XII Biology 2023-24 QB SP Solutions

MOST
RECOMMENDED
CBSE BOOKS
Question Banks 2023-24

Chapter-wise Topic Notes
(Real Life Examples)
Competency Questions
(New Pattern) BUY
Industry-best Answers other subjects
(With Related Theory)
at special discount
www.educart.co
SOLUTIONS
INDEX
OF SELF-PRACTICE Q’S
If you want to go to the answer of any Self-practice Q’s and you

know it comes under Objective Q's, then just click on Objective Q's link
FOR EXAMPLE
within the chapter to navigate quickly.
Pg. Pg.
1 : Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Topic 1 Topic 2
Objective Q's 01 Objective Q's 04
CBQ 02 CBQ 05
VSA 02 VSA 05
SA 02 SA 06
LA-I 03 LA-I 06
LA-II 03 LA-II 07
2 : Human Reproduction
Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 09 CBQ 12
VSA 09 VSA 12
SA 10 LA-I 12
LA-I 10
LA-II 10
3 : Reproductive Health
Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 13 CBQ 16
VSA 14 VSA 17
SA 15 SA 17
LA-I 15 LA-I 17
LA-II 15
4 : Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 20 CBQ 25
VSA 21 VSA 25
SA 21 SA 25
LA-I 21 LA-I 26
LA-II 22 LA-II 26
5 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 29 CBQ 32
VSA 29 VSA 33
SA 30 SA 33
LA-I 30 LA-I 33
LA-II 31 LA-II 34
Topic 3
Objective Q's 35
CBQ 36
VSA 36
SA 37
LA-I 37
LA-II 38
6 : Evolution
Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 40 CBQ 42
VSA 40 VSA 43
SA 41 SA 43
LA-I 41 LA-I 43
LA-II 41 LA-II 43
7 : Human Health and Diseases

Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 45 CBQ 48
SA 46 VSA 48
LA-I 47 SA 49
LA-II 47 LA-I 49
LA-II 50
Topic 3
Objective Q's 50
CBQ 51
VSA 51
SA 51
LA-I 52
8 : Microbes in Human Welfare

Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 53 CBQ 57
VSA 54 VSA 58
SA 54 SA 58
LA-I 55 LA-I 58
LA-II 55 LA-II 59
9 : Biotechnology Principles and Process

Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 61 CBQ 63
VSA 61 VSA 63
SA 61 SA 64
LA-I 62 LA-I 64
LA-II 62 LA-II 64
10 : Biotechnology and its Applications

Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 67 CBQ 69
VSA 67 VSA 69
SA 68 SA 70
LA-I 68 LA-I 70
LA-II 68
11 : Organisms and Populations

Topic 1
Objective Q's 71
CBQ 71
VSA 72
SA 72
LA-I 72
12 : Ecosystem
Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 74 CBQ 76
VSA 74 VSA 77
SA 74 SA 77
LA-I 74 LA-I 78
LA-II 75 LA-II 78
13 : Biodiversity and Conservation

Topic 1 Topic 2
CBQ 80 CBQ 83
VSA 80 VSA 83
SA 80 SA 83
LA-I 81 LA-I 84
LA-II 82
ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
2. (d) Multicarpellary
Explanation: Gynoecium represents the 6. (a) antipodal, zygote and endosperm
female reproductive part of a flower, consists [CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021]
of carpel or pistil (individual appendage of Explanation: The three cells at the chalazal
gynoecium). Based on the number of pistil
end are called as antipodals. They are haploid.
carpel present in the gynoecium, it can be
divided into: The zygote is formed by the fusion of male
and the female gamete and hence is diploid.
Monocarpellary Gynoecium: When the The number of free nuclei formed before
gynoecium consists of a single pistil/carpel.
cellularisation varies greatly. The Primary
Bicarpellary Gynoecium: When the gynoecium Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) is also known as
consists of two pistils/carpels. triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
Tricarpellary Gynoecium: When the gynoecium
consists of three pistils/carpels.
Multicarpellary Gynoecium: When the Related Theory
gynoecium consists of many pistils/carpels.  The primary endosperm nucleus undergoes
In Multicarpellary condition, pistils are found in successive nuclear divisions to give rise to free
the following state: nuclei which is called free-nuclear endosperm.
Subsequently, cell wall formation occurs and the
Syncarpous: In this, the pistils are fused
endosperm becomes cellular.
together. Example: Papaver, Solanum, etc.
Apocarpous: In this, the pistils are free (not 14. (b) (I), (II) and (IV)
fused). Example: Rose, Michelia, etc. Explanation: Pollen grains bring about the
fertilisation and remain viable till they safely
Related Theory land on the stigma. The period for which the
 pollen grains remain viable is highly variable
and depends on the temperature and humidity.
Carpels
Example, pollen grains lose viability within 30
minutes of their release in cereals like rice and
wheat whereas they remain viable for months
in some members of Rosaceae, Leguminosae
and Solanaceae.
16. (a) the flower type which survived is

Cleistogamous and it always exhibits
autogamy.
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021]
. .. .. . . Explanation: Cleistogamous flowers are
.... . . ......
closed flowers (do not open at all) in which
A Multicarpellary Apocarpous Gynoecium of Michelia.
the anthers and stigma lie close to each
other. Example: Viola (common pansy), Oxalis,
3. (b) nectar and pollen grains Mirabilis and Commelina. Cleistogamous
Explanation: Most of the insect-pollinated flowers produce assured seed-set even in the
flowers are large, fragrant, colorful and rich in absence of pollinators.
nectar. Animals like bees, butterflies, etc., are
Due to complete absence of pollination,
attracted to flowers by their colorful petals
and fragrance. To sustain animal visits, flower Cleistogamous flowers are invariably
provides nectar and pollen grains as floral autogamous.
rewards to the animals to sustain their visits. 17. (d) Zostera
Explanation: The aquatic plant having
Related Theory long and ribbon like pollen grains is Zostera
 When the animal visitors come to take the floral (sea grass). In this, female flowers remain
reward, it comes in contact with the anthers and
stigma. The body of the animal gets coated by the
submerged in water and the pollen grains
sticky pollen grains. So, the animal carrying pollen are released inside the water. These pollen
on its body brings about pollination when it comes in grains passively reach some of the stigma and
contact with the stigma. achieve pollination.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 1
Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

