phases are generally described as the pre-Vedic
Answer: Zeng Bihu is an ancient form of Bihu Dance
and Vedic periods.
performed by women in Upper Assam.
9. Write names of two scientists in ancient India.
16. Write two divisions of Ojhapali.
Answer: The names of two scientists in ancient India
Answer: Two divisions of Ojhapali are as follows:
are as follows:
i. Byash Ojha and
i. Barahmihir and
ii. Sukannani Ojha
ii. Bhaskaracharya

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
17. Write names of two philosophers of ancient different parts of the country with the main stream of
India. culture.
iii. The different groups of the country seem to be tied
Answer: Two philosophers of ancient India are: to each other by cultural exchange. The issues
i. Chanakya and creating diversity, in turn, unites the parts in other
ii. Adi Shankaracharya way.
18. Write names of two histories written during the 23. What are the main divisions made for the Indian
Ahom era. architectural setup?
Answer: Two histories written during the Ahom era Answer: During the Sultanate and Badshahi era, we
are as follows: get to see at least four types of architecture, that is,
Mosques (Masjids), Pillars (Minars), Palaces (Manjils)
i. Deodhai and and Makowara.
ii. Hemkosh
Three architectural styles have been seen in the
19. Write the names of two homogenous festivals of ancient stone temples. These are Nagar in north India,
Bihu celebrated in lower Assam. Dravid in south India and Vesara style in between
Bindhya mountains and Krishna river.
Answer: Two homogenous festivals of Bihu celebrated
in lower Assam are: Parsi style was used in the architectures during the
Turky, Afghan and Moghul eras.
i. Magh Bihu and
ii. Kati Bihu 24. Write names of three architectural setup of India
which are declared as World Heritage Site by the
20. Write names of two folk dances of Darrang.
UNESCO.
Answer: Two folk dances of Darrang are:
Answer: The three architectural setup of India which
i. Tea folks’ Jhumur Naach are declared as World Heritage Site by the UNESCO
ii. Bodo’s Bagurumba Folk Dance are:
21. What are the main ethnic groups of India? i. The Taj Mahal
ii. The caves of Ajanta and
Answer: Before the Dravidians or Mediterraneans and iii. The Sanchi Stupa
the Nordic Aryans entered India, other groups of
people like the Proto- Australoids, Negros, Austrics 25. What statues were mainly created in the field of
and then the Mongoloids, and Western Brachcephalic Indian sculptures?
groups of people entered India and started staying in
Answer: The statues of Gautam Buddha, Mahavir and
the country.
different Gods and Goddesses of the Hindus were
22. Write three factors that create unity among mainly created in the field of Indian sculptures.
cultural diversity in India.
26. What are the three main styles of Indian
Answer: Three factors that create unity among Sculptures?
cultural diversity in India are as follows:
Answer: The three main styles of Indian Sculptures
i. The multi-culturalism of Hinduism, political unity are:
created by the empires of different ages, religious and
i. Gandhara
cultural generosity of different rulers have
ii. Mathura and
contributed to unity.
iii. Amrawati
ii. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata also united

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
27. Name three pictorial books of Moghul age. Answer: The main subjects of Kamrupi loka geet or
folk songs is the appeasement of Maa Manasa and
Answer: Three pictorial books of Moghul ageare: stories of Lord Krishna and other religious stories .
i. Padsahnama While the main subjects of Goalpariya folk songs are
ii. Jahangirnama based on nature and love stories. Stories of love with
iii. Dastan-e-Amir etc. natural description are sang on Goalpariya folk songs
28. What are the six skills (sorangas) of paintings? 33. Name three books where the ancient names of
Assam- Kamrup and Pragjyotishpur are mentioned.
Answer: The six skills (sorangas) of paintings are as
follows: Answer: Three books where the ancient names of
Assam- Kamrup and Pragjyotishpur are mentioned are
i. Shape Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Vishnu Puran.
ii. Measurement
iii. Feelings expressing techniques LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
iv. Artistic presentations
1. Write briefly on the source and development of
v. Knowledge of similarity
multi-culturalism in India.
vi. Rule of using brush
Answer: The two main characteristics of Indian
29. Write about three places of India having ancient
culture are multi-culturalism and unity in diversity.
wall paintings.
Multi-culturalism refers to the respect that different
Answer: Three places of India having ancient wall
groups of people of the country have for each other's
paintings are cultural heritage and traditions. The term "unity in
i. Maharashtra diversity" was made popular by leaders like Mahatma
ii. Madhya Pradesh and Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Subhash
iii. Tamil Nadu Chandra Bose and others during the time of freedom
movement of India.
30. Write briefly on the culture of Yoga in India.
Despite the linguistic, religious, geographical and
Answer: Yoga is a traditional Indian culture and it is a economic diversity, the Indians are tied by a bond of
gift to the entire humanity. It is believed that the unity. Different factors have been acting to create this
Indians were experts in yoga even during the Indus unity. The multi-culturalism of Hinduism, political
Valley civilization and it was widely practised during unity created by the empires of different ages,
the Vedic era. This traditional practice was brought religious and cultural generosity of different rulers
into a standard by Maharshi Patanjali by compiling a also contributed to this unity. The Ramayana and the
book called Yogasutra in the second century. He Mahabharata also united different parts of the
described yoga as a way of physical, mental and country with the main stream of culture. Moreover,
spiritual well being. He shaped yoga as a complete the different groups of the country seem to be tied to
way and philosophy of life. each other by cultural exchange. The issues creating
diversity, in turn, unites the parts in other way. If two
31. By what names the first seven days of Rongali
groups are divided geographically, they are being
Bihu are commonly known?
united by language or religion, if some are religiously
Answer: The seven days of Bohag (Rongali) Bihu are different, they may be tied geographically or by
known as ‘Chot', 'Kutum', 'Mela' 'Raati', 'Goru', language.
'Manuh' and 'Chera'.
2. The soul of Indian culture and civilization is
32. What are the main subject matters of Kamrupi regarded to be existed in the Sanskrit literature of
and Goalparia folk songs? ancient India- discuss the meaning of the sentence.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Answer: The old Sanskrit literature of India may be religions like Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc entered
regarded as the soul of Indian culture and civilization. India. In addition to those main religions, there are a
huge number of local ethnic religious faiths practised
These writings truly reflect the ways of life of the
in India.
people of that time and their values, beliefs,
knowledge in different fields like medical treatment, I 4. Write how the common and separate identity of
engineering science and politics. These books are the the North-East is developed.
result of serious studies, deep insight and tireless
intellectual exercise by the great personalities of that Answer: The north-eastern region has got a different
time. These writings also played a great role in common identity due to its unique geographical
shaping the Indian society and brought about a boundary. The fertile Brahmaputra and Barak Valley
cultural unity. These great books spread values like plain being in the middle, the other states have been
respect to parents, teachers (Gurus), guests, pursuit of distributed in the north, south and east. All
knowledge and scholars and the system of four- neighbouring states are hilly. Due to this type of
casteism in Hinduism. Likewise, concepts of natural setting, Assam is used by all the states as the
transmigration, liberation (mokshya), heaven and hell, central place for comfortable transport connection. It
is believed that a civilization grew in the Brahmaputra
sin-virtue etc. also popularised by these books.
valley even in the prehistoric days, but written history
Some universal messages like 'Satyameba Jayate' from is available after the Barman rulers assumed power in
Mundak Upanishad, 'Ahimsa param dharma' from the 4th century. The rulers of the neighbouring states
Mahabharata, 'Janani Janmabhumi scha Swargadapi sometimes expressed their subordination or
Gariyashi' from Ramayana, 'Basudhaiba Kutumbakam' sometimes obeyed to the rulers of the powerful royal
from Mohopanishad etc. have been the base of Indian families of Assam in different times. Information on
value system. These writings in Sanskrit were later above relationship between the neighbouring states
translated into other Indian languages. Great values of during the reign of Ahom royal families (1228 - 1826
these books have been followed in the Indian families A.D) is found in the histories written in that age. The
hierarchically in terms of group singing (Nam-kirtan), ruling families had ties with each other through
customs and traditions etc. The teachings of these marriages and during the time of crisis, the kingdoms
books have been applied by the people as the values helped each other with military might.
of life. Communication was set up among the kingdoms
through messengers. Barter of different items also
3. Write about religious traditions in India. took place between kingdoms. Thus, unity and
Answer: During the Indus valley civilization, diverse integrity among the people were set up. Majority of
ways of worshipping could be seen and various Gods the people of the region belong to the Mongoloid
and Goddesses were worshipped by the people. But group, while, the Khasis of Meghalaya belong to the
at the same time belief in one supreme power (God) Austric group.
also existed in Vedic system. Similarly, the ancient 5. Write briefly about the religious environment in
religious tradition of India accepted the principle of
the North-East.
tolerance, co-existence and assimilation among new
traditions or religions. They also respected reforms, Answer: The Vaishnavite movement launched by
change, even arguments in own beliefs. The religious Sankaradevaand Madhabdeva in the 15th century
beliefs in India also added new ways of worshipping influenced the life of the people of Assam in all
over the years and there was no conflict between the aspects. This religious movement had a major impact
Hindus and those following the Buddha and Jain on Assamese literature and a lot of poetries, songs,
religions. The kings also accepted religious tolerance prose, charitputhi, drama etc. were written during
and Emperor Ashoka had always maintained that no that time. The main subject matters of these literary
one should consider his or her own religion as works were Ramayana, Mahabharata, Purana,
superior to others. In later stages, people of different theories of Hindu religion etc.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Trace of Islamic religion was first found in Assam in The multi-coloured pictures were drawn with natural
the 13th century. Poa Macca in Hajo is a holy place of colours. A certain colour was painted on the Sanchipat
Islamic people. The Zikir and Zari written by Ajan Peer first then pictures of kings, palaces, deities, animals
(Sah Milan) are popular religious songs. Ajan Peer etc. were drawn as per the demand of the subject
came to Assam during the reign of Gadadhar Singha. matter. The blank spaces were filled with flower,
During the invasion of the Burmese (Mans), Ranjit cripples etc. The colours mostly used were red, green,
Singh of Punjab sent a group of Sikh soldiers to assist yellow and black.
Ahom King Chandrakanta Singha. Some of them
stayed back in the state and though their descendants The book Hastibidyamava written by Sukumar
now follow the Sikh religion, they have become Borkaithhad huge number of pictures of elephants of
Assamese by accepting Assamese culture. Some of the different sizes and colours. The pictures in the book
people living in the eastern part of the state including were drawn by two artists named Dilbar and Dosai.
Tai Phake, Turung, Aitan, Khamti, Khamyang, Later, several of those books were published in print.
Nora(Shyam), etc follow Buddhism. The Ahom kings 8. Write about religious unity and diversity in Assam.
followed a secularist outlook and they patronised
setting up places of worship of different religions. Answer: One of the most beautiful states of India,
Assam is the gateway to the enchanting and
6. Assam has a mixed culture due to assimilation of unexploited northeastern part of the country. With
Aryan and non-Aryan cultures- discuss briefly this the majestic Brahmaputra river, magnificent hills and
aspect. its rich flora and fauna, the state is a tourist paradise.
Answer: The main ethnic groups of people in India are The vibrant life style, the all smile people, presence of
also found in Assam and the process of cultural diverse tribes and cultures, are the main points of the
assimilation also happened in Assam as occurred in wonderful Assam Society. The history of Assam dates
India. As a result, a mixed culture was developed in back to the time of the Aryans and has got its mention
Assam with the integration of Arya and Anarya. The in the epics, the Tantric, Vedic and Buddhist
old name of Assam was Pragjyotishpur and Kamrup. Literature. The land has been ruled by great rulers of
These names are found in old writings including the many dynasties. The people of the state are friendly
Ramayana, Mahabharata, Vishnu Puran, KalikaPuran, and they belong to different tribes and communities.
Yoginitantra, writings of Hiuen Tsang and even in the Several religions are practiced in the state, proving its
inscriptions of ancient Royal families. These two secular outlook. Some of the religions that are
Sanskrit words have connected Assam to the Hindu followed in the state are Hinduism, Buddhism,
mythology or Hindu astrology. Noted scholar Christianity, Islam and Vaishnavasim.
Banikanta Kakati was of the view that the words
Pragjyotishpur and Kamrup originated from similar Apart from the Assamese, the Bengali speaking
words in the Austric language. The Ahoms ruled the population and the Nepalis also form a major portion
state from the 13th century. of the state. The diverse culture of the state has
brought a rich treasure of art, craft and music with it.
7. Write briefly on the heritage of paintings in
Assam. 9. Why the cultural diversity, assimilation and
change are taking place more rapidly in Assam than
Answer: Paintings in Assam started to take proper the other states of the region?
shape from the 17th century onwards mainly with the
patronage of the kings, while, the pictorial books were Answer: Cultural diversity, assimilation and change
developed in the satras like small pictured books of are taking place rapidly in Assam because it has one of
North India. Most famous pictorial books of that time the most fertile land resources and natural resources
include Hastibidyarnava, Ananda Lahari, Chitra in the region. Assam also has the richest mixture of
Bhagawat, Geet Govinda, Kumor Haran, Sankhachur culture and cultural heritage which is changing Assam
Badh, Lava Kushar Yuddha etc. written on Sanchipat. rapidly. Assam’s culture is believed to be developed

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
over 750 years in the first millennium which also The sculptures of ancient India made in own styles
provided stages for assimilation of the different were also mounted with foreign designs. Several
cultural-mixes and intensities. Further, the natural statues of this kind crafted with micro artistic hands
resources and fertile land particularly in the are found in different parts of India. The people made
Brahmaputra valley has added to the richness of the statues of Gautam Buddha, Mahavir, different Gods
state. At one point of time Assam was connected to and Goddesses of the Hindus, fairies and even of
China through the great silk route and China was different animals related to Buddhism. The animal
connected to Roman Empire through Assam. From the statues crafted on the top of the Ashoka Pillars are
ancient times, different groups of people came to closely related to Gautam Buddha's life and these are
Assam for various reasons- for doing business, for important elements of Indian culture. The sculptures
pilgrimage and even as traders and some of them of ancient India can be broadly divided into three
stayed back. major categories, Gandhara, Mathura and Amarawati
sculptures.
The main ethnic groups of India are also found in
Assam. The process of assimilation happened in 2. Indian paintings.
Assam as occurred in India. As a result mixed culture
Answer: The paintings of ancient India can be broadly
was developed.
divided into, two categories- the big wall paintings
10. Really the society is like a book for studying the and smaller paintings. The smaller paintings were
folk culture- provide your views on this issue. used mostly in the books for decoration and pictorial
description. Paintings were made in both styles on the
Answer: Assam has very rich cultural heritage. In walls of Ajanta (Maharastra), Bagh (Madhya Pradesh),
addition to the comment to the common cultural Chittanavachal (Tamilnadu) etc. Among these, Ajanta
heritage, every tribe and sub tribe have their own rich Cave paintings are world famous. From about 10th
traditional cultural heritage. Every tribe has its own century, smaller paintings were done on the barks of
dialects, folk-literatures, ornaments, food habits, Sanchi tree (Sanchipat), silk cloth etc. in places like
housing culture, agriculture, fishing culture, various Assam, Rajasthan, Orissa (Odisha),Mysore (Kamataka),
festivals, style of using cane & bamboo, family & social Tanjore etc. These were made mainly for
relationships, customs and traditions, dresses, music, demonstrating pictorial description of the texts of the
traditional musical instruments etc. The natural books.
feelings and expressions of a society or community is
reflected by its folk culture. These traditional cultures In the 1st century B.C. itself, the culture of six skills
of practised for years are acquired by the people (saranga) of painting was started. This includes- (1)
without any formal training. But a person can shape, (2) measurement, (3) feelings expressing
understand the tradition of other's culture through techniques, (4) artistic presentation, (5) knowledge of
special observation only. So, really the society is like a similarity (6) rule of using brush.
book for studying the folk culture in Assam. To know
valuable elements of folk culture, one has to observe 3. Traditions of songs and dances in India.
the' activities and behaviours of the common people Answer: India has a rich cultural heritage in music.
of the society. The Mentor-disciple (Guru-sishya) tradition in classical
music is still prevalent in India as a strong tradition.
WRITE SHORT NOTES ON
This tradition reached a high standard during Moghul
1. Sculptures of ancient India. period. Along with the music, different types of
musical instruments were invented to accompany
Answer: The Indian sculpture reached the pinnacle of classical and folk music. Among those instruments
glory during the ancient days, and right from the days
shehnai, tabla, santur, sitar, beena, flute, dhol, taal,
of Indus Valley civilization beautiful eye catching
nagara, mridanga, khol, nupur, sharinda, dotara etc.
sculptures were made. Ancient sculptures were made were important. These musical instruments are still
with soils, stones, bronze, copper, silver and gold etc.

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
popular India and certain classical instruments like made with stones and bricks. The Rong Ghar was
sitar, flute, beena, tabla etc. are becoming more constructed in two storied form for enjoying
popular abroad. Like music, dances have also a rich celebration of the Bihu festival in the courtyard. Tlie
tradition in India. Of the hundreds of traditional roof of the Rong Ghar was made in the style of a play-
dances in the nook and corner of the country, eight boat (Khel-nao). A number of stone bridges were also
dances have been recognised by the Govt. of India as constructed during the time of the Ahom kings. Of
the Indian Classical Dance forms. These are Kathakali those, the bridges at Namdang, Darika and Dinjoy are
(Malayalam, Kerala),Mohiniyattam (Kerala), still being used.
Bharatnatyam (Tamilnadu), Kuchipudi (Andhra
Pradesh), Odissi . (Odisha), Kathak(Northern India), 6. Vaishnavite literature of Assam.
Manipuri (Manipur) and Satriya (Assam). Answer: The Vaishnavite movement launched by
4. Sculptures of Assam. Sankaradeva and Madhabdeva in the 15th century
influenced the life of the people of Assam in all
Answer: A huge number of sculptures are seen mainly aspects. This religious movement had a major impact
on the temples in Assam. Some of these are two- on Assamese literature and a lot of poetry, songs,
dimensional wall statues and others are three prose, charitputhi, drama etc. were written during
dimensional complete statues. The sculptures were that time. The main subject matters of these literary
made of stones as well as with elephant trunk, gold, works were Ramayana, Mahabharata, Purana,
silver, copper and wood etc. The sculptors mostly theories of Hindu religion etc. Sankaradeva and
made sculptures of different deities like Shiva, Vishnu, Madhabdeva themselves wrote a number of classics.
Ganesha, Surya etc. while sculptures of lion, sun, Sankardeva's Kirtan, Madhabdeva's Namghosha and
elephant, horses etc. are also seen. Examples of the Borgeets of both the gurus were most popular
beautiful sculptures of Assam can be seen in places among these. The plays (Ankiya Naats) of Sankardeva-
like Da-Parbatia in Tezpur, Bamuni Pahar, Madan Patniprasad, Kaliya Daman, Keli Gopal, Rukmini Haran,
Kamdev, Ambari, Dabaka, Surya Pahar, Borganga, Parijat Haran, Ram Bijay; Dadhi Mathan of
Numaligarh, Deopani, Hojai, Dibrugarh, Sukreswar, Madhabdeva and his Jhumuras 'Chordhara' and
Paglatek of Goalpara, Mangoldoi etc. Though the 'Pimpara '. , Guchowa' etc. are presented before huge
Ganga' Yamuna statue in the stone gate of Da- gathering of spectators at Namghar and Satras. The
Parbatiya is smaller in size, from the artistic view point first naat (drama) Chihnajatra of Sankardeva was even
it is well appreciated. The Da-parbatiya sculptures written and staged before Shakespeare's drama.
were made in 6th century influenced by Gupta
sculptures. 7. Folk songs of Assam.
5. Architectures of Assam. Answer: Assam has a rich tradition of folk songs,

which are sung on different occasions and in different
Answer: Majority of the old architectures in Assam environments. Some of these have been obsolete and
were constructed in the middle age and in the others are flowing with force. Marriage songs (biya
patronage of the Ahom and Koch kings. The famous of naam), appeasing song (nisukani geet) Kamrupi and
the architectures of that time including Rong Ghar, Goalparia folk songs are most popular among other
Kareng, Ghar, Talatal Ghar and a number of temples folk songs like Aainam, Dhainaam, Dotara (tokari)
built by the Ahom kings still bear testimony to the song, chiyageet, Nangeli geet (cow-boy song),
architecture of that time. The most famous of the cherradhek etc. A number of folk song artistes of the
temples constructed during that time include state including Khagen Mahanta, Rameswar Pathak
Kamakhya , Ugratara, Umananda, Shiva Doul, Devi and Pratima Pande Baruah have been honoured with
Doul, Fakua Doul, Sukreswar-Devalaya Temple; Shiva the Sangeet Natak Akademi awards, while Pratima
temples in Dergaon and Bishwanath, Navagraha etc. Pande Baruah, a prominent Goalparia folk song
temples. The temples were commonly of Nagar or artiste was awarded the Padma Sree by the
Vesara style. The architectures of that time were Government of India. In addition to the folk songs,

Class 10, SEBA
History notes
Assam also has a rich tradition of folk dances and 10. Bihu festival.
Ojapali is one of the most popular among those.
Ojapali has two styles- Byash oja and Sukannani oja. Answer: Bihu is the community festival of Assam.
Stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata are sung in Three bihu festivals are observed in Assam- Bohag
Byash, while in Sukannani, story is sung for (Rangali) bihu, Kati (Kongali) bihu and Magh (Bhogali)
bihu. Bihus are observed in the months of Bohag
appeasement of Manasa Devi.
(Baishag), Kati (Kartik) and Magh respectively. Bihu is
8. Religious unity in Assam. celebrated by all people of Assam with traditional
gaiety. The Bohag Bihu is celebrated from the last day
Answer: The history of Assam dates back to the time of Assamese month of Sot (Chait) to the first six days
of the Aryans and has got its mention in the epics, the
of Bohag. The last day of the Sot month is called the
Tantric, Vedic and Buddhist Literature. The land has Sankranti or Domahi and that day is observed as "garu
been ruled by great rulers of many dynasties. The bihu” (bihu festival for the cows). Cows are an
people of the state are friendly and they belong to
important part in the life of the Assamese people,
different tribes and communities. who mostly depend on agriculture and that is why the
Several religions are practiced in the state, proving its day is dedicated in the name of cows. The bihu dance
secular outlook. Some of the religions that are is accompanied by some instruments like Dhol
followed in the state are Hinduism, Buddhism, (Drum), horn pipe (pepa), flutes (siphoong of Bodos),
Christianity, Islam and Vaishnavasim. gagana etc., which are different in different
communities. Some other festivals are observed in
Apart from the Assamese, the Bengali speaking some places which are homogenous to Bahag bihu.
population and the Nepalis also form a major portion Among those, Deul in Darrang, Bhatheli, Suweri, Bar
of the state. The diverse culture of the state has Gopal etc. in old (undivided) Kamrup, Baash puja in
brought a rich treasure of art, craft and music with it. Goalpara are important.
9. Historical literature of Assam. *****
Answer: The Barman dynasty established in the

middle part of the 4th century and the following royal
dynasties first used Sanskrit and later on Assamese
(evolved from Sanskrit) as the official language.
However, the modern Assamese language has been
formed after crossing various stages from the time of
evolving from Sanskrit. The modern form of Assamese
language has been developing from the time of the
first Assamese Journal 'Arunodoi'. During the period
from 10th to 14th century, the only written Assamese
literature was mostly a collection of songs called
Charyapada. In the 14th century, Hem Saraswati,
Rudra Kandali, Haribar Bipra, Kaviratna Saraswati and
Madhab Kandali created literature in verse form
based on Purana and other ancient Indian epics.
Madhab Kandali was patronized by Barahi King
Mahamanikya. Other scholars were patronized by the
kings of Kamata. It is important to mention that
Madhab Kandali translated the Ramayana into
Assamese, titled 'Saptakanda Ramayana', which was
the first work of translation from Sanskrit into a North
Indian language

Class 10, SEBA
Geography (Social Science) notes
CHAPTER 1: ECONOMIC 3. What do you mean by economic activities of man?

What are such economic activities?
GEOGRAPHY: SUBJECT MATTER AND
Answer: Human activities which are performed in
RESOURCE exchange for money are called economic activities. It
EXERCISE is those efforts which are undertaken by man to earn
income, money, wealth for his life for maximum
1. What is Economic Geography? What is its main satisfaction of wants with limited and scarce
subject matter? Mention the important branches of resources.
Economic Geography.
There are four types of economic activities or
Answer: The branch of Geography in which the study occupations of man:
of human activities relating to the production,
distribution, consumption and exchange of resources i. Primary Occupation: The human activity through
is done with respect to space and time is called which man collects resources from the nature is called
Economic Geography. primary occupation.
The main subject matter of economic geography is the ii. Secondary Occupation: The human activity through
economic activity of man which includes: which man transforms the commodities collected
from the nature into a usable form by using various
i. Production of resources technologies is called secondary occupation.
ii. Distribution of resources
iii. Consumption of resources iii. Tertiary Occupation: The human activity through
iv. Exchange of resources which the commodities produced by means of
primary and secondary activities reach the consumers
The main branches of economic geography are as is called tertiary occupation.
follows:
iv. Quaternary Occupation: The human activity
i. Agricultural Geography through which the secondary and tertiary activities
ii. Industrial Geography can be made more easy and productive is called
iii. Geography of Marketing quaternary occupation.
iv. Transport Geography
v. Geography of Tourism 4. Write briefly about the subject matter of the
vi. Geography of Marketing important branches of Economic Geography.
vii. Geography of Planning and Development Answer: The main branches of economic geography
2. Write in brief about the scope of Economic and their subject matters are as follows:
Geography. i. Agricultural Geography: Here, factors associated
Answer: The distribution of economic activities of with agricultural activity, types of agriculture,
man and the factors and processes associated with it distribution and methods of agricultural activity, crop
are mainly studied in Economic Geography. The scope production and its associated theory, marketing and
of its study is mainly based on the under mentioned export-import of agricultural produces, etc are
basic questions: studied.
i. Where is the economic activity located? ii. Industrial Geography: Here, economic and other
ii. What are the characteristics of the economic factors associated with establishment of industry,
activity? types of industry and geographical distribution,
iii. To what other phenomenon is the economic production of industrial goods, theories associated
activity related? with location of industry, marketing and export-
iv. Why is the economic activity located where it is? import of industrial produces, etc are studied.
v. Would it not be better if located elsewhere? iii. Geography of Marketing: Here, types of resource,
Among the above mentioned five questions, the regional distribution of resources, the factors
traditional economic geography is associated with the associated with exploration and production of
first three. But the latter two questions have laid the resources, relationship between resource and
foundation of modern economic geography. development, conservation and management of
resources, etc are studied.

Class 10, SEBA
iv. Transport Geography: Here, types of transport of time into a resistance or neutral stuff. It means
system and factors associated with it, role of transport with change in society simultaneous change occurs in
on resource distribution, role of transport in the concept of resource, and consequent change in
movement and economic activities of man, role of resource collection and use.
transport system towards economic development, viz.
industrial development, agricultural development, etc 8. Briefly discuss about the necessities of resources
are studied. with examples.
v. Geography of Tourism: Here, tourism and factors Answer: Resource and its use are closely associated
associated with its growth, types of tourism, with progress of human society. Resource utilization
development and planning process of tourism system, has been able to bring about human welfare and
etc are studied. socio-economic development. The resources so
obtained from the nature are used by man employing
vi. Geography of Marketing: Here, the need of its own energy, knowledge and intelligence and skill. It
establishing markets and the associated factors, types is due to the availability of these resources, apart
and distribution of markets and associated theories, from fulfilling the man's primary needs - food, shelter
etc are studied. and clothing and many other requirements, the
improvement in the living conditions of man has been
vii. Geography of Planning and Development: Here, possible. Apart from the resources derived from
factors associated with economic development, nature, many of the resources, for example,
planning strategies, sustainable development, technology, house, roads, industries, schools, offices,
regional and resource- based development process, agro-farm equipments, vehicles, etc are produced by
etc are studied. men themselves as per requirement and necessity.
5. Why 'Resource Geography' is known as an 9. Write in brief about the relationship between
important branch of Economic Geography? resource and man.
Answer: The study of economic geography and its Answer: Man is associated with resource in two
different branches is very closely related to geography different ways - as producer of resource and as
of resources. It is because the economic development consumer of resource. Although many of the
of any country is greatly dependent on its quality and resources useful to man are made available from the
availability of resources. As every economic activity or nature, most of them are transformed as per
development process is very closely related to requirement into more consumable form by man.
environment, more emphasis is given on sustainable Moreover, the attributes of functionality and utility of
development. the materials found in nature can be explored only
6. What is meant by 'Resource'? Mention its main through human knowledge. With the expansion of the
characteristics. horizon of human knowledge many new resources are
also created and used. It means, apart from the
Answer: All the materials necessary for human living resources derived from nature, many of the
are called resources. As air, water, sunshine, soil, resources, for example, technology, house, roads,
plants, animals, fruits, minerals, etc are all useful to industries, schools, offices, agro-farm equipments,
man, these are all resources. vehicles, etc are produced by men themselves.
According to a famous economist Zimmermann, any 10. Briefly discuss about the relationship between
material to become a resource should have two resource and science-technology.
properties, viz. functionality and utility. It is because
of these two properties resource utilization has been Answer: The resources are formed as a result of the
able to bring about human welfare and socio- interactions among the nature, man and culture
economic development. including science and technology. Man is associated
with resource in two different ways – as producer of
7. 'Resource is Dynamic'. - Explain. resource and as consumer of resource. The variation
Answer: Resource is dynamic. Even though a in the use of natural and man-made resources is
commodity is not used by man today or it is harmful dependent on the change in human demand and
to man today, the same may be used for human development of new technology. Hence, the meaning
welfare in future. It is due to such a dynamic attribute of the same resource may be different with respect to
of resource, a material or phenomenon which is found change in time and place. With the expansion of the
to be useful today may get transformed in the course horizon of human knowledge many new resources are

Class 10, SEBA
also created and used. Apart from the resources All the resources under the responsibility or
derived from nature, many of the resources, for possession of a country, such as transport networks,
example, technology, are produced by human land, rivers, bridges, wildlife sanctuaries etc. are called
resources. National Resources.
11. Write about classification of resources with Resources belonging to all the countries and the
examples. resources under the possession of the whole world,
such as oceans and seas and their mineral and biotic
Answer: On the basis of origin the resources can be resources, atmosphere, forests, etc. are together
broadly divided into natural resource, man- made known as International Resources.
resources and human resources. Besides, the
resources may also be divided into biotic and abiotic; 12. What is meant by natural resource? Write briefly
renewable and non-renewable; and individual, with examples.
national and international resources.
Answer: The resources, for example, sunshine, air,
Natural, Man-made and Human Resource water, soil, plants, animals, minerals, rivers, etc. which
after natural formation remain distributed on the
The resources, for example, sunshine, air, water, soil, earth, are known as Natural Resources. The natural
plants, animals, minerals, rivers, etc. which after resources are found in solid, liquid or gaseous states,
natural formation remain distributed on the earth, are and in metallic or non-metallic form. Many of such
known as Natural Resources. natural resources are used as raw materials in
Materials as produced through human efforts are different industries. Besides, coal, mineral oil, natural
known as man-made resources. Eg., paper from gas, etc are also natural resources which are used by
bamboo, cloth from cotton, soap, plastic etc. us as sources of energy.
It is necessary to have adequate skill, education, 13. What is man-made resource? Write in brief about
technology and desire among men so as to make the its use with examples.
natural resources useful to man. It is because of these Answer: Many materials having collected from the
attributes, population is known as human resource. nature are converted into more usable forms as per
Biotic and Abiotic Resource requirement by applying different technologies. For
example, paper from bamboo; cloth from cotton;
According to physical structure or composition the different types of dyes, paints, synthetic cloth,
resources which have life are called Biotic Resources chemical fertilizer, insecticides, soap, plastic, synthetic
and those without having life are called abiotic rubber, wax, etc; different types of food items,
Resources. The plants, animals, fishes, crops, etc are medicine, wood, house construction materials, etc.
biotic resources. On the other hand, soil, rock, water, are derived from plants. Such materials as produced
air, minerals, coal, etc are abiotic resources. through human efforts are known as man-made
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resource resources.
Among the available natural resources on the earth, 14. What are the differences between renewable
some do not get exhausted after use and some others and non-renewable resources? Discuss briefly with
get gradually exhausted. The resources which can be examples.
kept unexhausted after use through the process of Answer: Among the available natural resources on the
regeneration are called Renewable or Inexhaustible earth, some do not get exhausted after use and some
Resources. Eg., air, water, plants, animals, human- others get gradually exhausted. The resources which
beings, crops, etc. can be kept unexhausted after use through the
The resources which cannot be regenerated after use process of regeneration are called Renewable or
and get completely exhausted are called Non- Inexhaustible Resources. It means sunshine, air,
Renewable or Exhaustible Non-renewable resource water, plants, animals, human- beings, crops, etc are
Resources. Eg., coal, mineral oil, minerals etc. renewable resources.
Individual, National and International Resource On the other hand, the resources which cannot be
regenerated after use and get completely exhausted
The things in possession of individual man - such as are called Non-Renewable or Exhaustible Non-
land, household properties and good self attributes renewable resource Resources. For example, coal,
etc. are known as Individual or Personal Resources. mineral oil, minerals, natural gas, etc are non-