27. (c) A is true but R is false. the events like pollen release and stigma
Explanation: In majority of angiosperms, receptivity are not synchronized. In this,
the pollen grains are shed at 2-celled either the pollen is released before the
stage, whereas in the remaining species, stigma becomes receptive (protandry) or
the generative cell of pollen grain divides stigma receptivity is achieved much before
mitotically to form two male gametes before the release of pollen (protogyny).
pollen grains are shed. This stage is called 33. In young anther, the center of each
3-celled stage. microsporangium is occupied by a group of
compactly arranged homogenous cells called
Related Theory sporogenous tissue. Each cell of sporogenous
 A significant distinction between generative and tissue is a potential Pollen Mother Cell (PMC)
vegetative cells is that, during the formation of which undergoes meiotic division to form the
pollen, generative cells produce two sperm cells microspores that arrange themselves in a
whereas vegetative cells produce tube cells. tetrad fashion.
28. (A) The hard outer layer of pollen grains i.e., 35. In water pollinated plants like Vallisneria, the
exine is made up of sporopollenin (one of pollen grains are protected from wetting,
the most resistant organic material) while damage and desiccation by a mucilaginous
the thin inner wall, i.e., intine is made up of covering.
cellulose and pectin.
Related Theory
Related Theory  Vallisneria undergoes water pollination. In this plant,
 Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures, the long stalk of female flower reach the surface
strong acids and alkali. It cannot be degraded by any of water and the male flowers or pollen grains
are released on to the surface of water. The water
known enzyme.
currents carry these pollen grains passively and
29. (A) Out of the eight nuclei, six are surrounded some of them eventually reach the female flowers
by cell walls and are organized into cells. and the stigma.
The three cells that are present towards 39. The anther in angiospermic flowers is bilobed
the micropylar end constitute the egg and each lobe has two theca (dithecous).
apparatus, i.e., two synergids and one egg The theca is separated from the other by a
cell. The other three cells at the chalazal longitudinal groove that runs lengthwise.
end are called as antipodals. There are Meiosis
41. Megaspore mother cell ¾¾¾¾
®
special cellular thickenings of synergids Mitosis Mitosis
at the micropylar tip, which is called as Megaspores ¾¾¾¾ ® Egg ¾¾¾¾ ®
filiform apparatus. The filiform apparatus Embryo sac
play an important role in guiding the pollen 46. The mature pollen grain consists of two cells
tubes into the synergids. The remaining (2-celled stage):
two nuclei called as polar nuclei are Vegetative cell: It is bigger in size and contains
located below the egg apparatus and form abundant food reserve and a large irregularly
the large central cell. Therefore, a typical shaped nucleus.
angiospermic embryo sac, at maturity, Generative cell: It is a small spindle shaped
though 8-nucleate is 7-celled. cell with dense cytoplasm and a nucleus that
floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell.
Related Theory In majority of angiosperms, the pollen grains
 One female gamete is often located within an are shed at this 2-celled stage. Whereas in the
ovule, which is a part of a normal flower. The ovary remaining species the generative cell of pollen
of the flower contains one or more ovules. Usually, grain divides mitotically to form two male
fertilisation takes place inside the ovule. So, this is gametes before pollen grains are shed. This
where the developing embryo will be found. stage is called 3-celled stage.
30. (B) (c) Xenogamy 48. The stalk of the ovule is called funicle. The body
Explanation: Xenogamy or cross of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called
pollination is also termed as allogamy. hilum.
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther 50. In the artificial hybridisation experiments, it
of a flower from one plant to the stigma is important to make sure that only desired
of the flower on another plant is called pollen grains are used for pollination and the
allogamy or xenogamy. stigma is also protected from contamination
(D) (b) self-pollination by unwanted pollens. This is achieved by the
following techniques:
Explanation: In order to discourage
self-pollination, flowering plants has Emasculation: If female parent bears bisexual
developed many devices to encourage flowers, the anthers are removed from the
cross-pollination. One among these is flower bud before they dehisce with the help of
called Dichogamy. In some plant species, forceps.
2 Biology Class XII

Bagging: The technique involves covering of 57. Inside the ovary, an ovarian cavity (locule) is
the emasculated flowers with a bag of suitable present. The placenta is present inside this
size generally made of butter paper. This is ovarian cavity. Megasporangia or ovules
done to prevent contamination of stigma by arise from the placenta. The structure of a
unwanted pollen grain. megasporangium can be described as:
After these two steps, when the bagged flower (1) The ovule is attached to the placenta with
stigma receptivity is attained, the desired the help of a stalk called as funicle. The
pollen grains collected from the male parent region which connects the ovule with the
are dusted on the stigma. The flower is then
funicle is called as hilum (it later becomes a
rebagged and fruits are allowed to develop.
scar on the seed). Thus hilum is the junction
53. (B) between ovule and funicle.
(2) The ovule is covered by one or two
protective envelopes called integuments.
Inside the ovule meiosis and megaspore
formation takes place.
Chalaza
Nucellus Raphe
Integuments
Antipodal
Cells
Central Cells
Embryo Sac Secondary
Longitudinal Section of a Flower Nucleus
Showing Growth of Pollen Tube Egg
(oosphere) Synergids
Vascular
Strand
Funiculus
Micropyle
Diagrammatic View of a Typical Anatropous Ovule
(3) A mass of cells called the nucellus are

enclosed within the integuments. These
cells have abundant reserve food materials.
The integuments cover the nucellus
entirely except at the tip where a small
opening called the micropyle is present.
The end where micropyle is present is
Micropylar End called micropylar end and opposite to it
is the chalaza which represents the basal
55. (A) Exine is the hard outer layer of pollen part of the ovule.
grain, made up of sporopollenin (one of (4) The embryo sac or female gametophyte is
the most resistant organic material). It present in the nucellus. An ovule generally
protects the pollen grain, as it cannot be
has a single embryo sac that develops by
degraded by any acid, alkali, enzyme or
temperature change. Due to the presence meiotic division of megaspore.
of sporopollenin, pollen grains are well 59. (B)
preserved as fossils.
Epidermis
(B) Exine layer has apertures where
Endothecium
sporopollenin is absent. These apertures
are called as germ pores. A germ pore is a Middle layers
place from which the pollen tube emerges Microspore
during germination. mother cells
(C) In pollen banks, pollen grains of a large
number of species are stored in liquid Tapetum
nitrogen (-196°C) for years, which can be
used in plant breeding programmes. This
can save a large number of plant species Enlarged View of Microsporangium
showing four wall layers
from extinction.

The microsporangium is surrounded by four Example: Parthenium (carrot grass) causes
wall layers and their functions are as follows: pollen allergy. It came to India as a
(1) Epidermis: A protective layer. contaminant with imported wheat.
(B) Pollen banks: Pollen grains of a large
(2) Endothecium: Helps in dehiscence of
number of species are stored in liquid
anther.
nitrogen (-196°C) for years, which can be
(3) Middle layers: Degenerate at the used in plant breeding programmes.
time of anther maturity to provide 63. Epidermis
nourishment to the growing
microspore mother cells. Endothecium
(4) Tapetum: It is the innermost wall layer. Middle layers
It performs the function of providing
nourishment to the developing pollen Microspore
grains. It helps in the formation of mother cells
pollen grain wall.
Tapetum
In young anther, the center of each
microsporangium is occupied by
a group of compactly arranged
homogenous cells called sporogenous Enlarged View of one microsporangium
Enlarged view wall
showing of Microsporangium
layers
tissue. showing Wall Layers
Role of Endothecium: Along with the
61. (A) Pollen allergy: Many species of pollen
epidermis and middle layers, endothecium
grains cause allergies and bronchial performs the function of protection. It also
infections leading to chronic respiratory helps in dehiscence of anther to release the
disorders like asthma, bronchitis, etc. pollen.
| THEORY 2 |
3. (d) all of these
7. (b) free nuclear endosperm.
Explanation:
Banana fruit develops from the ovary,
Explanation: The Primary endosperm nucleus
establishing its credentials as a true fruit. undergoes successive nuclear divisions to
Also, the development from ovary into give rise to free nuclei which is called free-
fruit is without fertilisation. This proves its nuclear endosperm. Subsequently, cell
parthenocarpic nature. It is thus, seedless. wall formation occurs and the endosperm
becomes cellular. The number of free nuclei
Related Theory formed before cellularisation varies greatly.