Class 10, SEBA
renewable resources. Once used, such resources get recycling and reuse while converting raw materials to
exhausted forever. useful resources.
15. What is meant by 'Conservation of Resources'? (e) Expansion of Knowledge and Education: For proper
What is its necessity? management of production and use of resources,
expansion of knowledge and education is highly
Answer: The concept or act of possible complete essential. Awareness among the people needs to be
utilization of any resource without any destruction increased to check unnecessary wastage of resources.
and misuse is known as Conservation of Resources.
The main objective of resource conservation is that (f) Execution of Conservation Related Acts: For proper
we have to collect and use the necessary resources execution of resource conservation programmes the
from the nature in such a way so that we all continue provision of conservation acts needs to be strict and
to get benefit from these for long time. By the term transparent and it should be effectively implemented.
'Conservation of Resources' simply does not mean
preservation of resources without any use. For (g) Proper Assessment of Resource Reserve: For
example, by conservation of mineral oil means the act future planning of resource use a correct assessment
of exploitation of mineral oil from the nature without of available reserve of any resource is necessary. This
any wastage and its proper use for long time towards in turn helps in curtailing unnecessary use of certain
human welfare. Although resource conservation is resource and emphasizing to explore alternative
more associated with non- renewable resources, resource.
actually the concepts of conservation are applicable to (h) Assessment of Future Requirement of Resources:
all the resources. It is the need of the hour because Looking at the extent of present use of a resource and
human needs are unlimited whereas the resources growth rate of population it is highly essential to
are scarce therefore we need to preserve the determine the future requirement of the resource.
resources for future generations. In view of rapid
increase of world population and growing 17. Write in brief about the organizations associated
environmental problems including depletion of many with resource conservation and their role.
natural resources efforts are being made worldwide at Answer: Large number of governmental and non-
various levels for environmental protection and governmental agencies and organizations have been
conservation of natural resources. formed at international, national, regional and local
16. Write in brief about the methods of resource levels.
conservation. In this respect an international environment
Answer: It is highly necessary to incorporate the conservation organization under United Nations
following methods for successful implementation of Organization named International Union for
resource conservation programme: Conservation of Nature - IUCN is worth mentioning. In
fact, IUCN was formed in the year 1948 with the
a. Search for Alternative Resource: It is necessary to initiative of British Biologist Julian Huxley, the founder
carry out required research and survey for exploring Director General of UNESCO. The main objective of
possible source of alternative resource even when the this organization is to carry out study and research on
production of any highly used resource goes on. conservation of global natural environment and
b. Recycling: In order to reduce the use of raw natural resources including biodiversity, and to take
materials with limited reserve usable disposed appropriate measures. It is with the initiative of the
garbages can be reused through the process of IUCN two more international organizations like WWF
recycling. for Nature (Worldwide Fund for Nature) and World
Conservation Monitoring Centre have been
c. Innovation: Necessary study and research are to be established.
undertaken to develop innovation in converting the
resources collected from the nature into usable forms. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
This also helps check misuse of raw materials and has been formed at government level in India. Such
increase resource production. government organizations are also responsible for
formulation of laws related to environment protection
d. Waste Control: Considerable amount of resources and conservation of natural resources. Under this
can be conserved if adequate measures are taken to Ministry an autono- mous institute named Indian
check production of waste materials through their Council of Forestry Research and Education was
formed in 1986. Besides, a number of non-

Class 10, SEBA
governmental organizations like Centre for ' Science The resources which can be kept unexhausted after
and Environment (CSE), Greenpeace India, Wildlife use through the process of regeneration are called
Trust of India, etc are. working for protection of the Renewable or Inexhaustible Resources. It means
environment. In Assam also a number of non- sunshine, air, water, plants, animals, human- beings,
governmental organizations like Assam Science crops, etc are renewable resources. These resources
Society, Aaranyak, etc are working for environment originate very easily on the earth. Of course, some
protection, biodiversity conservation, etc. plant and animal species have been extinct for ever or
may get extinct soon due to excessive use or a variety
18. Write short notes: of physical or human factors.
(a) Resource: All the materials essential for human (e) Personal Resource: The things in possession of
living are known as Resources. The air. water. sunrays, individual man - such as land, household properties
soil, plants, fruits, minerals, etc found on the earth are and good self attributes, e.g. good character,
all essential to man. Hence, these are all resources. education, working skill, etc are known as Individual
These resources are collected by man mainly from the or Personal Resources. They are private property or
nature through various means. The resources so attributes of man and differ from one person to
obtained from the nature are used by man employing another with respect to his or her capability.
its own energy, knowledge and intelligence and skill. It
is due to the availability of these resources, apart (f) National Resource: All the resources under the
from fulfilling the man's primary needs - food, shelter responsibility or possession of a country, such as
and clothing and many other requirements, the transport networks, land, rivers, bridges, wildlife
improvement in the living conditions of man has been sanctuaries, plants and animals present in forests,
possible. educational institutions, administrative systems,
government, etc are called National Resources. For
(b) Human Resource: As a producer or a creator of instance, Kaziranga National Park is a national
resource man is also a kind of resource. It is known as resource.
Human Resource. It is necessary to have adequate
skill, education, technology and desire among men so (g) Biotic Resource: According to physical structure
as to make the natural resources useful to man. It is or composition the resources which have life are
because of these attributes, population is known as called Biotic. The plants, animals, fishes, crops, etc are
human resource. It is due to human resource biotic resources, atmosphere, forests, etc are together
development despite scarcity of many natural known as International Resources.
resources and raw materials for industries, the
countries like Japan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Singapore, (h) Resource Conservation: Use of resources and its
South Korea, etc have been able to occupy a high conservation are very closely associated. Generally,
position in respect of development. the concept or act of possible complete utilization of
any resource without any destruction and misuse is
(c) Wealth: In many respect both resource and wealth known as Conservation of Resources. It means the
are considered same. But, according to the principle main objective of resource conservation is that we
of Economics, the materials which have value in have to collect and use the necessary resources from
exchange are called wealth. Notably, besides the nature in such a way so that we all continue to get
usefulness, the supply of wealth is relatively limited benefit from these.
and it can be transferred from one individual to
another through money or value. For example, land, (i)Resource Recycling: In order to reduce the use of
house, machineries, company share, etc are wealth. raw materials with limited reserve usable disposed
All these have market price. But, the sunshine, air, garbages can be reused through the process of
water, soil, rivers, lakes, education, social institutions, recycling. For instance, by the method of recycling of
good government, public health, etc are not included the old polythene bag, plastic bottle, paper, iron
in the category of wealth. Because some of these are scrapes; etc the use of raw materials for such
found in abundance and some others cannot be products can be reduced to some extent. Thus, the
exchanged and do not have market value. Thus, all recycling of some usable waste materials helps
wealth is resources, but all resources may not be conservation of resources.
wealth. (j) IUCN: In this respect an international environment
(d) Renewable Resource: Among the available natural conservation organization under United Nations
resources on the earth, some do not get exhausted Organization named International Union for
after use and some others get gradually exhausted. Conservation of Nature - IUCN is worth mentioning. In

Class 10, SEBA
fact, IUCN was formed in the year 1948 with the On the other hand, those resources which don’t have
initiative of British Biologist Julian Huxley, the founder life are called Abiotic Resources. Eg., soil, rock, water,
Director General of UNESCO. The main objective of air, minerals, coal, etc are abiotic resources.
this organization is to carry out study and research on
conservation of global natural environment and (e) Renewable and Non-Renewable Resource: The
natural resources including biodiversity, and to take resources which can be kept unexhausted after use
appropriate measures. It is with the initiative of the through the process of regeneration are called
IUCN two more international organizations like WWF Renewable or Inexhaustible Resources. Eg., sunshine,
for Nature (Worldwide Fund for Nature) and World air, water, plants, animals, human- beings, crops, etc
Conservation Monitoring Centre have been are renewable resources.
established. On the other hand, the resources which cannot be
19. Write the differences between: regenerated after use and get completely exhausted
are called Non-Renewable or Exhaustible Non-
(a) Resource and Wealth: All materials essential for renewable resource Resources. For example, coal,
human living are known as Resources. The air, water, mineral oil, minerals. Once used, such resources get
sunrays, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, etc found on the exhausted forever.
earth are all essential to man. Hence, these are all
resources. These resources are collected by man (f) Personal resource and National resource: The
mainly from the nature through various means. things in possession of individual man - such as land,
household properties and good self attributes, e.g.
According to the principle of Economics, the materials good character, education, working skill, etc are
which have value in exchange are called wealth. known as Individual or Personal Resources.
Notably, besides usefulness, the supply of wealth is
relatively limited and it can be transferred from one All the resources under the responsibility or
individual to another through money or value. Eg., possession of a country, such as transport networks,
land, house, share etc. land, rivers, bridges, wildlife sanctuaries, plants and
animals present in forests, educational institutions,
(b) Economic Geography and Resource Geography: administrative systems, government, etc are called
The branch of Geography in which the study of human National Resources.
activities associated with production, distribution,
consumption and exchange of resources is done in (g) Man-made Resource and Human Resource:
spatial and temporal contexts is known as Economic Materials as produced through human efforts are
Geography. known as man-made resources. It is necessary to have
adequate skill, education, technology and desire
On the other hand, in Resource Geography, types of among men so as to make the natural resources
resource, regional distribution of resources, the useful to man. Example, paper from bamboo, cloth
factors associated with exploration and production of from cotton, different types of dyes, paint etc.
resources, relationship between resource and
development, conservation and management of It is necessary to have adequate skill, education,
resources, etc are studied. technology and desire among men so as to make the
natural resources useful to man. It is because of these
(c) Resource and Neutral Stuff: All materials essential attributes, population is known as human resource.
for human living are known as Resources. Eg., the air,
water, sunrays, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, etc found (h) Recycling of Resource and Innovation: In order to
on the earth are all essential to man. reduce the use of raw materials with limited reserve
usable disposed garbages can be reused through the
Whereas, materials found on the earth, which are in process of recycling. For instance, by the method of
no way useful or harmful to man are known as recycling of the old polythene bag, plastic bottle,
Neutral Stuff. For instance, until man did not learn paper, iron scrapes; etc the use of raw materials for
about the use of coal or mineral oil in generation of such products can be reduced to some extent.
power, they were simply Neutral Stuffs.
Whereas, necessary study and research are to be
(d) Biotic and Abiotic Resource: According to physical undertaken to develop innovation in converting the
structure or composition the resources which have life resources collected from the nature into usable forms.
are called Biotic Resources. Eg., plants, animals, fishes, This also helps check misuse of raw materials and
crops, etc are biotic resources. increase resource production.

Class 10, SEBA
20. Choose the correct answer:

(a) Which of the following is man-made resource?
Answer: (3) Irrigation canal
(b) Which one of the following is abiotic resource?
Answer: (1) Air
(c) Which one of the following is non-renewable
resource?
Answer: (4) Coal
(d) Which one of the following animals is about to be
extinct?
Answer: (1) One-homed Rhino
(e) The organization IUCN is under which of the
following organizations?
Answer: (1) UNESCO
*****

Class 10, SEBA
CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENT AND trench, at more than 8 kilometres deep So far 1.75
million species of plants and animals have been
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS identified in the biosphere. Of these, human beings
(Homo sapiens) constitute only a single species.
EXERCISE
7. Discuss briefly the relation among the four major
1. Write in your own words the meaning of
components of environment.
environment.
Answer: Four major spheres of the earth, lithosphere,
Answer: In a broad sense, environment denotes the
hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, determine its
condition around an orgnism or a community of organisms.
environment. These spheres are interconnected. The
Such a condition includes all necessary elements for
condition created by the interaction among them may
survival. These elements are both biotic and abiotic.
broadly be called environment. The famous
2. Mention some of the biotic and abiotic elements geographer Peter Haggett says that the environment
of environment. is an outcome of the interaction among land, water,
air and life. In this sense, the earth's environment is a
Answer: Biotic factors are the living parts of vast and complicated system. Within such a vast
an environment, such as plants, animals and micro- system, the local and' regional environments have
organisms. Abiotic elements are the non-living parts been functioning. It means that the environments of
of an environment. These include things such as all the localities are the constituents of the vast global
sunlight, temperature, wind, water, soil and naturally environmental system.
occurring events such as storms, fires and volcanic
eruptions. 8. Mention the major causes of environmental
change.
3. Write the meaning of lithosphere.
Answer: Some of the major causes of environmental
Answer: The land component of the earth composed changes are –
of rocks, soils, minerals, etc. forms the lithosphere.
The lithosphere covers all the continents where we i. Pollution: The process of contamination of the
find the mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, valleys and environment by harmful substances is simply called
coasts. pollution. Many of the man-made substances, if
added largely to the environment, may cause harm to
4. What are the features included in the the biotic world. Such substances are generally called
hydrosphere? pollutants. Zinc, Sulpher di-Oxide, Carbon-monoxide,
Answer: The seas and oceans have formed the earth's etc. are some of the environmental pollutants. The
hydrosphere. The hydrosphere covers about 71 % of major elements of environment-land, water and air-
the earth's surface. The rivers, lakes and other water being polluted for various reasons may cause harm to
bodies distributed in the continents are also parts of human beings and other life forms. Presently, the
the hydrosphere. The status and change in the pollution of these three elements has led to serious
hydrosphere depend on the status of the lithosphere, problems in different parts of the world.
atmosphere and biosphere. ii. Desertification: Desertification is such a process
5. Write about the composition of the atmosphere. which renders the productive areas of the tropical
region a desert-like situation. The term
Answer: The atmosphere is composed of a mix of desertification, however, denotes the spread of the
several different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, deserts to their peripheral areas. For instance, the
hydrogen, carbon dioxide, argon etc. environment of the Sahara desert in Africa became so
dry in the early 1970s that many animals had to die.
6. Give an outline of the extent of the biosphere.
People were also badly affected. Generally, a number
Answer: The biosphere covers those parts of the of natural and human factors favour the process of
earth's environment where life forms occur. These desertification.
include the earth's surface, down to a few meters
iii. Global Warming: Global warming occurs when
from the earth's surface, the seas and oceans and the
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and
lower stratum of the atmosphere where birds and
greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and
insects fly. This layer ranges from heights of up to ten
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced
kilometres above sea level, used by some birds in
off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would
flight, to depths of the ocean such as the Puerto Rico
escape into space—but these pollutants, which can

Class 10, SEBA
last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the concerned. The instances of such problem may be the
heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That's what's land pollution created by a small-scale industry, water
known as the greenhouse effect. scarcity in winter due to shallowing of a wetland, bank
erosion problem created by a river in a locality.
9. Explain the meaning of environmental problem.
12. Give two examples of regional environmental
Answer: Environmental problem.
issues are defined as problems with the planet's Answer: The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or the
systems (air, water, soil, etc.) that have developed as Barak Valley and problem of underground water
a result of human interference or mistreatment of the shortage in an urban area like Bangalore and Chennai
planet. It should be mentioned here that the are some examples of regional environmental
environmental problems can be geographically problem.
divided into three different groups- (A) Local problem,
13. Which problems are considered as global
(B) Regional problem and (C) Global problem. Some
environmental problem?
Major Environmental Problems are Ozone Depletion,
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, Answer: Problems that do not have any geographical
desertification, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and boundary and cover the entire world is considered as
disposal of wastes. a global environment problem. For instance, we can
refer to the problem of global warming. As this
10. Write geographical divisions of the problem is linked with the atmosphere, it is limitless
environmental problems? in terms of coverage. Its impact is felt in the
Answer: The environmental problems can be lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, in addition
geographically divided into three different groups- to the atmosphere.
(a) Local problem 14. Mention the major environmental problems of
(b) Regional problem and the world.
(c) Global problem
The local problems may remain confined to small Answer: The environmental problems like global
areas, so far as their genesis and spread are warming, acid rain, air pollution, urban sprawl, waste
concerned. The instances of such problem may be the disposal, ozone layer depletion, water pollution,
land pollution created by a small-scale industry, water climate change and many more affect every human,
scarcity in winter due to shallowing of a wetland, bank animal and nation on this planet and hence are
erosion problem created by a river in a locality and so considered as major environmental problems of the
on. world.
On the other hand, some problems may be regional in 15. Give the meaning of the term pollution.
occurrence. The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or
the Barak Valley, problem of water pollution in a vast Answer: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants
industrial region, problem of underground water into the natural environment that causes adverse
shortage in an urban area, problem of soil erosion in a change. Pollution can take the form of chemical
river basin are some examples of such regional substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
environmental . problem. Sometimes a regional Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either
problem may cover more than one country. foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring
contaminants.
Some of the environmental problems on the other
hand, cover the entire world. Such problems do not 16. What is water pollution? How does it occur?
have any geographical boundary. For instance, we can
Answer: The natural state or quality of water gets
refer to the problem of global warming. As this
changed when certain chemical substances, particles,
problem is linked with the atmosphere, it is limitless
microbes, radiations are added to or passed through
in terms of coverage. Its impact is felt in the
it. The process of such change in water is called
lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, in addition
pollution.
to the atmosphere. The management of such problem
needs international efforts. Generally, the water is polluted if there are human
11. What is a local environmental problem? Give settlements, industries, agriculture, etc. in the water
examples. sources, where from wastes get mixed with water.
Answer: The local problems may remain confined to The industrial and urban wastes pollute the water of
small areas, so far as their genesis and spread are the rivers flowing through or by the side of the towns.
The example of the Ganga flowing through north India

Class 10, SEBA
is worth mentioning. The wastes generated in the (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (N02), Hydrocarbon (HC),
towns and cities and industries located on the banks Sulphur-dioxide (S02) etc. to the atmosphere. One of
of this river have been drained to the river for a long the important consequences of atmospheric pollution
time and as a result the water of the river, which was is the occurrence of acid rain. Such rains destroy
considered to be sacred, is now badly polluted. The forests and pollute water of the wetlands.
water of the rivers and wetlands located close to the
big industrial regions is also polluted by the increasing 19. What is a desert? Give the definition of
proportion of acid in the water. desertification.
17. Write a short note on land pollution. Answer: The deserts are naturally located in certain
specific areas of the world. In the deserts, rainfall is
Answer: Land pollution is the deterioration scarce, but evaporation is more. Therefore, the desert
(destruction) of the earth’s land surfaces, often environment is dry. Natural vegetation is scarce in the
directly or indirectly as a result of man’s activities and deserts. Desert and desertification do not mean the
their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is same thing. Desertification is such a process which
not disposed of properly, or can occur when humans renders the productive areas of the tropical region a
throw chemicals onto the soil in the form of desert-like situation. The term desertification,
pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers during however, denotes the spread of the deserts to their
agricultural practices. Exploitation of minerals (mining peripheral areas. The process of desertification
activities) has also contributed to the destruction of reduces the productivity of land and causes expansion
the earth’s surface. of desert to the neighbouring and even the distant
lands. This means that this process contributes
Modern farming practice, expanding industries and towards the spread of the deserts and conversion of
increasing deforestation are held mainly responsible fertile areas into deserts.
for land pollution. The modernization of agriculture
encouraged the application of chemical fertilizer, 20. Mention the causes of desertification.
irrigation, insecticides, etc., in the crop land. The
application of chemical fertilizers causes change in the Answer: A number of natural and human factors
soil composition and properties. Similarly, the use of favour the process of desertification. Among the
underground water in the fields affects the natural natural factors, drought and global warming are
property of soil. Moreover, the insecticides and important. The drought condition affects the land
weedicides applied in the fields destory the helpful productivity and the growth of natural vegetation.
microbes and other life forms in addition to the This accelerates the desertification process. But the
targetted insects and weeds. All these pollute the land scientists are of the opinion that the global warming,
by changing its natural properties. would be a dangerous factor for increasing
desertification. The increasing temperature will make
18. Write how air is polluted. the desert environment drier. Many have held human
activities responsible for desertification. Such
Answer: The natural state of the atmosphere may be activities include overgrazing, expansion of agriculture
changed, if certain solid, liquid or gaseous substances and deforestation. During the contemporary period,
are added to the atmosphere by some natural or the rapid population growth has increased pressure in
human processes. If such a change causes some harm the desert and semi-desert regions. This pressure has
to the biotic and abiotic elements, then the helped greatly in the expansion of the deserts. At
atmosphere is said to be polluted. Among the natural present, the dry areas of about 100 countries of the
factors that contribute towards polluting the world have faced the problem of desertification.
atmosphere, the important one is the volcanic
eruption. The smoke, ashes and gases that come out 21. Is it possible to control desertification?
from the earth's interior during eruption pollute the
air. In certain parts of the earth, forest fire also Answer: Effective prevention
pollutes the atmosphere. of desertification requires both local management
and macro policy approaches that
Primarily the human activities are responsible for promote sustainability of ecosystem services. It is
polluting the atmosphere. The growth of industries, advisable to focus on prevention, because attempts to
urbanization, growth of vehicular traffic and nuclear rehabilitate desertified areas are costly and tend to
explosions are some of the major man-made factors deliver limited results.
that cause air pollutions. The increasing use of fossil
fuel has added harmful gases like Carbon- monoxide Desertification can be controlled in the following
ways:

Class 10, SEBA
i. The creation of a “culture of prevention” can go a significant. We all know that the use of fossil fuel
long way toward protecting dry lands from the onset started increasing gradually after the industrial
of desertification or its continuation. Integrated land revolution and just to meet the demands of certain
and water management are key methods industries cutting of trees also increased. As a result,
of desertification prevention. the proportion of Carbon dioxide gas in the
atmosphere started rising. In addition to human
ii. All measures that protect soils from activities, volcanic eruption also caused increase of
erosion, salinization, and other forms of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
soil degradation effectively prevent desertification.
23. What are the probable consequences of global
iii. Protection of vegetative cover can be a major warming?
instrument for prevention of desertification.
Answer: A variety of problems will be there due to the
iv. In the dry sub-humid and semiarid zones, rise of atmospheric temperature. Among them,
conditions equally favour pastoral and cropping land however, melting of snow in the polar areas, the rise
use. Rather than competitively excluding each other, a of sea level, change in the growth and distribution of
tighter cultural and economic integration between the plants and animals fall of crop output, desertification,
two livelihoods can prevent desertification. etc. are important.
v. Use of locally suitable technology is a key way for It has been estimated that a rise of atmospheric
inhabitants of dry lands at risk of desertification to temperature will cause melting of snow on the north
work with ecosystem processes rather than against and south polar regions and rising of sea level .Thus, if
them. Applying a combination of traditional the sea level rises by one meter from the present
technology with selective transfer of locally level, about 5 million sq.km of coastal area will get
acceptable technology is a major way to prevent submerged. At the same time many populated islands,
desertification. deltas, and coral islands will get submerged.
vi. Desertification can also be avoided by creating 24. Write how to control global warming.
economic opportunities in dry lands urban centers
and areas outside dry lands. Changes in overall Answer: The heat-trapping greenhouse gases are
economic and institutional settings that create new increasing, global temperature is rising, planet is
opportunities for people to earn a living could help warming, the glaciers are melting and the sea level is
relieve current pressures underlying the rising. This weather change is drastically affecting
desertification processes. wildlife and forests. Some of the contributing factors
are burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, livestock
22. What is global warming? Mention its causes. production and industrialisation. Consequently, it
Answer: Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide leads to drought, incessant rainfall, hurricanes,
(CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases extreme heatwaves and other extreme weather
collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and conditions. With these adverse effects of global
solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s warming happening across the planet, we need to
surface. Global warming is an aspect of climate implement a number of ways to stop global warming
change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet's and protect the planet. Some of these are:
temperatures. It is caused by increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Recycle more
atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as Drive less
burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming. Plant trees
Switch to renewable energy
Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and Use energy-efficient devices
other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in Use less hot water
the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar Turn off electronic devices
radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Spread awareness
Normally, this radiation would escape into space—but Save water
these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries
in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet By following these easy tips, all of us can play a
to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse significant role in reducing carbon dioxide emission
effect. The role of Carbon dioxide, among all the and preventing global warming, thus, preserving the
greenhouse gases, in global warming is the most planet for future generations.

Class 10, SEBA
construction of more micro and scientific reservoirs

25. Is there any environmental problem in your own and dams, establishment of river valley projects, etc.
locality? If yes, then explain their causes and indicate may reduce the problem considerably in the long run.
some measures for their solution. Embankments should be constructed away from the
rivers so that the free-flowing state of the river is
Answer: Yes, flood is an environmental problem in our maintained. Certain areas should be reserved for
own locality, i.e., Assam. water retention to level off the peaks during extreme
floods.
Assam with its vast network of rivers is prone to
natural disasters like flood and erosion which has a *****
negative impact on overall development of the state.
The Brahmaputra and Barak River with more than 50
numbers of tributaries feeding them, causes the
flood devastation in the monsoon period each year.
The flood and erosion problem of Assam is singularly
different from other states so far as extent and
duration of flooding and magnitude of erosion is
concerned and is probably the most acute and
unique in the country.
Several factors including natural and artificial are

responsible for the re-occurrence of floods in Assam.
First and foremost, Assam lies in the heart of
monsoon belt and so gets overburdened with rainfall
every rainy season. Due to this, the river along with its
tributaries such as Subansiri, Manas, Kopili, Jia-
Bhoroli, etc. get flooded and their banks overflow
flooding the vast plain of the state. Secondly, the
existence of long ranges of mountains on its northern
and eastern boundaries compels the water to flow
down into the vast plain causing the rivers to swell.
Thirdly, every year due to heavy natural as well as
artificial land sliding, Assam loses hundreds of
kilometres of its land area. This soil erosion makes the
river shallow, which later helps in the creation of a
heavy flood.There are also human-induced factors like
destruction of wetlands, deforestation, and
encroachment on river banks. Most cities and towns
suffer due to poor urban planning.
Although it is not possible to flood-proof all of Assam,

several measures should be undertaken for a long-
term solution. Increasing the water holding capacity
of Brahmaputra and its tributaries by dredging will be
an effective solution to eliminate the havoc of flood
from the state. It will decrease the rate of disaster by
almost 70%. A flood is caused due to the riverbed
rising. Today, technology has risen to great heights, so
it is not impossible to mitigate the flood problem.
Besides, dredging will also contribute to the
development of water highway in the Brahmaputra,
which will be a good option to develop our economy.
Moreover, the rejuvenation of wetlands,

afforestation, decentralization of weather forecast,

Class 10, SEBA
CHAPTER 3: GEOGRAPHY in the middle of the Pangaea in an east-west

direction. It is known as Tethys sea. Formation of this
OF THE WORLD Tethys sea divided the Pangaea into two parts in the
north-south direction. Its northern part is called
EXERCISE
Angaraland or Laurasia and the southern part
1. Write in brief about the earth’s lithosphere and Gondowanaland. During the Mesozoic era, that is
hydrosphere. about 250 million years ago, due to splitting and
continental drift the Laurasia and Gondowanaland got
Answer: A large portion of the earth’s surface covered
further divided and moved towards the equator. and
by the oceans and seas including rivers, lakes, etc is
the west and thereby the continents of present form
known as the Hydrosphere. On the other hand,
were created. According to the theory of continental
another part of the earth’s surface formed by land
drift, North America, Greenland and the landmass of
slightly above sea-level is called the Lithosphere.
Europe and Asia north of Indian sub-continent were
The hydrosphere and lithosphere are penetrating formed after division of the Laurasia. On the other
within each other through fragmentation of both the hand, following the division of the Gondowanaland
units. The lithosphere is divided into four divisions. South America, Africa, Madagaskar, India, Arabian
The first part of the lithosphere is formed by the region, Malayasia and its other islands, Australia,
continents of Asia, Europe and Africa; the second part Antarctica, etc were formed.
is formed by the continents of North America and
3. Write briefly about the topography of the ocean
South America; the third part by Australia including a
floor.
large number of islands constituting the continent of
Oceania; and the fourth part by the continent of Answer: The water surface of the oceans is smooth
Antarctica. A large proportion of the hydrosphere (57 but the bottom topography is very rugged by ridges,
per cent) is confined to the southern hemisphere. A trenches, etc. The avg depth of the ocean floor is
large proportion of the hydrosphere (57 per cent) is about 4,000 meter. The depth increases towards the
confined to the southern hemisphere. middle of the ocean and different landforms are
found. Usually, from the coast to the middle of oceans
On the other hand, among the five oceans of the
and seas there exist Continental Shelf, Continental
earth, which are all interlinked and surrounding the
Slope, Deep Sea Plain, Oceanic Canyon, Oceanic Ridge
continents, the Pacific is located between Asia, North
and Island and Deep Sea Trench. In fact, the shallow
America and South America; the Atlantic is located
part of the oceans and seas surrounding the coasts is
between North America and South America and
called the Continental Shelf. The considerably deeper
Europe and Africa; the Indian ocean is located on the
part of the oceans after the continental shelf is celled
south of Asia, east of Africa and west of Oceania; the
Continental Slope. After the continental slope, there
Northern or the Arctic Ocean on the north of North
exists a very deep oceanic floor, a deep oceanic trench
America, Europe and Asia; and the Southern ocean is
and a large number of scattered ridges, islands, etc
on the south of South America, Africa and Oceania. A
appearing above the sea level. Among the oceanic
large portion of the lithosphere (67 per cent) is
trenches, the Mariana Trench or Challenger Trench of
confined to the northern hemisphere.
the Pacific ocean floor is the deepest.
2. How was the earth in the early days according to
4. Write briefly about the distribution of oceans and
the Continental Drift Theory?
continents.
Answer: According to the Continental Drift Theory, in
Answer: The first part of the lithosphere is formed by
the early stage, that is about 300 million years before
the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa; the second
(Permian Period of Palaeozoic Era), the earth’s
part is formed by the continents of North America and
lithosphere was together as a single landmass, which
South America; the third part by Australia including a
was surrounded by hydrosphere. This state of the
large number of islands constituting the continent of
lithosphere of the earth is known as Pangaea, and the
Oceania; and the fourth part by the continent of
hydrosphere surrounding the Pangaea is known as
Antarctica.
Panthalassa. After the passage of some time, a narrow
and elongated sea was formed due to fracture almost