Fruits can be categorized on the basis of their The coconut water is nothing but free-nuclear
formation into three categories: endosperm (made up of thousands of nuclei)
True fruits: These are the fruits that develop from and the surrounding white kernel is the cellular
the ovary of a flower. Example: Mango, tomato, etc. endosperm.
Other parts of the flower degenerate and fall off.
False fruits: These are the fruits that are derived from Related Theory
the ovary along with other accessory floral parts like  Endosperm persists in the mature seed in coconut.
thalamus. Example: Apple, cashew nut, strawberry, 9. (b) before
etc.
Explanation:
Parthenocarpic fruits: These are the fruits that
develop without fertilisation. These fruits are Development of endosperm occurs before
seedless. Example: Banana. The process by which embryo development so that it can provide
fruits develop without fertilisation is called as nourishment to the developing embryo.
Parthenocarpy.
Related Theory
6. (a) perisperm

The process in the development of endosperm
Explanation: involves the following steps:
In some seeds such as black pepper and beet, Repeated divisions of Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)
to form triploid endosperm tissue. The cells of this
remains of nucellus are present which is called tissue are filled with reserve food materials that are
as perisperm. used for the nutrition of the developing embryo.
4 Biology Class XII

The Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) then 25. (B) (b) plumule
undergoes successive nuclear divisions to produce
Explanation: Epicotyl is the portion of
free nuclei. This stage of endosperm development is
termed as free-nuclear endosperm. For example: The embryonal axis that is above the level of
coconut water from tender coconut is free-nuclear cotyledons. It terminates in the plumule or
endosperm (i.e., made up of thousands of nuclei) stem tip.
and the surrounding white kernel in coconut is the

(D) (a) radicle
cellular endosperm.
After this, cell wall formation takes place that makes Explanation: Hypocotyl is the cylindrical
the endosperm cellular. portion below the level of cotyledons. It
13. (c) develop genetic variations terminates in the radical or root tip. The
root tip is covered with a root cap.
Explanation: Researchers, the world over are
trying to transfer apomictic genes to hybrid 26. (A) Seed 1 is closer to least water content on
varieties as hybrid characters in the progeny Day 4. Seed maturity is characterized by
develop genetic variations. Due to this, plant the following:
breeders can produce new varieties of seeds (1) Reduction in the water content of seeds
more quickly and more easily. and they become relatively dry (10-15
percent moisture by mass).
15. (c) strawberry
(2) The metabolic activity of the embryo
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] slows down.
Explanation: In most plants, by the time the (3) Either the embryo enters a state of
fruit develops from the ovary, other floral parts inactivity called dormancy, or they
degenerate and fall off. germinate if favourable conditions
In a few species such as apple, strawberry, like adequate moisture, oxygen and
cashew, etc., the thalamus also contributes suitable temperature are available.
to fruit formation. Such fruits are called false (C) Lupinus articus (lupine) of Arctic Tundra
fruits. has produced the oldest viable seed.
The seed germinated and flowered after
Thalamus remaining dormant for 10,000 years.
Another example is of date palm Phoenix
Achene
dactylifera found at King Herod's palace
near the Dead Sea, in which the seed
remained viable for about 2000 years.
27. (A) (b) ovary
Explanation: Tomato is a true fruit. True
fruits are developed from the ovary of a
flower. Example: Mango, tomato, etc. Other
False Fruit: Strawberry parts of the flower degenerate and fall off.
(C) (d) All of these
Related Theory
Explanation: Pineapples, bananas, figs are
 Artificial hybridization programme is one of major
examples of parthenocarpic fruits. They can
approaches of crop improvement. During this
technique, only desired pollen grains are used for
develop without fertilisation. The process by
pollination and fertilisation. Emasculation is done which fruits develop without fertilisation is
in bisexual flowers so that to avoid the unwanted called as parthenocarpy. This process can
pollination and fertilisation. If the flower is dioecious, also be induced by the application of growth
then only bagging, collection of desired pollen grains hormones.
and dusting of pollen grains on stigma are done. The
process of emasculation is not carried out. 29. The two seeds are:
21. (c) A is true but R is false. (1) Groundnut
Explanation: Hypocotyl is the cylindrical (2) Pea
portion below the level of cotyledons. It
terminates in the radical or root tip. The root tip Related Theory
is covered with a root cap.  In order to assure complete development of the
embryo, the endosperm is fully consumed in case of
groundnut, pea, and beans. These seeds are known as
Related Theory
non-albuminous or ex-albuminous seeds.
 Epicotyl: is the portion of embryonal axis that is
above the level of cotyledons. It terminates in the 32. After fertilisation, ovary of pistil develops into
plumule or stem tip. fruit and ovules develop into seeds.

39. Polyembryony is a phenomenon to develop two
Related Theory or more embryos by a single fertilised egg. It is
 Pistil is the female reproductive organ of a flower. A a common phenomenon in many plant species
pistil has three parts, stigma, style and ovary. Ovary like Citrus and Mango and plays a main role in
contains ovules, which contain an egg. plant breeding and horticulture.
33. Synergid cells are haploid (n). Therefore, The plantlets obtained from these embryos
an embryo formed from a synergid will be are disease-free and has more vigour.
haploid. Nucellus is diploid structure; therefore, Polyembryony can be commercially exploited
an embryo formed from a nucellus will be by producing seeds of hybrid varieties at lower
cost. Hybrid varieties of several crops are
diploid.
being extensively cultivated and these hybrid
cultivars possess high productivity.
Related Theory
41. After first generation of sowing, hybrid plants
 The presence of more than one embryo in a seed is
called polyembryony. Examples: Lemon, groundnut,
lose their characteristic property and do not
etc. It plays an important role in plant breeding and maintain the hybrid nature. The hybrid traits
in the progeny will segregate and will not
horticulture.
maintain the hybrid characters. Thus, the
35. Coleorhiza serves as a protective covering. It hybrid seeds have to be produced year after
covers the embryonic root in grasses. year.
............................ Scutellum 44. Seed maturity is characterised by the

............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................ following:
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................ (1) Reduction in the water content of seeds
............................
............................
............................
............................ Coleoptile
............................
............................
............................
............................ and they become relatively dry (10-15
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
Shoot apex percent moisture by mass).
............................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
........................... Epiblast
(2) The metabolic activity of the embryo slows
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
........................... down.
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
........................... (3) Either the embryo enters a state of
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
........................... Radicle inactivity called dormancy, or they
...........................
Root cap germinate if favourable conditions like
Coleorhiza
adequate moisture, oxygen and suitable
L.S. of an Embryo of Grass temperature are available.
38. The tender coconut water from tender coconut 48. Seeds are advantageous to plants in many
is free-nuclear endosperm (i.e., made up of ways:
thousands of nuclei) and the thick white kernel
(1) Until the young seedlings become capable
of a mature coconut is the cellular endosperm. of photosynthesis on their own, they are
Both of them are triploid in nature. nourished by the rich food reserves of the
Explanation: Development of endosperm seed.
occurs before embryo development so that (2) The young embryo is protected by the hard
it can provide nourishment to the developing seed coat.
embryo.
(3) As the seeds are the products of sexual
Repeated divisions of Primary Endosperm Cell reproduction, they serve as the source
(PEC) take place to form triploid endosperm of new genetic combinations leading to
tissue. variations.
The Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) then (4) Seed is the basis of our agriculture. They
undergoes successive nuclear divisions to ensure food security for the masses.
produce free nuclei. This stage of endosperm
(5) Seeds can be stored for longer duration
development is termed as free-nuclear due to dehydration and dormancy of
endosperm as there is no cell wall formation. mature seeds. Thus, the seeds can be used
For example: The tender coconut water from as food throughout the year and also can
tender coconut is free-nuclear endosperm be used to raise crops in the next season.
(i.e., made up of thousands of nuclei) and the Example: Lupinus arcticus (lupine) of Arctic
surrounding white kernel in coconut is the Tundra is the oldest viable seed found.
cellular endosperm. The seed germinated and flowered after
After this, cell wall formation takes place that remaining dormant for about 10,000
makes the endosperm cellular. years. Another example is of date palm
6 Biology Class XII