Class 10, SEBA
On the other hand, among the five oceans of the the south and south-east. There are many small and
earth, which are all interlinked and surrounding the large lakes in Asia. Besides, Gobi, Thar and Arabian
continents, the Pacific is located between Asia, North deserts are also located on the continent.
America and South America; the Atlantic is located
7. Give your answer with reasons:
between North America and South America and
Europe and Africa; the Indian ocean is located on the (a) Why do 90 per cent of the world’s total
south of Asia, east of Africa and west of Oceania; the population concentrate in the northern hemisphere?
Northern or the Arctic Ocean on the north of North
America, Europe and Asia; and the Southern ocean is (b) What is the reason behind the lack of permanent
on the south of South America, Africa and Oceania. human settlement in Antarctica?
5. Write in short about the landforms present on the Answer: (a) World’s 90 % of people concentrate in
earth’s land surface. Northern hemisphere because most of the
landmasses lie in the Northern part of the earth which
Answer: The earth, the only habitat of man, is very has fertile soil which is better for people to reside.
large. Its total surface area is 510 million square km. It Also, it has adequate vegetation, minerals, ores etc.
may be mentioned that only about 29 per cent of the which are necessary for human survival and
earth’s surface area is covered by land and the settlement.
remaining 71 per cent is covered with water. The
ocean floor is rugged. The floor of the oceans has (b) There is a lack of permanent human settlement in
landforms like ridges, canyon, oceanic hill, trench, etc. Antarctica due to its extreme weather conditions. This
The average depth of the oceans is about 4,000 is mainly due to extensive of extreme cold climate
meter. The Mariana Trench or Challenger Trench with there and during most part of the year, the entire
depth 11,022 meters located in the Pacific Ocean floor region is covered with snow which makes life difficult.
is the deepest trench in the world. The surface of the 8. Give a short answer to the following questions.
lithosphere is also made rugged by the hills and
mountains, plateaus, plains, coastal plains, etc. The (a) Which has created a natural boundary between
highest mountain range of the world is the Himalayas. Asia and Europe?
It is located in Asia. The highest peak of this mountain Answer: The Ural Mountain range has created a
range is the Everest and its height is 8,848 meter. natural boundary between Asia and Europe.
6. Briefly discuss the physical characteristics of Asia. (b) Which is the longest mountain range of the world
Answer: The largest continent in the world is Asia. and where it is located?
With a land area of 44.6 million km² the continent of Answer: The world’s longest mountain range is the
Asia covers about 30 per cent of the earth’s land area. Andes. It is located in the western part of South
It lies between 78° north latitude in the north to 1° America.
north latitude in the south and 25° east longitude in
the west to 170° west longitude in the east. The (c) In terms of land area which are the largest and
continent of Asia is covered with high mountain smallest countries of the world?
ranges, plateaus, river valleys, low-lands, coastal
Answer: In terms of land area which are the largest
plains, islands, deserts, etc. Its central part is full of
and smallest countries of the world, the largest
mountains and plateaus. The world’s highest peak
sovereign country by surface area is Russia and the
Everest (8,848 meters) belonging to the Himalayan
smallest country in the world is the Vatican City.
mountain system.
(d) Which country of the world is spread to two
Among the worth mentioning rivers, the Indus,
continents?
Ganges and Brahmaputra are flowing almost in the
south-central part of the continent; Yenisei, Ob and Answer: Russia is spread to two continents.
Lena rivers in the northern part; Amur, Hwang Ho,
(e) In terms of population which are the largest and
Yangtze Kiang and Sikiang rivers in the eastern part;
smallest countries of the world?
and Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
Kaveri, Barak, Menam, Irawati and Mekong rivers in

Class 10, SEBA
Answer: In terms of population, China is the largest circular. In fact, the northern part of Asia, Europe and
country in the world with 1.4 billion people and with a North America surround the Arctic ocean. Its average
population of fewer than 1,000 people, Vatican City depth is about 3500 meter. Due to its location in the
has the smallest country in the world. north polar region, the Arctic Ocean remains covered
with thick ice in most part of the year.
(f) What is the name of the major mountain range of
North America? In which part of the continent is it (c) The Continent of Oceania: The continent of
located? Oceania is formed by the great island of Australia and
many other small and large islands located in the
Answer: The Rocky Mountain Range is the largest and
south-west Pacific ocean including New Zealand,
a major mountain range of North America. It is
Tasmania, New Guinea, etc. Located on the south of
located in the western part of North America from
Asia this continent is completely a part of the
Alaska to Mexico in a north-south direction.
southern hemisphere. The land area of this continent
(g) Which is the world’s largest desert and where is it is about 8 million square km, which constitutes 5.4 per
located? cent of the world’s total land area. Australia is the
largest country in this continent.
Answer: The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the
world. It is located in Africa. (d) The rivers of Asia: Many large rivers originate from
the highland region of mountains, hills and plateaus of
(h) Write the names of two northerly and two Asia and flow to the oceans and seas in north, south
easterly rivers of Asia. and east direction and have formed a number of
Answer: The two easterly rivers in Asia are the Ganges fertile plains and deltas. Among the worth mentioning
and Indus while the two northerly rivers Ob and Lena. rivers, the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra are flowing
almost in the south-central part of the continent;
(i) Write the names of one each of major mountain Yenisei, Ob and Lena rivers in the northern part;
range, river and desert of Australia. Amur, Hwang Ho, Yangtze Kiang and Sikiang rivers in
Answer: The names of one each of major mountain the eastern part; and Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi,
range, river and desert of Australia are the Snowy Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Barak, Menam, Irawati and
Mountain, River Murray, and the Great Victoria Mekong rivers in the south and south-east.
Desert. (e) The lakes of Africa: Africa is the second largest
(j) Write the names of three countries in Europe continent in the world. The continent is full of rivers
located in the Mediterranean region. and lakes. The African Great Lakes is a series of lakes
in the continent which constitutes the part of the Rift
Answer: The names of three countries in Europe Valley lakes. The series includes the third-largest
located in the Mediterranean region are Spain, Italy freshwater lake in the world Lake Victoria, the second-
and Greece. largest lake Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Malawi,
considered to be the world’s eighth-largest freshwater
9. Write short notes on:
lake by area. All these constitute about one-fourth of
(a) Pangaea: According to the Continental Drift the planet’s unfrozen surface fresh water and is home
Theory, in the early stage, that is about 300 million to one-tenth of the world’s fish species.
years before (Permian Period of Palaeozoic Era), the
(f) The rivers of Europe: While there are hundreds of
earth’s lithosphere was together as a single landmass,
rivers cascade and connect the countries of Europe,
which was surrounded by hydrosphere. This
some of the primary rivers of the continent are Elbro
lithosphere is now known as Pangaea. Later, with the
of Spain; Rhone and Seine of France; Rhine and Elbe
formation of this Tethys sea, it was divided into two
of Germany; Oder and Vistula of Poland; Danube of
parts. Its northern part is called Angaraland or
Austria, Hungary and Romania; Dnieper of Belarus and
Laurasia and the southern part Gondowanaland.
Ukraine; Po of Italy; the Thames of Great Britain; Don,
(b) Arctic Ocean: With an area of about 14 million km² Volga and Ural of Russia, etc are worth mentioning.
the Arctic ocean is the smallest ocean in the world. Its Some of the important lakes of Europe are Onega,
area is about one-fifth of the Indian ocean. As the Ladoga, Sudskowe, Venarn, etc.
Arctic ocean surrounds the north pole, its shape is

Class 10, SEBA
(g) The Appalachian Highland Region: The eastern

part of North America extending from Newfoundland (d) Gobi desert and Atacama desert
in the north to Florida in the south being
Gobi desert Atacama desert
characterized by hills and mountains, narrow valleys,
The Gobi desert is The Atacama desert is
fragmented plateaus etc. form the rugged
located in Asia. located in South America.
Appalachian Highlands. The mountain system is
It is dry because two air It is dry because they are
divided into a series of ranges. The highest mountain masses carrying little or a long way from the
of the system is Mount Mitchell, located in North no moisture meet and ocean and moisture-
Carolina and reaches around 6,684. form dry stable laden clouds do not reach
conditions them.
(h) The lakes of North America: The major lakes of
the continent include Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie,
11. Choose the correct answer:
Ontario, Great Bear, Great Slave, Winnipeg and Great
Salt. The Great Lakes of North America, in particular, (a) Which is the world’s second-largest ocean?
are a series of freshwater lakes interconnected and
located in the upper mid-east part of North America, Answer: (3) Atlantic Ocean
on the Canada–United States border. These lakes (b) Which is the smallest continent of the world?
contain around 21% of the world’s surface freshwater.
Answer: (4) Oceania
10. Write the differences between:
(c) In which ocean Falkland island is located?
(a) Continental shelf and Continental slope:
Answer: (1) Atlantic Ocean
Continental shelf Continental slope
Surrounding the After the continental shelf, (d) Which sea has separated the continents of Asia
coasts, the shallow the considerably deeper and Africa?
part of the oceans and part of the oceans is known
Answer: (2) Red Sea
seas is called the as the Continental Slope.
Continental Shelf. (e) What has naturally separated Asia from Europe?
The depth of the The depth of the
continental shelf is continental slope is upto Answer: (1) Ural mountain range
about 200 meters. 2000 meters.
(f) In which continent is Ecuador located?
(b) Everest Peak and Godwin Austin Peak: Answer: (2) South America
Everest Peak Godwin Austin Peak (g) What is the capital of Brazil?
It is the world’s highest It is the world’s second-
peak (8848 m). highest peak (8611 m). Answer: (3) Brasilia
It belongs to the It belongs to the *****
Himalayan mountain Karakoram mountain
system. system
(c) The Continent of Oceania and the Continent of

Antarctica:
Continent of Oceania Continent of Antarctica

Oceania is a land area Antarctica n is the
made out of numerous southernmost landmass,
islands (Melanesia, south of the Southern
Micronesia, and Ocean, containing the
Polynesia) in addition to South Pole.
Australia.
Oceania has about 38 Antarctica does not have
million population any permanent human
settlement.

Class 10, SEBA
CHAPTER 4: GEOGRAPHY OF ASSAM death rate and slight control over migration from
Bangladesh. The growth rate in 2001-11 was only
EXERCISE 17.07% while it was over 30% in the decades following
independence. Currently, the total population of the
1. Write briefly about Assam's land area, population state is 31 million which was only 3 million in 1901, an
and population density with necessary data. increase of ten- fold.
Answer: The Total land area of Assam is about 5. Analyse the geographical region-wise distribution
78,438km² which covers 2.4% of India’s total area. of population in Assam.
According to 2011 census, Assam’s total population is Answer: The geographical region-wise distribution of
312.05 lakh which is 2.6% of total population of India. population in Assam with regard to the state and
Out of these include 159.39 lakh male and 152.66 lakh density of population can be explained by dividing the
female. state into three regions:-
According to 2011 census, the density of Assam is The Brahmaputra Valley Region: This is one of the
about 398 persons per square km. which was only 42 most populated regions of Assam which has nearly
persons per square km in 1901. Among the density, 85% of the state’s population. The region has a
population density of Brahmaputra Valley is 1502 density of 1502persons per square km. as per 2011
persons per square km. where 85% of Assam’s census.
population lives.
The Brahmaputra Region Valley can be further divided
2. Briefly mention how the literacy rate of Assam is into the following regions:
increasing.
Upper Brahmaputra Valley: The Upper Brahmaputra
Answer: According to 2001 census, the literacy rate in valley has 21% of the total population while its density
Assam was only 63.25% which rose to 72.19% in 2011, is 372 persons per square km.
an increase of more than 10% over a decade.
Middle Brahmaputra Valley: The middle Brahmaputra
3. How many first class and second class towns are Valley accounts for 27% of the total population of the
there in Assam as per 2011 census data? valley and its density of population is 500 persons per
square km.
Answer: As per 2011 census data, Assam has about 7
first class towns and 6 second class towns. By the Lower Brahmaputra Valley: The highest concentration
term ‘first class town’ we mean a town with of people is seen in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley
population of one lakh or more while the ‘second which has about 36% of the total population of the
class town’ refers to a town which has a population valley and its density is 631 persons per square km.
between 50 thousand to one lakh.
Barak Valley: According to 2011 census, 11% of the
4. Describe the trend of population growth in Assam total population of the state lives in this region. The
during 1901-2011. region has a density of 545 persons per square km as
per 2011 census data.
Answer: According to the given data, the population
of Assam in 1901 was 3 million which consisted about Hill Region: This region consists of the two hill districts
1.38 percent of India’s population. After that the of the state, namely Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao
population of the state increased and the population districts that are located between the Brahmaputra
reached a figure of 7 million in 1941. In the period and Barak Valley. About 3.75% of the state population
1951-61, 1961-71, the population growth was lives here with a density of 68 persons per square km.
recorded as 34.98% and 34.95% respectively.However
in the next decades i.e., 1971-81, 1981-91, 1991-2001,
2001-11 the population growth slightly declined to

Class 10, SEBA
6. Briefly discuss the causes responsible for variation 44% per square km. is the least densely populated
in the distribution of Assam's population with district of Assam.
suitable examples.
8. Analyse briefly the causes responsible for growth
Answer: The total population of Assam according to of population in Assam.
2011 census is 31 million and it has a population
density of 398 persons per square km. About 85% of Answer: The causes responsible for growth of
this population lives in the Brahmaputra Valley Region population in Assam are as follows:
and 11% in Barak Valley. The hill region accounts for Natural Causes: Natural causes mean decline in death
3.75% of the total population of the state. At the rate and increase in birth rate. During the last two
same time the density of population also varies from decades due to improvement in the availability of
region to region. According to 2011 census, the medical care, improvement in the standard of living
Brahmaputra Valley region has 1502 persons per and better economic development, there has been a
square km. while Barak Valley and Hill region have decline in death rate and increase in birth rate.
545 and 68 persons per square km. respectively.
Migration: The major cause for abnormal growth of
The main factors responsible behind this variation are population in Assam is migration. Though migrants
given below: have been coming into Assam since 1826, the flow
i. Climatic differences. was more active during the early 1900’s. During
ii. Variations in topography. partition, a large number of Hindu refugees migrated
iii. Differences in the economic development of the to Assam from Bangladesh. From 1951 to 2001, there
region. was an unabated flow of migrants from Bangladesh.
iv. Differences in the development of transport and 9. Mention the different human migration streams
communication. sequentially coming to Assam since the ancient times
v. Differences in the availability of various resources. to the present.
vi. The Brahmaputra Valley region supports a high
density population because it has plain land, fertile Answer: (a) Austric Group: The first group of people
soils and well developed agriculture and transport to migrate to Assam belonged to Austric racial stock.
They probably came from south-east Asia. The Khasis
Similar factors are responsible for high population and the Jaintias who currently inhabit Meghalaya
density in the Barak Valley. In contrast, the hill regions belong to this group.
of Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao have sparse
population due to unfavourable topography and other (b) Mongoloid Group: The second human stream to
physiographic conditions. According to 2011 census, migrate to Assam was the Mongoloid Tibeto- Burman
Kamrup (metro) district has the highest density of language speaking group. They came across the
population at 2010 persons per square km. while Himalayas from Central Asia and settled in different
Dima Hasao has a density of only 44 persons per parts of Assam. All the tribal groups except the Khasis
square km. and the Jaintias presently residing in Assam belong to
this group.
7. Mention the districts of Assam which have highest
population and density and lowest population and (c) Aryans: The Indo-Aryan speaking people migrated
density as per 2011 census data. to Assam soon after the Mongoloid people. The
Aryans belonged to the Caucasoid racial stock. The
Answer: According to 2011 census data, Nagaon vast majority of the non-tribal groups of people living
district with a population of 2,826,006 is the most in Assam belong to Caucasoid racial stock. Groups like
populated district of Assam while Dima Hasao with Kalitas, Kayasthas, Brahmins, etc. of the state belong
213,529 people is the least populated district. to this group and followed Hinduism.
Whereas the Kamrup (metro) with 2010 persons per
square km. is the most densely populated district with

Class 10, SEBA
(d) Ahoms: The Ahoms are the most important Ethnic such as extensive land area, good rivers, plain
Group that migrated to Assam. The Ahoms belonged topography, rich resources, immense human
to Mongoloid Stock. They came from East Mayanmar potential, etc. All these resources can be developed
under the leadership of seu-ka-pha in 1828. They only with the help of an efficient transport system.
settled first in Upper Assam and established the Ahom
kingdom. Later they brought the entire Brahmaputra Assam stands as the Gateway of North-east India. The
Valley under their control. development of entire North-East is therefore
dependent on the transport system of Assam. Various
(e) Migration during British Rule: The British economic goods required for the economy of these
conquered Assam in 1826 and they needed some states have to be transported through Assam with the
educated and skilled persons for carrying out the help of the transport system. This has greatly boosted
administrative, economic and commercial activities on the economy of the state. Assam stands at the eastern
their behalf. For this, they brought qualified and corner of India. It is the transport system which
skilled people from Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, connects the state with the rest of India. A lot of
Rajasthan, Nepal, etc. economic goods required for the economic
development of the state have to be brought from
10. Give the ethnic identity of the Ahoms. outside the state. Locally produced goods such as tea,
Answer: The Ahoms migrated to Assam during the oil, natural gas, limestone, etc are transported to
18th century. They basically belonged to Mongoloid other places with the help of the transport system. In
Stock. In 1828, under the leadership of Seu-ka-pha the other words, the transport system has played a vital
Ahoms came across the Patkai Hills from the Shan role in bringing about the economic development of
Plateau from Northern Mayanmar. They settled first Assam.
in Upper Assam and established the Ahom Kingdom. 12. Write a short note on water transport in Assam.
Later, they brought almost the entire Brahmaputra
Valley under their rule. The Ahoms ruled for 600 years Answer: The water transport system of Assam is
and made substantial contributions to the society and basically consists of inland water transport system.
cultures of Assam. Presently the Ahoms have their Assam is a land of rivers. The Brahmaputra, the Barak
settlement mainly in Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, sibsagar, and their tributaries accounts for 32% of the total
Jorhat, Golaghat, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji district of water resource of India. In Assam there are two water
Upper Assam region and also in Morigaon, Nagaon transport routes which are given below:
and Sonitpur district of middle Assam.
The Brahmaputra Inland Water System: The total
11. Briefly state how the transport system of Assam distance of Brahmaputra Inland Water System is
has been helping the state's economy. 891km. it starts from Sadiya in the east to Dhubri in
the west. This water way was declared second largest
Answer: Transport system contributes one of the water way of India in 1988. There are 30 pairs of ferry
most important factors of economic development of a ghats on Brahmaputra and nearly 96 ferry services are
nation or a region. It primarily establishes
operating there.
communication and linkage between different parts
of a country. It helps exchange of resources, The Barak Inland Water System: The total distance of
knowledge, culture and civilization. Therefore, an Barak inland water system is 121km. It starts from
efficient transport system which consists of railways, Lakhimpur to Bhanga. It was declared 6th national
roadways, waterways and airways is the lifeline of a water way of India in 2013 by the Central
nation. The development of various sectors of the Government. The waterways are expected to be
economy such as agriculture, industry, trade, helpful in the economic development of the
communication, etc greatly depends on the transport neighbouring states like Assam, Nagaland, Manipur,
system. It is absolutely true with regard to a state like Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
Assam. Assam is fortunate to have vital resources

Class 10, SEBA
At present 96 ferry services are operating in the river (f) In the case of industrial development, Assam is still
Brahmaputra and Barak. There are many private backward as compared to some other states of India.
ferries and bhoot-bhooty. Two government agencies One of the major causes for this is the
are responsible for managing the water transport of underdeveloped transport system of the state.
Assam. They are:
14. What do you mean by the term 'resource'? What
i. The Central Inland Waterways Corporation are the major natural resources of Assam?
ii. The Directorate of Inland Water Transport.
Answer: The materials which directly or indirectly
The advantages of Inland water system of Assam are: satisfy human wants are called resources.
i. Lesser fuel expenditure The major natural resources of Assam are:

ii. Plays an important role during natural disasters
iii. No cost of road construction, maintenance and Land Resource: The land resource of Assam is
repair composed of four types of soils, piedmont soil, alluvial
iv. Effectively transports goods and passengers soil, hill soils, and laterite soils. The alluvial soils are
v. Available to people in areas where road transport is found on the food plains of the Brahmaputra and
underdeveloped Barak. This type of soil is suitable for growing pulses,
vi. No or much lesser air pollution. rice and vegetables. 35% of Assam’s land area is under
cultivation.
13. Mention five major causes which are regarded as
hindrance to the development of transport system of Forest Resource: Assam is relatively rich in forest
resources. All types of tropical forests are found here
Assam.
which are a rich habitat for a variety of plants and
Answer: (a) It is really difficult to expand the transport animals. Valuable tall trees like Nahar, Cham, Sirish,
system in Assam which is characterized by various Amari, Simul, etc. and short trees and grasses like
topographic features like hills, plateaus, plains, Bamboo, Cane, etc. are found. About 35% of Assam’s
floodplains, wetlands, etc. land is under forest cover and 72% of these forests are
reserved forests. There are 5 national parks and 20
(b) Assam is linked with the mainland of India through wildlife sanctuaries in Assam.
a narrow corridor in the west and this has caused
difficulties in the expansion of transport system. Mineral Resources: The important minerals found in
Assam are coal, mineral oil, natural gas, and
(c) In some areas, the soil properties of Assam are not limestone. Major oilfields are at Digboi, Naharkatia,
suitable for construction and maintenance of roads. Lakoa, Amguri, etc. Natural gas reserves are also
Moreover, high rainfall during summer causes found in these locations. Coal is found in Makum,
damage to the roads easily. Dilly-Jaipur, Koliajan, Garampani, etc. Limestone is
(d) Due to lack of large market in the state the found in the hill districts of Karbi Anglong and Dima
transport system has not developed. Assam has Hasao. Other minerals found in Assam are ironore,
largely failed to be actively associated with the field of feldspar, quartz and clay.
trade and commerce at inter-state as well as Water Resources: Assam is rich in both surface and
international level. ground water resources. Presence of Brahmaputra
(e) In order to achieve overall development of the and Barak rivers with the tributaries coupled with high
transport system, there is the utmost need for proper rainfall and numerous ponds, wetlands, etc.
transport coordination among the road, railway, Numerous types of fishes and many aquatic plants are
water and air transport. But, lack of such coordination found in wetlands and marshes.
is commonly observed in the state. 15. Name the major oil fields of Assam.

Class 10, SEBA
Answer: Digboi oilfield was the first oilfield discovered 18. How has the growing population of Assam put
and developed in India and it is situated in the state of impact on the natural resources?
Assam. This oilfield started production in 1889. Other
oilfields developed over the years in the state include- Answer: Assam has abundant natural resources such
Naharkatia, Moran, Hugrijan, Rudrasagar, Lakoa, as land resources, forest resources, mineral resources
and water resources. But, these resources are getting
Geleki, Borhola and Amguri oilfields.
depleted at a fast rate. The main reason for this rapid
16. Write briefly about the water resources of depletion is the immense pressure put on them due to
Assam. the over-growing population of the state. This
increase in population has put an impact on the
Answer: Assam is rich in surface and ground water
natural resources in the following ways:
resources due to high rainfall, numerous perennial
rivers, thousands of wetlands, etc. The two main Growth of population has led to demand for more
rivers, The Brahmaputra River and The Barak River settlements. To meet this demand, forest has been
carry huge amount of water. These two rivers along cleared, wetlands filled and even fertile agricultural
with their tributaries amount to almost one-third of land occupied, to build human settlements.
the water resources of the country. Besides, there are
some large and small marshes and ponds all over the High population means more food crops need to be
produced. As agricultural land have been used for
state.
human settlements, so more forests and wetlands
The surface water of these rivers is used for have been used for agriculture.
agricultural and domestic activities and for industrial
purpose. These rivers also constitute one of the main Growing population also means parallel development
modes of transport in the state. The ground water of transport industry and energy sectors leading to
resources are also abundant in the Brahmaputra and near exhaustion of non-renewable mineral resources.
Barak Valleys. In the plains, the range of underground 19. Is the vast population of Assam a burden
water level is 5m from the surface. It is also utilized (problem) on resource of the state? Discuss.
for agricultural, industrial and domestic purpose.
However, it is to be noted that water resources are Answer: The fast growing population has become a
not fully utilized in the state and a lot more can be burden for the state. Population problem has created
done in this regard. many problems for the state. IF the population
problem is not controlled and the large population
17. What are the causes responsible for degradation cannot be developed as human resources, the
of Assam's natural resources? population problem will assume serious dimension.
Answer: (a) Misuse of land has led to land erosion, Assam’s population as per 2011 census, is 2.6% about
loss of land fertility, soil pollution, etc. 31 million and this accounts for 2.6% of the total;
population of the country. Overall literacy rate of the
(b) Demand for higher food crop production has led to state is 73% and the male and female literacy rates
clearing of Forest lands and wetlands and using them are 78% and 67% respectively. Again, rural and urban
for agricultural production. literacy rates are 70% and 88% respectively.
(c) Use of chemical fertilizers to increase crop yield About 35% of the total populations of the state are in
has also led to natural properties of cropland soils age group of 15-34 years. If this youth force is given
being destroyed. efficient education, intelligence, technical knowhow,
etc. through proper management and at the same
(d) Unplanned urbanization and industrialization has time, the weaker sections of the societies, the poor
led to pollution of air, water and land resources. communities, disabled persons are also given stress
(e) Irrational use of natural resources has played a then the growing population can become a boon.
major role in their degradation.

Class 10, SEBA
20. According to you what steps need to be followed i. Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone
in creating human resource in Assam? ii. North Bank Plain Zone
iii. Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone
Answer: (a) Literacy rate must be improved by taking iv. Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone
more measures to spread education in the rural areas v. Barak Valley Zone and
among females. vi. Hill Zone
(b) Government should allot more funds for the Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone:Includes ten districts
expansion of education. including Kamrup, Kamrup (metro), Nalbari, Barpeta,
(c) Government must establish more vocational Baksa, Bongaigaon, Chirang, Kokrajhar, Dhubri, and
training institutes and industrial training institutes. Goalpara.A net area cultivated is 9.30 lakh hectares.
(d) The Government should support the well qualified North Bank Plain Zone: Covers five districts including
youngsters of the state to start businesses of their Darrang, Udalguri, Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and
own. DhemajiNet area cultivated is 5.37 lakh hectares.
(e) Bright children of the state should be encouraged Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone: Covers district of
to take up higher studies. They should be given Morigaon and Nagaon. Net area cultivated is 3.28 lakh
adequate financial support for this purpose. hectares.
21. Discuss briefly the role of agricultural sector on Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone: Covers districts
Assam's economy. including Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Jorhat, and
Golaghat.Net area cultivated is 6.20 lakh hectares.
Answer: Assam is an agricultural state. Majority of its
people are engaged in agricultural activities. Barak Valley Zone: Includes the districts of Cachar,
Agriculture is the foundation of Assam’s economy and Karimganj and Hailakandi. Net area cultivated is 2.42
agricultural sector is the main driving force of its lakh hectares.
economy. The agricultural sector has been playing an Hill Zone: covers the districts of Karbi Anglong and
important role in the development of the state’s Dima Hasao. Net area cultivated is 1.54 lakh hectares.
economy. More than 50% of the working population
of Assam is directly or indirectly engaged in 23. What are the types of rice cultivated in Assam?
agricultural sector. Briefly write about these.
The main agricultural products like tea, jute, rubber, Answer: Rice is the principal crop in Assam. There are
etc. exported outside the state bring a lot of revenue three types of rice cultivated in Assam Autumn Rice,
for the state. Over 50% of the tea produced in the Winter Rice, and Summer Rice.
country comes from Assam. This also brings
considerable income for the state. Several agro-based Autumn Rice: Autumn Rice is cultivated in the fertile
industries of the state such as food processing soils of the plains and in the lower plains of the
industries, tea industry, paper industry, sugar Brahmaputra Valley. It is cultivated using both sowing
industry, oil seeds industries, etc totally depend on and cultivation methods in February- March and
agriculture for their survival. In this way agriculture harvested in June-July.
constitutes one of the main pillars of Indian economy. Winter Rice (Sali Rice): Winter Rice (Sali Rice) is the
It sustains the state’s economy. most extensively cultivated category of rice in Assam.
22. What are the agro-climatic regions of Assam? It is cultivated in over 70% of the total rice growing
Mention the characteristics of each of them in brief. areas of Assam. It grows very well in the fertile alluvial
soils of the Brahmaputra and Barak Valleys. It is
Answer: The agro-climatic regions of Assam are: planted by the plantation methods generally in July-
August and harvested in November-December.

Class 10, SEBA
Summer Rice (Boro Rice): Summer Rice (Boro Rice) is cultivation is directly connected with the society,
cultivated in almost all the districts of Assam. It is culture and living style of the hill tribes. It is a mixed
cultivated in the low-lying areas during winter months type of agriculture that fails to give good production.
and harvested during summer months of June-July
before the floods. Bad effects:
24. Why is rice considered as the principal crop in It causes environmental problems like deforestation,
soil erosion, air pollution, loss of fertility, etc.
Assam?
Moreover, it profoundly affects the ecological balance
Answer: Rice is considered to be the principal crop in of nature which in turn leads to natural calamities like
Assam because: landslides, etc.
i. Rice is cultivated in all the six agro-climatic zones of 27. What are the major aims of the Assam Industrial
the state. In other words, it is cultivated in all the and Investment Policy,2014.
districts of Assam. No other crop is cultivated as
extensively as rice. Answer: The major aims of the Assam Industrial and
Investment Policy, 2014 are:
ii. Assam has the ideal conditions for growing rice such
as such as suitable climatic, plenty of water, fertile i. To increase the Gross Domestic Product of the state
by developing the manufacturing and service sectors
soil, flood plains, etc.
along with various economic activities.
iii. According to 2011 census, the net cropped area of
Assam was 37.10 lakh hectares. Out of which 25.45 ii. To increase the per capita income and employment
lakh hectares was under rice cultivation. opportunities in the state, especially in the rural areas.
25. What are the pulses cultivated in Assam? iii. To encourage and increase investment for the
development of micro, small and medium industries.
Answer: The different varieties of pulses cultivated in
Assam are blackgram, greengram, lentil, pea, arahar, iv. To create large number of skilled personnel.
gram, etc. Pulses were cultivated over 1.32 lakh 28. What do you mean by the term 'service sector
hectares of cultivated area during 2011-12 with a total industries'? Briefly explain taking examples from
production of 0.76 lakh metric tons. Assam.
26. Write briefly aboutjhum cultivation (shifting Answer: Service sector industries are those industries
cultivation) carried-out in Assam. which earn revenue through providing tangible
Answer: One of the notable features of the products and services. Goods produced by the
agriculture practiced in the hill districts of Karbi primary and secondary sector industries are brought
Anglong and Dima Hasao in Assam is the practice of to the people through tertiary or service sector
Jhum cultivation. It is estimated that around 5452 industries. In Assam the following service sector
sq.km. in Karbi Anglong district and 2597 sq.km. in industries are well developed:
Dima Hasao district are under this form of cultivation. i. Trade
Methods: ii. Tourism industry
iii. Banking and insurance services
Jhum cultivation is a traditional system of cultivation iv. Public administration
generally practiced by the tribals where they clear the v. Transport and communication
forests on the suitable slopes of hills by burning and vi. Hotel industry
cultivate the land for two or three years until the soil vi. All types of business
loses its fertility. They then leave the place and move vii. Medical
to another place for similar cultivation. Jhum

Class 10, SEBA
The trade industry is very important in Assam. Tea has marshy lands and a good number of small water
played a major role in boosting this industry. The bodies such as pits, ponds, tanks, etc. where fishes are
transport and communication industry has received a available. Plenty of fish is also naturally available in
great applause in the recent years. Presence of over 5 the wetlands of Brahmaputra and Barak flood plains.
National parks and 20 wildlife sanctuaries in Assam, According to the data available, there are about 430
ancient monuments, the mighty Brahmaputra and government registered wetlands covering about 60
many scenic locations makes the state a tourist thousand hectares and another 767 unregistered
attraction and so the state has a developed tourism wetlands covering a total of 40 thousand hectares.
industry. Similarly, the great population of the state
has led to the development of all other service 32. Mention the problems of agricultural
industries such as business, banking, insurance, development in Assam.
medical administration, etc. Answer: The problems of agricultural development in
29. What are the major agro-based industries of Assam are:
Assam? i. Traditional agriculture in the plains and jhum
Answer: The major agro- based industries of Assam cultivation in the hills are still practised through the
are as follows: age-old methods.
i. Forestry ii. The agricultural lands of the farmers are

ii. Tea industry fragmented into small plots, where it is difficult to use
iii. Silk industry the modern agricultural implements and techniques.
iv. Rubber Industry iii. Method of irrigation is not developed and irrigation
v. Food processing industry facilities are not adequate.
vi. Paper industry
vii. Allied industries such as fishery, animal husbandry, iv. Rice is extensively cultivated in the state and it has
etc. its significant impact on agro-economy. But, no due
importance is given on application of modern
30. Write about the tea industry of Assam in brief? agricultural methods for development of rice
Answer: Tea industry is considered to be the largest cultivation.
agro based industry in Assam. It plays a significant role vi. Agriculture of the state is badly affected by flood
in the economy of the state. It brings in good revenue and bank erosion. Annually crops of more than 25 per
and provides employment to thousands of people. cent croplands of the state are damaged by flood and
Tea cultivation flourishes in the state due to ideal large areas of fertile alluvial lands are also lost
climatic and topographical conditions. Assam has annually due to river bank erosion
about 765 tea estates and over 78,901 small tea
gardens. Tea is cultivated over 318 thousand hectares vii. In order to protect the agricultural activities as
of land and Assam produced about 590 thousand well as the farmers from severe drought, there is no
tones of tea in 2012. Assam holds the top position in proper agricultural planning.
tea production in India by producing 51 to 53 percent
33.Why is the industrial development in the state
of the tea of the whole country.
still slow?
31. State the present status of the fish industry of
Answer: The reasons behind the slow development of
Assam.
industries in Assam are:
Answer: At present fishery is flourishing in the
(a)There is lack of integrated planning for industrial
economic sector of Assam. The state has excellent
development through proper utilisation of the natural
conditions for the development of fish industry. It has
resources of the state.
numerous wetlands, rivers, abandoned channels,