(Phoenix dactylifera) found at King Herod's 53. (A) The given occurrence can be
palace near the Dead Sea, in which the attributed to Polyembryony. It is
seed remain viable for 2000 years. the phenomenon of occurrence of
(6) For dispersal to new habitats, the seeds more than one embryo in a seed.
have better adaptive strategies and they In plant varieties like Citrus and Mango,
help the species to colonise in other areas. some of the nucellar cells surrounding the
50. The final product of sexual reproduction in embryo sac start dividing; as a result, they
flowering plants is seed. It is the fertilised ovule protrude into the embryo sac and finally
and formed inside the fruits. develop into embryos. In them, each ovule
A typical seed consists of: contains many embryos. Hence, when a
(1) Seed coat: It is usually double layered, seed of an orange is squeezed, we find
covered by two integuments. The outer many embryos.
integument forms the outer seed coat or (B) These embryos are genetically similar, as
testa and the inner integument forms the produced from nucellar cells by mitotic
inner seed coat or tegmen. division or formed without fertilisation.
(2) Cotyledons: These are simple structures
54. (A) Endosperm serves as a nutrient provider
that are thick and swollen because of the
food reserves in them. They are usually 1 for the developing embryo as well as the
or 2 in number. young seedling during seed development
(3) An embryonal axis. and seed germination respectively.
(4) Micropyle in a seed remains as a small (B) Groundnut seeds primarily store all
opening in the seed coat that facilitates the their food materials in cotyledons and
inflow of water and oxygen in the seeds the endosperm is completely utilised
during seed germination. in the course of developing embryo.
Whereas, castor seeds have large amount
Related Theory of endosperm tissue to provide for the

There are two types of seeds: embryo in development phase.
Monocotyledonous seeds
(C) Micropyle in a seed remains as a small
Dicotyledonous seeds
Monocotyledonous Seeds: These comprise a single
opening in the seed coat and serves an
cotyledon emerging from the seeds on germination. important function of facilitating oxygen
For e.g., rice and water entry into the seed during
Dicotyledonous Seeds: These comprise two germination.
cotyledons emerging from the seeds on germination.
(D) The given events are indicators of seed
For e.g., tomato
achieving maturity in order to remain
51. (D) Since each pollen grain releases 2 male viable for a long period of time during
gametes, total male gametes produced dormancy period.
would have been 200 x 2 = 400.
(E) Apple, Cashew develops from the
(E) Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis
to produce 4 haploid megaspores and contribution of thalamus along with the
only one of them is functional and all the ovary and hence, are not called true fruits,
others degenerate. Hence, total Megaspore
rather they are called false fruits.
mother cells = 200.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
4. (d) spermiogenesis gamete in ovaries is called Oogenesis. It also
Explanation: Spermiogenesis is the process involves meiotic cell divisions to form Ovum.
of transformation of haploid spermatids into
Embryogenesis basically categorises
sperms/spermatozoa through differentiation. the events that occur during the growth/
There is no cell division involved in it. development of an embryo. It does involve a
Spermatogenesis is the process of production series of cell divisions as well.
of haploid Sperms from diploid spermatogonia 9. (c) FSH, estrogen, progesterone.
(Immature male germ cells) in the Seminiferous
tubules of the testis. Meiotic, mitotic cell
divisions are involved in it. Explanation: The process of menstraction
involves the following events (shown below)
The process of formation of a mature female
coupled by the release of certain hormones:
Menstrual Proliferative Ovulatory Luteal

Phase Phase Phase Phase
Results due to breakdown Primary Follicle → Graa- Graafian Follicle Ruptures, Ruptured follicle
of endometrial lining fian Follicle Releasing Ovum changes to Corpus
of uterus and its blood Luteum.
vessles.
Menstrual flow Endometrial Rapid secretion of LH Endometrial mainte-
regeneration leads to the rupture of nance for implantation
Graafian follicle. of fertilised ovum.
Lasts for 3-5 days. Lasts for 10-14 days. Lasts for 30-48 hours. Lasts for 10-14 days.
Reduced secretion of LH, Increased secretion of FSH and LH levels reach Corpus Luteum secretes
Progesterone Oestrogen. FSH, LH by anterior pitu- highest in middle of the large amount of Proges-
itary leads to increase in cycle. terone for endometrium
oestrogen secretion by maintenance.
follicles.
LH-Luteinizing Hormone, FSH-Follicle Stimulating Hormone
12. (b) Sertoli cells
Explanation: During the process of spermi-
Related Theory
ogenesis, four haploid spermatids undergo  The penis, scrotum, testicles, epididymis, vas
differentiation to form spermatozoa. After deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles are all parts
this process, their heads get embedded in the of the male reproductive system. The urinary system
Sertoli cells. They further undergo spermiation includes the penis and urethra.
to be released from the seminiferous tubules.
19. (b) (I) Mammary ampulla, (II) Lactiferous duct
15. (c) W- Vas deferens, X- Seminal vesicle,
Y- Urethra, Z- Prostate gland Explanation: Glandular tissue of each breast
Explanation: Vas deferens and urethra are the is divided into mammary lobes which contain
male accessory ducts. The main function of Vas alveoli clusters. Alveolar cells secrete milk which
deferens is to carry the sperms from epididymis is stored in alveolar lumen (cavity). Alveoli open
to urethra. Accessory reproductive glands such into mammary tubules, which further join to
as seminal vesicle pour its secretion into it form a mammary duct. Mammary ducts join
and join to form ejaculatory duct. Secretion of
prostate gland helps in neutralizing the acidic to form a wider mammary ampulla which is
medium of vagina which makes the sperms connected to a lactiferous duct through which
more active to swim. the milk is sucked out.
8 Biology Class XII

29. (A) Tunica albuginea is the outermost covering
Related Theory of the testis.
 During reproductive development or function, the
(B) Urethral meatus is the external opening of
levels of the reproductive hormones estrogen,
progesterone, placental lactogen, prolactin, and urethra. It is the point from which urine as
oxytocin vary and act directly on the mammary well as sperms exits the urinary bladder.
gland to affect developmental changes or coordinate 31. When the primary oocyte completes its
milk production for the offspring. meiotic division, it produces two daughter
22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct nuclei, a secondary oocyte and the first polar
explanation of A. body.
Explanation: Testes are present outside the
abdominal cavity in a bag like structure called Related Theory
scrotum which keeps the temperature of the  The meiotic division to form these structures is an
unequal division where most of the cytoplasm is
testes about 2-2.5°C lower than the internal
retained by the secondary oocyte and a tiny polar
body temperature. This is essential for the body is formed. This will contribute to nutrient
production of sperms or spermatogenesis. provisions for the developing embryo in the future.
24. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct 34. Isthmus-Ampullary junction is the place in the
explanation of A. fallopian tube or oviduct of the female where
Explanation: In the fallopian tube, fimbriae the fertilisation or the fusion of sperm and
are the motile, finger like projections that are ovum takes place.
present on the edges of the Infundibulum. They
perform the task of collecting the ovum after Related Theory
ovulation.  The ovum is fertilised at the ampullary-isthmic
junction. The ovum and sperm must be delivered
25. (B) Cervical canal, Vagina concurrently to the ampullary-isthmic junction of
The uterus opens into the vagina through a the fallopian tube for fertilisation to take place. The
narrow cervix. The cervical cavity is called oviduct or fallopian tube's ampullary area is where
cervical canal which along with vagina fertilisation occurs.
forms the birth canal, Isthmus and ampulla 35. Sertoli cells nourish the germ cells in testes.
are the parts of oviduct. They are present on the inner lining of
26. (A) (b) Report 1,2 seminiferous tubules (Germinal epithelium).
Explanation: Each Testis has about 250 37.
compartments called Testicular lobules. So, Seminiferous →
rete testis → Vasa efferentia
Report 1, 2 is correct. In report 3, the data tubules
→
is showing them to be near 195 and that
can’t be correct. Urethra → Vas deferens → epididymis

(B) (a) glans penis Explanation: The sperms flow through
Explanation: The thickened, distal end of the aforementioned path, starting from
penis is soft and highly sensitive and called seminiferous tubules and reaches the urethra
as Glans penis. It is covered with the loose after flowing through the rete testis, Vasa
foreskin. efferentia, Epididymis, Vas deferens and Urethra.
On the other hand, tunica albuginea is the
outermost covering of the testis. Urethra Related Theory
originates from urinary bladder and
extends through the penis to its external  Seminiferous Tubules
opening called urethral meatus. Testicular Male Sex
lobules are the compartments in testes. Accessory Duct Rete Testis
27. (A) (c) luteinizing hormone Male Sex

Vasa Efferentia
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] Accessory Duct
Explanation: The given diagram explains Male Sex

Epididymis Path Of
Accessory Duct
the peak of luteinising hormone and the Sperm
events leading to it. Male Sex
Transport
Vas Deferens

(D) (a) Corpus Luteum Accessory Duct

Stores/Transports Ejaculatory Duct
Explanation: The ruptured follicle will change Sperms From
to the corpus luteum during the luteal phase. Testis To Outside
Urethra
As per the events that occur during
menstruation, large amount of progesterone is External Opening Of
Urethral Meatus
Urethra
secreted by corpus luteum during luteal phase.
Human Reproduction 9

Caution type of connective tissue which contains blood
Vas deferens and Vasa efferentia are sometimes
vessels and mature follicles. Ovarian stroma is

used interchangeably due to similarity in their word divided into:
structure. But both of them are present at different (1) Peripheral cortex.
places in the male reproductive system and facilitate
(2) Inner medulla
sperm transport.
53. (B)
39. The secondary follicle in the human ovary
Secondary
changes into the tertiary follicle with the follicle
appearance of a fluid filled cavity called Primary Tertiary follicle
antrum. follicle Showing antrum
Blood
At this stage, primary oocyte present within vessels Graafian
the tertiary follicle undergoes meiosis to form follicle
large secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar
body.
Related Theory
 Tertiary follicle changes into mature graafian follicle.
The graafian follicle ruptures to release secondary
oocyte (ovum) by ovulation.
43. Seminal plasma has following components: Ovum
(1) Secretions of accessory sex glands
(Bulbourethral, Prostate, Seminal vesicles). Corpus luteum
(2) Fructose 54. (B) Ovarian hormone: Oestrogen,
(3) Calcium Pituitary hormone: Luteinising hormone
and Follicle stimulating hormone caused
Related Theory the mentioned event.
 There are three main accessory sex glands in males:
(C) In anticipation of receiving the fertilised
Prostate: Its milky secretion contains citric acid, lipids, egg, the endometrial lining of the uterus
enzymes.
gets thickened, blood supply to it increases.
Bulbourethral: Its secretion provides penis lubrication.
Seminal vesicles: Its secretion contains fructose
(E)
which is essential for providing energy to the sperms.
Corona radiata
47. (A) The hormone that helps in the growth
of primary follicle 'X' Tertiary follicle ‘Y’
Graafian follicle ‘Z’ is called the Follicle Cytoplasm
stimulating hormone. It is released by
Nucleus
anterior pituitary.
(B) Estrogen is secreted by ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
Zona pellucida
(C) ‘W’ is Corpus luteum. It secretes
Progesterone. This hormone helps in the
maintenance of uterine endometrium.
49. (A) It is the follicular phase in which the levels
of LH (Luteinising hormone) and FSH
55. Oogenesis Spermatogenesis
(Follicle stimulating hormone) increase
(Meiotic Division) (Meiotic Division)
gradually and stimulates follicular
development. Growing follicles secrete Unequal divisions. Four equal sized cells
oestrogen. (The polar bodies are produced after two
(B) It is the ovulatory phase, governed by the formed in the meiotic divisions.
high LH and FSH levels. It induces rupture meiotic divisions
of graafian follicle and thereby the release of oocytes are
of ovum. quite small as
(C) This is luteal phase. Here, ruptured follicle compared to the
changes to the corpus luteum and it other cell ovum.
secretes progesterone for endometrial
maintenance. Corpus luteum degenerates Menstrual cycle, The number of sperm
in absence of fertilisation leading to happening every cells formed runs into
menstrual flow. month results in millions at a time.
50. Ovaries are covered by a thin epithelium the release of a
enclosing the Ovarian stroma. It is a unique single ovum.
10 Biology Class XII

This is ensured (1) Unequal cell divisions of the oocyte lead
through multiplication to retention of most of the cytoplasm
of spermatogonia in the, ovum and a minuscule amount
going to the first and second polar bodies.
through mitosis which
This is done to provide nourishment
undergo subsequent to the developing embryo in case of
meiotic divisions and fertilisation.
differentiation to
produce spermatozoa. (2) The male forms millions of sperms at a
time while female makes only one egg
Meiotic division during oogenesis is different per month. This is the way of conserving
from that in spermatogenesis as: energy.
| THEORY 2 |
2. (d) activate smooth muscles.
Explanation: Activation of the smooth muscles
will help in making the process faster and will
ensure proper delivery of the foetus. endometrium
3. (b) 30 days of pregnancy Inner cell mass
(embryoblast)
Explanation: Gestation is the duration for
trophoblast
which the embryo remains in the uterus (i.e.
from last day of menstruation till the delivery blastocyst cavity
(blastocoele)
of the embryo). In humans, this period lasts
for 280 days or 9 months. The first sign of
growing fetus is heartbeat of the baby. In the 13. (a) (I) and (IV)
case of humans, after the one month of the [CBSE Marking Scheme Term-1 SQP 2021]
pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is developed. Explanation: Placenta is an endocrine tissue
which produces following hormones:
Related Theory (1) hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin).
 The end of second month of pregnancy (i.e., 60 days) (2) hPL (human Placental Lactogen)
is marked by the development of limbs and digits of
(3) Estrogen
the foetus.
(4) Progestogens
6. (b) chorionic villi and uterine tissue (5) Relaxin (Placenta secretes relaxin during
Explanation: Placenta is a structural and later stage of pregnancy.)
functional unit between foetus and maternal
body. It is formed after implantation due to
Related Theory
 Placenta is a structural and functional unit formed
interlocking of chorionic villi and uterine tissue. due to interlocking of Chorionic Villi and Uterine
Tissue between Foetus and Maternal Body.
8. (a) Uterine tissue and maternal blood.
17. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Post implantation, finger like
Explanation: During fertilisation, a sperm
projections called chorionic villi emerge on the
comes in contact with the zona pellucida of the
trophoblast which are surrounded by uterine ovum and induces changes in the membrane,
tissue and maternal blood. which blocks the entry of any other sperms,
12. (b) Blastocyst ensuring that only one sperm fertilises an
ovum.
Explanation: Blastocyst/Blastula is the
Whereas, polyembryony is the rare
embryonic stage that gets implanted in the phenomenon in which more than one embryo
uterine wall of a human female. develop from a single fertlised egg.
Related Theory Explanation: Stem cells have the potential to
 Diagram showing implantation of Blastocyst with give rise to all tissues and organs in the body.
the endometrium wall of uterus: Inner cell mass contains the stem cells.
Human Reproduction 11

20. (C) (b) Zona Pellucida depending of what was carried by the
Explanation: Sperms induce changes in sperm i.e., X or Y.
Zona Pellucida of the ovum to block the (4) The zygote carrying XX would develop into
entry of any other sperm, ensuring that a female while the one carrying XY would
only one sperm fertilises an ovum. This develop into a male.
mechanism prevents Polyspermy.
40. (1) Fertilisation: A process of the fusion of