Class 10, SEBA
(b) Progress of development of agro-based industries iii. The agro- based industries such as tea industry,
is limited and slow in spite of more prospects. rubber industry, paper industry, jute industry, food
processing industry, etc. have great potential to
(c) Underdeveloped transport and communication develop. However, these industries can flourish only
system. in an atmosphere of government support, peaceful
(d) Insufficient capital. environment and people’s coordination which the
state lacks today.
(e) In proportion to demand and requirement, supply
and distribution of energy is not adequate. iv. It is a fact that the vast human potential of the
state is not fully developed. There are about 10
(f) No proper planning to generate enterprising zeal million young people in the age group of 15-34 of the
among the local people. 31 million people in the state. Their potential has not
been fully tapped. They can be made more efficient by
(g) There is lack of a simple and flexible industrial
providing employability skills, etc.
policy in the state.
*****
34. Mention the problems of tourism industry of
Assam.
Answer:The problems of tourism industry of Assam

are:
i. Inadequate capital investment in this sector both by

government and private parties.
ii. Underdeveloped transport system.
iii. Lack of proper planning and development of tourist
sites.
iv. Poor infrastructure facilities beyond the capital city
v. Very little publicity about the terrorist avenues of
the state
vi. Lack of air travel facilities to different parts of the
state.
35. What are the prospects for economic

development of Assam?
Answer: The various prospects for economic

development of Assam are:
i. The state of Assam is rich in many resources. It has

adequate land, forest, mineral and human resources.
It has extensive plains, big rivers, large areas of forest,
vast flood plains, numerous wetlands, long stretches
of low lying mountain slopes, etc. all of these, if
properly developed can boost economic development
of the state.
ii. The state is rich in mineral resources such as coal,

oil, natural gas and limestone. These resources, if
adequately utilized and developed can bring about
high industrial development in the state.

Class 10, SEBA
Political Science and Economics notes
CHAPTER 1: INDIAN DEMOCRACY 1. Why did the British government send the Cabinet
Mission to India?
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Answer: The British government sent the Cabinet
1. Which political party won the elections held in Mission to India because the Labor Party Government
1945 in England? of England felt the utmost necessity of a constitution
for the new democratic state i.e. India.
Answer: The labour party won the elections held in
1945 in England. 2. According to which Act, India’s administration was
governed between 15 August 1947 to 26 January
2. When did the “Cabinet Mission” come to India?
1950 and who enacted this Act?
Answer: The “Cabinet Mission” came to India in
Answer: India was governed in accordance with the
March 1946.
provisions of the Govt. of India Act, 1935, between
3. Who was the first Chairman of the Constituent the period from 15 August 1947 to 26 January 1950
Assembly? enacted by the Indian Government.
Answer: Dr Sacchidananda Sinha was the first 3. Why are the words “We the people of India” have
Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. been incorporated in the preamble?
4. Who was the President of the Drafting Committee Answer: The words “We the people of India” have
of Indian Constitution? been incorporated in the preamble because its
makers made it crystal clear in definite terms that the
Answer: Dr Rajendra Prasad was the President of the actual authority of the constitution is the Indian
Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution. people themselves, it belongs solely to them and they
5. In which constitutional amendment, were the are the main force behind the making of the Indian
words “Socialist” and “Secular” incorporate in the constitution.
“Preamble”? 4. What is meant by the term “Sovereign”?
Answer: In the 42nd constitutional amendment the Answer: Sovereignty is the supreme and absolute
words “Socialist” and “Secular” were incorporated in power of the state. In other words, externally India is
the Preamble. not subordinate to any foreign power nor is India
6. From which Latin word has the English word directed by any other force internally.
“Federation” been derived? 5. According to which constitutional amendment the
Answer: The English word “Federation” has been two words “Socialist” and “Secular” have been
derived from the Latin word “Foedus.” incorporated in the Preamble and in which year?
7. Which country is regarded as the “Homeland” of Answer: The two words “Socialist” and “Secular” have
the federation? been incorporated in the Preamble by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment in the year 1976.
Answer: The USA is regarded as the “Homeland” of
the federation. 6. What is meant by “Quasi-federal” state?
8. Is there a Dual citizenship system in India? Answer: Quasi-federalism means an intermediate

form of state between a unitary state and a
Answer: No, there is no dual citizenship system in federation. It combines the features of a federal
India. government and the features of a unitary
9. From which country’s constitution has the concept government. India is regarded as a semi-federal state
of India’s Parliamentary democracy been followed? or a quasi-federal state.
Answer: The concept of India’s Parliamentary 7. Which Indian Act had introduced limited
democracy has been followed from the UK. Parliamentary democracy in pre-independence
India?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Class 10, SEBA
Answer: The Govt. of India Act, 1935 had introduced a shall administer the country for themselves and the
parliamentary form of government in a limited form in administration shall be responsible to the people.
the pre-independence India.
Republic: India is a republic. The Head of the state
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS shall be elected by the people. The post of the Head
of the state shall not be hereditary nor a person
1. Discuss how the ideals of the Indian Constitution
selected by someone.
have been manifested in its Preamble.
3. Discuss the objective resolutions put forward by
Answer: The Preamble is the introduction to the
Pandit Nehru in relation to the Indian constitution.
constitution. It is the preamble of the Indian
constitution is regarded as the soul, the conscience, Answer: The main points of the objective resolutions
the threshold and the keys of the Indian constitution. put forward by Pandit Nehru are as follows:
Every word in the Preamble which begins with the
i. The Constituent Assembly is determined to declare
words, “We the people of India”, bears certain
India as the Independent Sovereign Republic (later on
meaning and ideal. The makers of the Indian
the word “Independent” was removed).
constitution paid due attention to manifest every
aspect of rich ancient Indian culture and civilization as ii. A union of states shall be constituted with the
the guiding principles in the pages of the Indian British-ruled Indian territory and the erstwhile
constitution. The significant words in the preamble princely kingdoms willing to join the Indian territory.
are Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and
Republic. All these words reflect the ideals and spirit iii. Social, economic and political justice, equality,
of the constitution. religious liberty, freedom of expressing thought and
opinion of the Indian people will be duly recognized.
2. Write in detail about what is meant by sovereign,
socialist, secular, Democratic and Republic. iv. There shall be measures to safeguard the interests
of the Scheduled Caste, Schedule Tribe, backward
Answer: Sovereign: India is a Sovereign state. classes and the Minority people of India.
Sovereignty is the’ supreme and absolute power of
the state. In other words, externally India is not v. Importance shall be given to safeguard the
“subordinate to any foreign power nor is India freedom, sovereignty and integrity of the country.
directed by any other force internally.” vi. India shall extend full cooperation for the sake of
Socialist: The word signifies that there shall not be cordial international relations, world peace and
inequality among the people of India in regards to welfare of the people.
their income, status and the standard of living. All the 4. Discuss the characteristics of the Indian federal
ways and means of production would be nationalized. system.
Socialism shall be “established through the equal
distribution of the national income and the mixed Answer: The characteristics of the Indian federal
economy. The national economy shall be determined system are:
by the people themselves. Country’s economy shall i. The constituent states of the Union of India do not
not be guided by any capitalist class of people. have the provision of a separate constitution for
Secular: India is a secular state. There shall not be any them. There is only one constitution for the whole
official or state religion in India. In the eyes of the Indian federation and that is the Constitution of India.
government, all religions are equal and as such there ii. The central government in India is more powerful
shall not be any discrimination among the religions. than the government of other federal states. Though
The government shall not show any special interest or the constitution has distributed the powers between
make concessions to any particular religion. the central (union) government and the state
Democratic: India is a democratic state. The government through the inclusion of three lists
administration of the country shall be governed by the incorporating various administrative powers, yet all
elected representatives of the people. The people the important powers have been centralized to the
central or union government.

Class 10, SEBA
iii. The appointment procedure of the Governors in

the constituent provinces does not corroborate the
federal character of India. The Governor performs
his/her role as the representative of the central
(union) government in the state.
5. Explain the important characteristics of the

parliamentary form of government in India.
Answer: The important characteristics of the

parliamentary form of government in India are:
i) The Indian parliamentary democracy makes India a

Republic. Unlike in England, the Head of the state in
India’s parliamentary democracy is not a hereditary
person. While England’s Head, King or Queen, is a
hereditary one, India’s Head of the state is a person
elected by the people.
ii) The power and composition pattern of the Upper

House (Rajya Sabha) of India is quite different from
that of the Upper House (House of Lords) of England.
iii) The Parliament of England is most powerful in the

parliamentary democratic system. But India’s
parliament is not so powerful. Ultimately, the Indian
constitution has created parliamentary democracy
making suitable to the Indian situation, which has
been able to present India as a distinguished
parliamentary democratic country in front of the
world.
*****

Class 10, SEBA
CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL Answer: The conditions which are essential for each
Individual of the world to living a dignified life are
ORGANIZATION- THE UNITED termed as Human Rights.
NATIONS ORGANIZATION AND LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
OTHERS 1. Discuss the aims of the UNO for which it came into
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS existence and also discuss its principles.
1. Why was the UNO formed? Answer: The aims/objectives of the UNO are:
Answer: The UNO was formed to ensure word peace (i) To maintain international peace and security.
and to stop another world war. The magnitude of the (ii) To build friendly relations among all countries of
devastations brought by the Second World War made the world on the basis of equal rights and self
the world population scared and so they started determination.
thinking about the formation of a world organization.
(iii) To resolve existing economic, social and cultural
2. Mention two objectives of the UNO. problems and disputed issues on the basis of
Answer: Two objectives of the UNO are: international cooperation so that each person can
enjoy human rights and fundamental rights.
i. To maintain international peace and security.
ii. To build friendly relations among all countries of (iv) To act as centre of excellence to build good and
the world on the basis of equal rights and self cordial relations with various countries.
determination. The principles of the UNO are:
3. Give the name of the UN organs. (i) Formed on the principle of equal sovereignty of all
Answer: The six organs of the UNO are: member countries.
i. General Assembly (ii) All the member states should execute their duties
ii. Security Council and responsibilities by obeying the rules as mentioned
iii. Economic and Social Council in the UN charter.
iv. Trusteeship Council (iii) All the member states should resolve their
v. International Court of Justice (ICJ) disputes in a peaceful manner without affecting
vi. Secretariat international peace, security and justice.
4. Give the name of the two agencies related to the (iv) All the member states should avoid threat or use
UNO. of force against any state so as to maintain cordial
Answer: The two agencies related to the UNO are: international relations.
i. International Labour Organization (ILO) (v) All the member states should help and extend
ii. World Health Organisation (WHO) support to the UNO whenever required and should
not help a particular state which is facing UNO’s
5. Give the name of two treaties which were punitive action.
signed on disarmament.
2. Write a note on the security council of the UNO.
Answer: Two treaties which were signed on
disarmament are: Answer: The Security Council is the most important
organ of the UNO at the time of UNO’s formation, it
i. Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963 had five permanent member state and six temporary
ii. Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty, 1963 member states. The permanent member states are
6. What is meant by human rights? USA, Great Britain, France, Russia and China. The
number of temporary member states was increased
from six to ten by amending the 23rd article of the UN
Charter in 1963. The temporary members are elected

Class 10, SEBA
by the general assembly. Each permanent member members of the commission. The members of the
state has a right to exercise veto power. Altogether, at commission are appointed for a term of five year by
least nine members, including five permanent the president of India.
members, must agree in order to take a decision on
5. Discuss the steps taken by the UNO regarding
an important matter.
Human Rights.
3. Discuss the steps taken by the UNO on world
Answer: The UNO emphasized on human rights along
peace.
with cooperation and peaceful environment among
Answer: The steps taken by the UNO on world peace the member nations. The Human Rights Declaration
are: was adopted by the General Assembly of the UNO on
10 December 1948 with the support of 48 member
(i) Disarmament Commission: The UNO had
states to secure human rights for each person to lead
established the Disarmament Commission in January
a dignified human life. The objectives of Human Rights
1952 to remove war like situations among the world
Declaration are:
nations.
i. To secure rights of the individuals that has been
(ii) Treaties: The UNO has accorded treaties like the
incorporated in the declaration.
partial Nuclear Non – Proliferation Treaty (1968), the
seabed control treaty (1972), Salt-I (1972), Salt-II ii. To give due recognition to the above mentioned
(1979), Nuclear Arms Control Treaty (1993), the rights by the member states.
START-I (Strategic Arm Reduction Treaty 1991) and
Thus, UNO has taken positive steps to secure dignified
START-I (1993) and the Comprehensive Test Ban
human life for each individual and has made clear that
Treaty (CTBT) (1996).
no states can secure international peace and security
(iii) Preventive Diplomacy: The UNO adopted the by depriving its citizens of their human rights. 10
preventive diplomacy in June 2007 to resolve disputes December is observed as International Human Rights
through discussion and promote world peace. Day.
4. Write a note regarding National Human Rights *****

Commission in India.
Answer: The National Human Rights Commission was

set up on 28 September 1993 in India through an
ordinance by the president of India. On 8 January
1994, the Human Rights Protection Act 1993, came
into force. State Human Rights Commissions have also
been set up in the provinces.
The members of the commission should posses the

following qualifications:
i. The chairman of the commission should be a retired

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
ii. One member should be a serving or be a retired

Judge of the Supreme Court.
iii. One member should be a serving or be a retired

Chief Justice of any High Court.
iv. Two members are those who have knowledge and

experience on human right activities as activists.
The respective chairman of the National Minority

Commission, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes
National Women’s Commission should be the

Class 10, SEBA
CHAPTER 1: MONEY AND BANKING not have rice, instead the other person has fish. In this
way problem will arise in the barter system to take
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS place.
1. What is barter? 2. What is meant by store of value?
Answer: Barter is the direct exchange of commodities Answer: Store of value means value for the goods and
against commodities. services. Value is stored up in the sense that
commodities are stored up so that the stored up
2. What is money?
commodity may be exchanged against other
Answer: According to Geoffrey Crowther anything commodities as and when such a transaction is
that is generally acceptable to one and all as a required to take place. Some commodities such as
medium of exchange is money. cloth, rice etc has a higher store of value because
these items do not perish at a small duration of time
3. Mention one important function of money. since they are stored up. On the other hand,
Answer: One important function of money is money commodities such as egg, fish etc perish earlier and
performs the function of a medium of exchange. has a less store of value.
4. Give an example of non-legal tender money. 3. Which characteristic of money is the most
important one and why?
Answer: Cheque money is an example of non-legal
tender money. Answer: The most important characteristic of money
is Money must have general acceptability.
5. What is representative paper money?
This is the most important characteristic because
Answer: When paper money is convertible into gold general acceptability means acceptability by one and
or silver of equivalent value than it is called as all. It is backed up by law of the land. In other words,
representative paper money. general acceptability has a legal basis.
6. What is a bank? 4. What is liquidity of money?
Answer: Bank is a financial institution that deals in Answer: Liquidity of money means direct and
loans. immediate convertibility of money into goods and
7. In which year was the Reserve Bank of India set services that the holder of money wants. The degree
up? of liquidity of money is the maximum. Land, gold,
silver etc also have liquidity but their liquidity is less
Answer: The Reserve Bank of India was set up in 1935. than that of money as these are not directly or
immediately convertible into goods and services.
8. What is current deposit?
5. ‘Money is the common unit of measurement of
Answer: Current deposit or savings is that kind of
the value of goods and services.’ Explain.
deposit that may be withdrawn by the depositor or
saver at any time. Answer: All economic goods have prices. The value in
exchange is expressed in terms of money is price. The
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
value of all economic goods and services are
1. How does the lack of double coincidence of wants expressed in prices only. So, it is said that money is
create problems in the barter system? the common unit of measurement of the goods and
services.
Answer: The double coincidence of wants creates
problems in the barter system. When an individual 6. What is the difference between limited and
does not produce or does not have the commodity unlimited legal tender?
the other individual wants than there will be no
Answer: The difference between limited and
exchange of commodities. For example, a person
unlimited legal tender money:
wants rice in exchange of sugarcane; but the other
person with whom he is supposed to do barter does