(E) (c) Inner Cell Mass
sperm and ovum.
Explanation: The blastomeres in
During coitus, sperms move through cervix
blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer
to reach the isthmus-ampullary junction of
called trophoblast. An inner group of cells the fallopian tube.
attached to trophoblast is called the inner
Ovum also reaches there and if both,
cell mass. Trophoblast attaches to the
sperm and ovum reach simultaneously,
endometrium and the inner cell mass gets
fertilisation takes place.
differentiated into embryo.
Sperms induce changes in zona pellucida
22. (A) S4. Colostrum contains high concentration of the ovum to block the entry of any
of IgA antibodies to ensure passive other sperm, ensuring that only one sperm
immunity in the children who feeds on the fertilises an ovum.
mother's milk during the lactation period.
Secretions from acrosome of the sperm
Since S4 is displaying a considerable
help it to enter ovum cytoplasm.
concentration of lgA antibodies, it should
be a colostrum sample. It also marks completion of the meiotic
division of the secondary oocyte to form a
25. In humans, normal pregnancy period lasts for haploid ovum (ootid).
9 months before the delivery of the foetus. It is
Haploid nucleus of sperm and haploid
known as Gestation period.
nucleus of ovum fuse to form a diploid
26. (A) hCG- human Chorionic Gonadotropin zygote.
(B) hPL- human Placental Lactogen (2) Implantation: It is the process which leads
to pregnancy as the blastocyst becomes
Related Theory embedded in the endometrium of the
 Both of these hormones are released by the placenta uterus.
only during the pregnancy. The development of embryo from fertilised
29. Umbilical cord is responsible for transport of ovum (zygote) involves the following
nutrients to the foetus from the mother and events:
wastes from the foetus to the mother. Mitotic divisions called cleavage take
31. place within zygote as it moves through
Gametogenesis Insemination Fertilisation the isthmus of fallopian tube towards the
uterus.
Cleavage leads to formation of 2, 4, 8, 16
Parturition Gestation Implantation daughter cells called blastomeres.
39. Sex determination in humans takes place as The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is
per following steps: called morula which divides further to form
blastocyst, moving further into the uterus.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal Pattern In a blastocyst, the blastomeres are
Male Female arranged into an outer layer called
trophoblast and an inner group of cells
XY XX
attached to the trophoblast called the
inner cell mass.
X Or Y Gametes Produced X The trophoblast layer gets attached to
1. All the haploid gametes produced by the female have the endometrium and inner cell mass gets
(1) chromosome
All the haploid gametes produced by the
the sex X. differentiated into the embryo.
female have the sex chromosome X.
2. The haploid gametes produced by the male have the Finally, the uterine cells divide rapidly and
(2) The haploid
X or Y. gametes produced by the
sex chromosome the blastocyst gets covered by them. As a
male have the sex chromosome X or Y. result, the blastocyst becomes embedded
3. After the fusion of gametes during zygote formation,
(3) After
The zygote canthe fusion
carry XX or of gametes during
XY depending on whatzygote
was into the uterus (implantation), causing
formation,
carried by the spermThe
i.e., Xzygote
or Y. can carry XX to by pregnancy.
4. The zygote carrying XX would develop into a female
while the one carrying XY would develop into a male.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
3. (b) decrease the movement of the sperms. Condoms are made up of thin rubber or latex
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] sheath and act as barriers that are used to
Explanation: Sperm motility and fertilising cover the penis in the male.
capacity of sperms is suppressed by Cu ions 17. (c) A is true but R is false.
released by IUDs. Explanation: Lactational Amenorrhea refers
7. (c) LNG-20 to the absence of menstruation. The basis of
this method lies on the fact that ovulation and
Explanation: LNG-20 is hormone releasing
subsequently the menstrual cycle do not occur
IUD which makes the uterus unsuitable for
during the period of intense lactation following
implantation and the cervix hostile to the
parturition. The chances of conception are
sperms.
almost nil, till the time mother breast-feeds
the child fully.
Related Theory
This method has no relation whatsoever with
 IUDs are considered as ideal contraceptives for the phagocytosis of sperms.
females to delay pregnancy and/or space children.
In India, it is one of most widely accepted methods 20. (c) A is true but R is false.
of contraception. These are also available as non- [CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021]
medicated IUDs (e.g., Lippes loop), copper releasing Explanation: Surgical methods involve blocking
IUDs (Cu7, CuT, Multiload-375).
of the gamete transport and thus preventing
11. (c) Administration of Estrogen / Progestogen- conception with the help of a surgical
Estrogen combination intervention. It is a non-reversible permanent
Explanation: The surgical methods of method to prevent any more pregnancies.
contraception involve surgical interventions.
They do not involve any hormonal Related Theory
administration. These methods are also  An orchiectomy is surgery done to remove one or
known by another name called sterilisation. both of testicles. It is commonly performed to treat
It is a poorly -reversible permanent method or prevent prostate cancer from spreading. Whereas,
an oophorectomy is a surgical procedure to remove
to prevent any more pregnancies. It involves
one or both of ovaries.
blocking of the gamete transport and thus
preventing conception with the help of a 22. (A) (a) Natural /Traditional methods
surgical intervention. It should be done under Explanation: The principle on which
the guidance of qualified medical professionals. the natural/traditional methods work is
It is available in the form of vasectomy in men avoiding chances of ovum and sperms
and tubectomy in women. meeting. These methods of contraception
do not affect the sperm motility or
Related Theory fertilising capacity in any major way and
 Both vasectomy and tubectomy are permanent they also have a high failure rate. Hence,
methods of contraception. These are also referred we can see that the individual A has
to as sterilisation processes. In order to prevent demonstrated no major decline in any of
subsequent pregnancies, these therapies are these two factors.
typically only suggested as a last resort to the male
or female companion. It prevents gamete transit,
Some other factors like nutrition, medical/
which interferes with conception. chemical stimulation might also be
responsible for increased sperm motility
12. (a) (I) and (III)
and fertilising capacity in individual A.
Explanation: Vasectomy and Condoms are

(B) (d) all of these
used as male contraceptives. Permanent
sterilisation method in males is termed as Explanation: Oral pills prevent conception
vasectomy. Here, a small part of the vas by inhibiting ovulation and implantation.
deferens is removed or tied up through a small They also alter the quality of cervical
cut on the scrotum. mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
Reproductive Health 13

Explanation: These oral pills have to be taken
Related Theory for a period of 21 days daily and have to be
 Pills are the reliable and secure way of birth control. started preferably within the first five days of
Most users of the Pill experience no or very little side menstrual cycle.
effects. The same dosage pattern has to be
23. (A) MTP is misused the most in some regions repeated after a gap of 7 days (during which
of India for illegal termination of the girl menstruation occurs) till the female desires to
child although it invites severe punishment. prevent conception.
but many individuals do it for financial 29. They are:
gains. (1) Condoms: It has a private application. No
It's also sometimes utilised in case of interference of any medical personnel.
severe genetic abnormality in the foetus (2) Oral contraceptive pills: They also have
and in case of life threatening maternal a private usage procedure. There is no
health complications. interference or medical interventions
needed to take them.
24. (A) (b) Growing
Explanation: Natality and Immigration are Related Theory
the two factors that are responsible for  Condom has an additional advantage of protecting
increase in population, whereas Mortality the user from contracting STIs and AIDS, because of
and Emigration are the two factors that which the use of condoms has increased in recent
years.
are responsible for decrease in population.
Moreover, both male and female condoms are
Since in the given graph, the rate of
disposable and can be self-inserted, thus impart
immigration and the birth rate are far privacy to the user.
greater in comparison to the emigration
33. Positive application of amniocentesis:
and mortality rates, thus the population is
Prenatal diagnosis of any genetic disorder or
growing. chromosomal aberration in the foetus. The
technique is also used to determine whether
Related Theory the foetus will survive or not.
 Reasons for population explosion are: Negative application of amniocentesis:
(1) A rapid decline in death rate that includes Determination of gender of the foetus.
decline in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Therefore, this results in killing of the female
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). foetus (female foeticide) in some countries/
(2) Rise in the number of people in reproducible age. regions after knowing the sex of the developing
(3) Increase in birth rate as well as increase in life foetus.
expectancy.
Related Theory

(C) (d) all of these  In the technique of amniocentesis, a small sample
Explanation: Birth control methods or of amniotic fluid of the developing foetus is taken
contraceptive methods are used to prevent out and the foetal cells are analyzed for any kind of
genetic abnormalities.
unwanted pregnancies by interfering
with the normal process of ovulation,  As through this technique, sex of the foetus can also
be determined. This technique is being misused for
fertilisation and implantation. sex determination.
Related Theory 35. For the following reproduction-related aspects,

counselling should be provided at the school
 Usage of birth control methods helps to control the level:
population growth rate. Therefore, government of
India has taken step to motivate smaller families (1) Provide right information on the sex
through advertisements in the media as well education to the children to discourage them
as through posters/bills, etc. to promote the use from believing in myths and misconceptions
of various birth control methods (contraceptive about sex-related aspects.
methods). (2) Proper information about reproductive
organs, adolescence and related changes,
25. (C) Yes, both the vasectomy and tubectomy
safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually
are poorly reversible techniques. These
transmitted diseases (STDs), AIDS etc.
can be surely reversed but the procedure is
(3) Awareness of problems due to uncontrolled
full of complications and the result are not
population growth, social evils like drug
always in the favor of reversibility. abuse, sex-abuse and sex-related crimes,
27. Yes, the chances of conception are there, but if etc.
she started to take the pills within first five-six (4) They would aware children especially
days of the menstrual cycle, conception can be those in the adolescent age group to lead a
prevented. reproductively healthy life.

38. Reasons for rise in population: (4) Reversible with no or least side-effects
(1) The significant improvement in the (5) Should not interfere with the sexual
quality of life of the people which include drive, desire and/or sexual act of the
increased health facilities along with better user.
living conditions. (B) Copper releasing IUDs: Examples: CuT, Cu7,
(2) A rapid decline in death rate that includes and Multiload 375.
decline in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) 48. She can opt for an Intra uterine device. IUDs are
and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) considered as ideal contraceptives for females
Steps taken by the government to check to delay pregnancy and/or space children.
population explosion: In India, it is one of most widely accepted
(1) Motivating smaller families through methods of contraception. These devices are
advertisements in the media as well as inserted in the uterus of females through
through posters/bills, etc. to promote vagina by doctors or expert nurses.
the use of various birth control methods These devices are of the following types:
(contraceptive methods). (1) Non-medicated IUDs: example: Lippes loop.
(2) Raising of marriageable age of females to (2) Copper releasing IUDs: examples: CuT, Cu7,
18 and males to 21 years. Multiload 375.
(3) Hormone releasing IUDs: examples:
Related Theory Progestasert, LNG-20, Mirena.
 In 1900 the world population was around 2 billion
(2000million) and this has remarkably increased to
52. (A) Oral contraceptives
about 6 billion in 2000 and 7.2 billion in 2011. Merits:
Consequences of overpopulation: (1) Oral contraceptive pills have lesser side
The population growth rate was less than 2 per cent, effects.
i.e., 20/1000/year, according to the 2011 census (2) They can be taken in private
report. This is the rate at which our population could environment without the need for any
increase at an alarming rate. This value shows that medical expert.
population is increasing at an alarming rate.
(3) The method is easily reversible. One
(1) Scarcity of food shelter and clothing: Due to rapid
increase in population, the rate of production of
just needs to stop taking the pills.
food does not increase in the similar fashion, and Demerits:
ultimately it leads to shortage of food. (1) They need to be taken for a period of
(2) Increase in poverty: This is due to increase in the 21 days daily and have to be started
number of family members and less income. preferably within the first five days
(3) Unemployment: With increase in population job of menstrual cycle. The same dosage
opportunities have to be increased. If this does pattern has to be repeated after a gap
not happen it will lead to unemployment. of 7 days (during which menstruation
(4) Insufficient funds with government to provide occurs) till the female desires to
proper education to all. prevent conception. If not taken the pill
39. Cu-T provides a voluntary window to space on right days, can lead to conception in
children. The female can get it inserted in her case of coitus.
reproductive tract by a medical professional (2) They do have less but significant side
and keep it till she does not want to conceive. It effects, if taken for a longer period.
can be easily removed at the will of the user in Surgical methods
case she decides to conceive in the future. Merits:
Cu-T suppresses sperm motility and increase (1) They block gametic transport and
sperm phagocytosis by releasing Cu ions. hence are very dependable.
42. Emergency contraceptives are those which are (2) Almost 100 percent success rate in
taken within 72 hours of coitus. preventing conception.
In this class of contraceptives, progestogens Demerits:
or progestogen-estrogen combinations are
(1) Require a medical professional and
grouped as they are effective within the
hence lesser privacy to the users.
aforementioned time period. They can be
utilised to avoid pregnancy in case of rape or (2) Poorly reversible.
casual unprotected intercourse. (3) Needs to be performed in sterilised
conditions in order to prevent infections
46. (A) The characteristics of an ideal
or fatalities.
contraceptive are:
(1) Easily available (B) Mode of action of IUDs:
(2) User-friendly (1) They increase the phagocytosis of
(3) Effective sperms.

(2) Sperm motility and fertilising capacity infertility, etc. should be answered in order
of sperms is suppressed by Cu ions to assist them in planning their life properly
released by IUDs. with respect to reproductive contexts.
(3) Uterus is made unsuitable for (2) Unprotected coitus can lead to Sexually
implantation and the cervix hostile to Transmitted Diseases. The students need
the sperms by the hormone releasing proper guidance in this area too.
IUDs. (3) A major hindrance in forming a
53. These are the four arguments that justify reproductively healthy society is
the topic ‘Reproductive Health Problems and overpopulation. They need to be made
Practices’ is very essential and timely: aware of the consequences of having more
(1) Most students attain puberty during their children and the kind of pressure it puts on
school years. The reproductive changes in personal and public resources.
their body leave them with many questions.
They need proper educational guidance to (4) They also need to be made aware of social
understand these changes. Their questions issues like selective abortions in case of a
related to coitus, pregnancy, contraception, girl child in some societies across the world.
| THEORY 2 |
4. (b) secondary infertility from a donor female is transferred into the
Explanation: Secondary infertility refers to fallopian tube of another female who cannot
the type of infertility in which the couple have produce the ovum, but can provide a suitable
previously conceived (either carried pregnancy environment for fertilisation and further
to full term or had a miscarriage), but are no development.
longer able to conceive.
Related Theory Explanation: IVF or in vitro fertilisation is the

Causes of Secondary Infertility technique, which is popularly known as Test
• Advanced maternal age (age 35 and older) Tube Baby Programme. In this technique, the
• Impaired sperm production or low-sperm count. process of fertilisation is carried out outside the
• Damaged fallopian tubes. body of the female by providing the conditions
• Endometriosis.
similar to the body. It is followed by embryo
• Uterine conditions.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome. transfer (ET) in which the embryo is placed
inside the uterus to initiate the pregnancy.
8. (d) all of these
Explanation: Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection Related Theory
(ICSI) is a specialized procedure carried out in
laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected
 In in vivo fertilisation, the fusion of male and female
gametes takes place within the female body. This
with the help of a micro needle into the ovum
is done for the females who have problems in
to form an embryo.
conceiving.
It is beneficial for males with low sperm count
(oligospermia, oligozoospermia), or in case of 18. (B) In-vivo fertilisation
absence of sperm production (azoospermia). Explanation: In in vivo fertilisation, the
fusion of male and female gametes takes
10. (d) All of these
place within the female body. This is done
Explanation: Bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
for the females who have problems in
causes Gonorrhoea.
conceiving.
Treponema pallidum causes Syphilis.
Here, the developing embryo is implanted
Chlamydia trachomatis causes Chlamydia. in the uterus of another female. The female
who carries the developing embryo in
Related Theory place of the real mother is called surrogate
 The aforementioned diseases are Sexually mother.
transmitted diseases or infections, which can
be defined as the diseases or infections that are 19. (A) (d) Vitiligo
transmitted through sexual intercourse. Explanation: Late detection of STDs
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct can lead to complications like pelvic
explanation of A. inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions,
Explanation: Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility or
(GIFT) technique in which the ovum collected even cancer of the reproductive tract.