Class 10, SEBA
Limited legal tender money is money which is impossible for the consumer to keep in mind the
acceptable up to a given value of transaction. different rates of exchanges.
Transactions may be low value or high value
iii. Indivisibility: The barter system lacks functional
transactions.
ability when commodities are indivisible. For example,
On the other hand, unlimited legal tender money is a piece of bread and an elephant cannot be
money which can be used as a medium of exchange exchanged. Because, the rate of elephant is much
for transactions of any value. higher than bread and the elephant is not divisible
either. So, in case of divisible items only the barter
7. What are the functions of Regional Rural Banks?
system works.
Answer: The functions of Regional Rural Banks are:
iv. It lacks a store of value of goods and services: In
i. To provide loans at low rate of interest to the the barter system, value is stored up in the sense that
villagers and liberate them from the clutches of the the stored up commodity may be exchanged against
private money lenders who charge extremely high other commodities as and when such a transaction is
rate of interest. required to take place. But the problem is that
commodities are perishable. Some perish earlier like
ii. To mobilize rural savings and invest these in various egg, fish etc and some perish later like clothes, rice
productive activities. etc.
8. How are the Non Banking Financial Institutions 2. Explain any four characteristics of money.
different from the banks?
Answer: Four characteristics of money are explained
Answer: There are two main differences between the below:
Banks and Non Banking Financial Institutions (NBFI):
i. Money must have general acceptability: Money
i. The depositors can withdraw money from banks must be acceptable as a medium of exchange.
through cheque; Non Banking Financial Institution
depositors cannot do that. ii. Money must have cognizability: There should be
absolutely no difficulty in identifying money. If money
ii. In case of banks there is Deposit Insurance Scheme is not easily recognizable, transactions will naturally
to cover the risk of the depositors; Non Banking be problematic.
Financial Institutions do not have such schemes.
iii. Money must have durability: The perishable
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS commodities such as fish, egg etc cannot be money
1. Explain four demerits of the barter system. because these are perishable items. If money is
perishable, money cannot be stored up. In that case,
Answer: Four demerits of the barter system are there will be no store of value and saving will be
explained below: impossible.
i. Lack of double coincidence of wants: The barter iv. Money must have divisibility: High value money
system does not work when there is lack of double may be converted into low value money. There is
coincidence of wants. For example, a person wants money to settle transactions of all values, high or low.
rice in exchange of sugarcane; but the other person
with whom he is supposed to do barter does not have 3. Explain four major functions of money.
rice, instead the other person has fish. In this way Answer: Four major functions of money are explained
problem will arise in the barter system to take place. below:
ii. It lacks a common unit of account: In the barter i. Money performs the function of a medium of
system, the value of each commodity has to be exchange: In money economy commodities are
expressed in terms of the value of another indirectly exchanged through money. The person
commodity. For example, one apple is exchanged producing rice will sell rice (first transaction) and the
against three mangoes. Similarly, for other money thus earned will be used to buy cloth (second
commodities to be exchanged in the market it is transaction). Thus money becomes the medium of
exchange.

Class 10, SEBA
ii. Money acts a standard of measurement of values of government may lose considerable amount of
goods and services: All economic goods have prices. revenue due to large scale tax evasion.
The value in exchange expressed in terms of money is
6. Explain any four functions of the Central bank.
price. Money is the common unit of measurement.
The value of all economic goods and services are Answer: The following are four functions of the
expressed in prices only. Central bank:
iii. Money acts a standard of deferred payments: i. The Central bank issues currency: This is the
Deferred payments are payments made later on and monopoly right of the Central bank as no other bank
not at the point of time when the product or the in the country enjoys this right.
service is delivered to the customer. It is taking
commodities on credit. Accounts of all such payments ii. The Central bank is the bankers’ bank: The Central
are expressed in terms of money. bank examines the account of all the member banks.
Whenever the banks are in financial crisis, it is the
iv. Money functions as the store of value: Commodity Central bank that comes to their help.
money cannot be stored up as it does not have
durability. Saving cannot be done in the form of iii. The Central bank functions as the clearing house of
commodity money. Durability is one of the the member banks: There is inter-bank lending and
characteristics of money. Value of goods and services borrowing. The Central bank maintains the accounts
may be stored up in the form of money. of all member banks. All transactions between the
lending and borrowing banks are cleared at the
4. Is cheque money? Give reasons for your answer. Central banking level.
Answer: No, cheque is not money. iv. The Central bank plays a promotional role: It
promotes socio-economic development as it releases
A cheque is not legal tender money. When the general
funds to the priority sectors in the economy. For
acceptability of money as a medium of exchange has
example, the Central bank provides funds for the
no legal support, it becomes non-legal tender money.
agricultural sector development in India.
An individual may refuse to accept payment in
cheque. There is no violation of the law of the land. A 7. Explain any two major functions of the commercial
cheque is a claim against money. banks.
5. Mention four problems associated with money. Answer: Two major functions of the commercial
banks are explained below:
Answer: The following are four problems associated
with money: i. The commercial bank mobilizes savings: Savings are
of three types: a) current savings or deposit, b) fixed
i. When money lacks stability of value, many problems
savings or deposit and c) savings deposit. Current
may arise. For example, when the value of money
savings or deposit may be withdrawn by the depositor
continues to fall, the consumers have to spend more
at any time. Fixed deposits cannot be withdrawn at
money to buy the same amount of goods and services
any time. Prior intimation is needed here in case of
from the market.
withdrawal. In savings deposit one part can be
ii. Money may be used as one of the instruments to withdrawn at any time and the other part can be
facilitate the concentration of economic power and withdrawn with bank’s permission only.
wealth. In an economy where money is everything,
ii. The commercial banks offers loans: Many people
money can easily become a means to acquire
may apply and get loans from the commercial banks
economic power.
like farmers, artisans, industrialist etc. The proper
iii. Weakness for money may well be the cause of the utilization of bank loans improves the economic status
downfall of the social value system. Corruption, of the people.
irregularities, injustice of all types is the end results of
8. Briefly explain any two functions of each of the
the degrading values.
following:
iv. When money takes the form of black money, the
economy suffers in many ways. For example, the

Class 10, SEBA
(i) IDBI
(ii) RRBs
(iii) NABARD
(iv) SIDBI
Answer: (i) IDBI: IDBI stands for Industrial

Development Bank of India. Two functions of IDBI are:
i. IDBI offers industrial loans at concessional rate of

interest to industries in the backward regions of the
country.
ii. The IDBI takes initiative in creating

entrepreneurship through various training
programmes.
(ii) RRBs: RRB stands for Regional Rural Banks. The

following are two functions of RRBs.
i. To provide loans at low rate of interest to the

villagers and liberate them from the clutches of the
private money lenders who charge extremely high
rate of interest.
ii. To mobilize rural savings and invest these in various

productive activities.
(iii) NABARD: NABARD stands for National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development. Two main
functions of NABARD are:
i. NABARD is the apex financial institution among all

the institutions related to investment and production
in the rural areas.
ii. NABARD streamlines the process of offering loans,

monitors and evaluates the progress of various rural
schemes and organizes training programmes for the
beneficiaries.
(iv) SIDBI: SIDBI stands for Small Industrial

Development Bank of India. Two main functions of
SIDBI are:
i. To promote modernization and application of

improved technology in small industries.
ii. To create markets for the products of the small

industries.
*****

Class 10, SEBA
CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC development. Economic liberalization is the lessening

of government regulations and restrictions in an
DEVELOPMENT economy in exchange for greater participation by
private entities.
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
7. Privatisation: Privatisation means a transfer of
Answer in one sentence –
ownership, management, and control of public sector
1. Economic growth enterprises to the private sector implying total or
partial disinvestment.
2. Economic development
8. Globalisation: Globalisation means the integration
3. Human development
of the economy of a nation with the economies of the
4. Economic planning rest of the world and can also imply cultural, social
and political inclination towards the developed
5. Democratic planning countries.
6. Liberalisation SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
7. Privatisation 1. Mention two important points of difference
8. Globalisation between economic growth and economic
development.
Answers:
Answer:
1. Economic Growth: Economic growth is a
quantitative concept relating to growth in output, Economic Growth Economic Development
specifically referring to growth in the Per Capita Increase in the It refers to the overall
Income which is the average income earned per monetary growth of a development of the
person in a specified area. nation in a particular quality of life in a nation
period. which includes economic
2. Economic Development: Economic Development is growth.
both a quantitative concept which evaluates It is a quantitative It is a quantitative as well
economic growth and a qualitative concept to check measure that shows the as qualitative
the growth of the standard of living of a nation. When possible increase in the improvement in the life
the local quality of life is improved, there is more number of commercial of citizens of a country
transactions in an and is most appropriately
economic development.
economy. determined by Human
3. Human Development: Human Development is the Development Index.
expansion of collective choice of the people and has
three indicators namely – Life Expectancy, Literacy 2. What are the three indices of human
and Standard of living. development?
4. Economic Planning: Economic planning is an Answer: There are three indicators of Human
instrument to attain a set of well-defined objectives Development as specified by the UNDP are:
within a defined time period as determined by a
i. Life expectancy: Life expectancy is the number of
central planning agency. In India, the plan is
years that a child is expected to survive at the time of
formulated for a period of five years.
birth.
5. Democratic Planning: Democratic planning ensures
ii. Literacy: The levels of literacy include adult literacy
that the people participate in the different stages of
and the gross enrolment ratio of primary and
plan-making thereby indicating that decisions are not
secondary education and other branches.
imposed. This ensures decentralisation of power
adhering to the federal structure of India. iii. Standard of living: This basically refers to
accessibility to pure drinking water and sanitation.
6. Liberalisation: Liberalisation refers to “the removal
of controls” in order to encourage economic 3. What is meant by extension of collective choice?

Class 10, SEBA
Answer: Extension or expansion of collective choice is during this period the rate of growth of the Indian
the primary basis of human development. Collective economy was not satisfactory.
Choice Theory is the theory of how one selects a rule
The second phase of planning in India covers the
to go from a set of individual preference orders over
period 1991- 92 to the present day. In this period, the
alternatives available to a society of those individuals
importance of the private sector grew because of the
to a collective or social preference order over those
economic policies introduced in 1991 giving
same alternatives.
importance to liberalisation, privatisation and
4. Mention four important objectives of India’s Five globalisation and hence the emphasis on the public
Year Plans. sector declined.
Answer: The main objectives of planning in India are – 7. Briefly explain the three main causes of the
introduction of economic reform measures in India.
i. To raise the rate of growth of the economy
Answer: There are three important factors which have
ii. To remove socio-economic inequalities
brought a significant change in the Indian economy.
iii. To remove poverty, to expand employment
i. Firstly, the aggregate public expenditure exceeded
opportunities
the aggregate public revenue which resulted in a huge
iv. To remove regional inequalities, to ensure fiscal deficit. Public expenditure in the public sector
sustainable economic development without causing was rising over the years but the vast majority of
damage to the environment. public sector undertakings incurred heavy losses and
hence, the returns to public expenditure were low.
5. Who are the members of NITI Aayog?
ii. Secondly, the high rate of inflation had an
Answer: NITI stands for the National Institution for unfavourable impact on the Indian economy. Socially
Transforming India. The Chairman of NITI Aayog is the and economically backward people with limited
Prime Minister of India. The other members are the income were badly hit by the price rise.
Vice-Chairman, Chief Ministers of states, Lieutenant
Governors of Union Territories, four Central Ministers, iii. Thirdly, India’s balance of payments position. was
Chief Executive Officer and the experts from different highly disturbing. The inflow of funds into India was
fields. on the decline. On the contrary, there was an outflow
of capital from India. Consequently, the foreign trade
Structure of NITI Aayog Committee- deficit was rising alarmingly.
Chairman: Prime Minister. 8. Mention three benefits of economic reforms in
Vice-Chairman: Appointed by Prime Minister. India.
Full-time members: Three experts.
Part-time members: Two numbers. Answer: Three benefits of the economic reforms in
Ex Officio members: Maximum four Cabinet Ministers. India are:
Chief Executive Officer: One IAS officer.
i. Firstly, there has been a rise in the rate of growth of
Executive Council: All Chief Ministers and Lt. Governor
the economy. The annual rate of growth in 2005-06,
of Union Territory.
2006-07 and 2007-08 was 9.5 per cent, 9.7 per cent
6. Explain one of the main points of difference and 9.2 per cent respectively which was much higher
between the first phase of planning in India (1951-52 than the growth rate achieved earlier. During the
to 1990-91) and the second phase (1991-92 to the period 2009-10 to 2012-13, the average rate of
present day). growth of the Indian economy was 6.7 per cent.
Answer: In the first period of planning (1951-52 to ii. Secondly, the wholesale price index has shown a
1990-91), the public sector was the leading sector in downward trend. However, the retail prices have not
the economy and the role of the private sector was registered the same trend.
secondary because the industrial policy accepted the
iii. Thirdly, the foreign currency reserves with the
goal of the socialistic pattern of society. However,
Reserve Bank of India have increased considerably.
This amount was $328.7 billion (1 billion = 100 crore

Class 10, SEBA
or 1000 million) in 2015 (march). This reserve could

finance seven months of import into India. In 1990-91,
the amount of foreign exchange reserve was so small
that it could cover only 15 days of import.
9. Briefly explain two problems of economic reforms

in India.
Answer: The two problems of economic reforms in

India are:
i. Firstly, new economic reforms failed to control

inflation. Although the Government had a plan to
contain the rate of inflation 9 per cent in 1991-92 (as
mentioned in the Memorandum to IMF) the actual
rate of inflation successfully declined to 6.5 per cent
in April 1993 but then the same rate again increased
to the level of 11.0 per cent in 1994-95.
ii. Secondly, the new economic reforms are a

complete surrender to the World Bank-IMF precepts
and the Government has surrendered its sovereignty
in order to procure a huge amount of loan from such
international agencies.
10. Mention five important objectives of Assam’s

Twelfth Five Year Plan.
Answer: The important objectives of Assam’s Twelfth

Plan are:
i. to raise the rate of growth of the Assam economy’

to 10 per cent in the next two to three decades in
order to remove the gap between Assam’s economy
and the economies of the developed states in India
ii. to tackle the’ problem’ of flood and erosion with

the latest technology and scientific management
iii. to achieve self-sufficiency in power generation and

to apply modem technology in power supply and
distribution
iv. to raise the value of Assam’s human development

index and accordingly increase the amount of
investment in health and education
v. to lay emphasis on skill formation in order to

expand opportunities for self-employment and
promote the growth of micro, small and medium
industries including the traditional cottage industries.
*****

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Class 10, SEBA

AND SWADESHI MOVEMENT Answer: The unification of Bengal took place on 12

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Answer: Bhagini Nivedita, born in 1864, was a

Answer: Nawab Salimullah led the creation of the

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Yes, I consider the movement to be a milestone in

6. Write a brief note on the Indian National Army.

Answer: In 1941, Subhas Chandra Bose, who was

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6. Importance of peasant revolts in Assam: Peasant

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a memorandum to the Viceroy, Lord Northbrook Calcutta University Syndicate, appointment of

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with the establishment of a few institutions under the

Assam Agricultural University: The origin of the Assam

Gauhati University: The University of Gauhati,

Assam Medical College: Assam Medical College

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Answer: The Natyashastra by Bharat Muni was 18. What is Charyapada?

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i. Cultivation of rice. 10. Write names of two medical books written in

Answer: The four Samhitas of the Vedas are as i. Akbar and

i. Rigveda 12. Write names of two pictorial books written in

7. What is multiculturalism? i. Dilbar and

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5. Architectures of Assam. Answer: Assam has a rich tradition of folk songs,

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9. Historical literature of Assam. *****

Answer: The Barman dynasty established in the

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CHAPTER 1: ECONOMIC 3. What do you mean by economic activities of man?

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