Vitiligo is caused by the lack of melanin body temperature (37 ºC). In order to get away
pigment in the skin. Melanin is produced by from the higher temperature of body, the testis
skin cells called melanocytes. This pigment descends into the scrotum. But males in whom
imparts colour to the skin. In this disease, testis fails to descend to the scrotum remain
there are not enough working melanocytes infertile as the sperms cannot produce at the
to produce enough melanin in the skin. It higher temperature.
is not a consequence of late detection of
STD/STI. Related Theory
20. (C) ICSI: Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection.  Scrotum is a pouch of deeply pigmented skin divided
into two separate sacs. Each sac contains testis. The
Explanation: Intra cytoplasmic sperm normal temperature of the testis in the scrotum
injection (ICSD) is a specialized procedure is about 1.5 to 2.5 ºC lower than internal body
carried out in laboratory in which a sperm temperature. This temperature is ideal for sperm
is directly injected with the help of a micro development.
needle into the ovum to form an embryo.
It is beneficial for males with low sperm 33. Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a
count (oligospermia) or in case of absence specialized procedure carried out in a lab in
of sperm production (azoospermia). which a sperm is directly injected with the
help of a micro needle into the ovum to form
22. Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) an embryo. It is beneficial for males with
low sperm count (oligospermia) or in case of
Related Theory absence of sperm production (azoospermia).
 Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a
specialized procedure carried out in laboratory in In Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT), ovum
which a sperm is directly injected with the help of a collected from a donor female is transferred in
micro needle into the ovum to form an embryo. to the fallopian tube of another female who
Since the sperm mobility is reduced here, ICSI can cannot produce the ovum, but can provide
help in the transfer of sperm to the ovum directly for a suitable environment for fertilisation and
embryo formation. further development. Thus, it is termed as
It is also beneficial for males with low sperm count Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT).
(oligospermia) or in case of absence of sperm
production (azoospermia). 38. IVF and ET refer to in vitro fertilisation and
embryo transfer respectively. Gametes from
23. (A) At 8- celled stage is transferred to fallopian
the male and female are collected hygienically
tube.
and induced to form zygote in the laboratory
(B) With more than 8 blastomeres are conditions (In vitro Fertilisation). After the
transferred to uterus. process of fertilisation carried out under in vitro
Explanation: After the process of conditions, the zygote or early embryos (with
fertilisation carried out under in vitro up to 8 blastomeres) are transferred into the
conditions, the zygote or early embryos fallopian tube. If the embryo is more than 8
(with up to 8 blastomeres) are transferred blastomeres then it is transferred into the uterus
into the fallopian tube. This process is of the female for further development. Thus, this
called as Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer is in vitro fertilisation (IVF-fertilisation outside
(ZIFT).
the body) followed by embryo transfer (ET).
If the embryos with more than 8
blastomeres are transferred into the uterus Related Theory
of the female for further development,
 In vitro fertilisation (IVF), is the most common and
then the process is called as Intra Uterine effective type of assisted reproductive technology to
Transfer (IUT). help women become pregnant. It involves fertilising
25. The women could opt for Artificial an egg outside the body, in a laboratory, and then
insemination. implanting it in a woman’s uterus.
40. Increasing rates of infertility among couples
Related Theory can be reduced by following methods:
 In the technique of Artificial Insemination (AI), the
(1) Spreading awareness about seeking
semen is collected either from the husband or
medical help in case of any infertility
from a healthy male donor and then it is artificially
introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus
inducing condition.
of the female. This is called as Intra- Uterine (2) I will create awareness in the society
Insemination (IUI). to reduce the substance abuse (Drugs,
This technique is useful in cases where the male Alcohol).
partner is not able to inseminate the female or have (3) Spreading awareness about management
low sperm counts in the ejaculates. of psychological stress levels in the society.
28. The temperature in the human scrotum is (4) Promoting ART’s and reducing social
usually lower (1.5 to 2.5 ºC) than the normal stigmas related to them.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
2. (d) unknown dominant genotype with
recessive parents Related Theory
Explanation: In a test cross, the crossing  Here is a test cross in which the pea plant showing
takes place between a tall plant (unknown a dominant phenotype (and whose genotype is to
genotype) from F2 generation with a dwarf be determined) is crossed with the homozygous
plant (homozygous recessive parent). The test recessive parent instead of self-crossing. The
cross is performed to determine whether the
progenies of such a cross can easily be analyzed
unknown dominant genotype is homozygous
to predict the genotype of the test organism. The
or heterozygous. After the crossing, if all
results/determination of genotype through a test
individuals in the progeny are dominant
then the unknown genotype is homozygous cross where violet colour flower (W) is dominant
whereas if in the progeny dominant to recessive over white colour flower (w) is shown below:
ratio is 1:1, the individual is heterozygous.
Homozygous Homozygous
recessive recessive
ww ww
w w ? w w
W W
Ww Ww WW Ww Ww Ww
W Dominant Phenotype w
Ww Ww (Genotype unknown) ww ww
Result All flowers are violet Half of the flowers are violet and
Unknown flower half of the flowers are white
Inference is homozyous dominant
Unknown flower is heterozygous
Test Cross
5. (a) Polygenic inheritance: Haemophilia

Related Theory
Explanation: Polygenic inheritance is a type of  Test cross is the breeding of the dominant phenotype
inheritance controlled by one or more genes in with the homozygous recessive phenotype (parent).
which the dominant alleles have a cumulative While, back cross is the breeding of F1 generation
with one of its parent.
effect. Along with the involvement of multiple
genes, the influence of environment also plays 12. (b) incomplete dominance
a role in this inheritance. Here, a character Explanation: Incomplete dominance is a
is represented by one to several pairs of phenomenon in which the phenotype of the
offsprings/progeny of F1 generation does not
alleles. Thus, it is also called as quantitative
resemble either of the two parents and it is
inheritance or multiple factor inheritance.
in between the two, means an intermediate
Examples areskin color in humans, kernel color condition.
in wheat, etc. On the other hand, haemophilia Example: Inheritance of flower colour in
is not associated with polygenic inheritance. Snapdragon or Antirrhinum majus (dog flower)
Infact, it is an example of genetic disorder. and in Mirabilis jalapa.

Explanation:
Related Theory
 a a
P generation A Aa Aa
Red (RR) White (rr) a aa aa
50% of all offspring should have the aa
Gametes R r genotype. A testcross to a heterozygous
individual should always yield about a 1:1 ratio
of the dominant to recessive phenotype. So,
both the genotypic and phenotypic ratios here
F1 generation are 50 : 50.
22. (d) All of these.
All pink (Rr)
Explanation: Mendel selected garden pea,
Pisum sativum for his experiments. The reasons
Gametes R R Gametes for adopting this plant were:
(1) Pea plants are annual plants with shorter
r r
RR
life span.
(2) Flowers demonstrate self-pollination as the
F2 generation Rr Rr plant has bisexual cleistogamous flowers
(closed flowers), but cross-pollination is
rr also possible.
Phenotypic ratio: Red : Pink : White (3) Pea plant is easily available on a large
1 : 2 : 1 scale.
Genotypic ratio: RR : Rr : rr (4) Pea plants can be easily grown and
1 : 2 : 1 maintained.
(5) Pea plant has many distinct contrasting
Incomplete Dominance characteristics. The plants show clearly
13. (c) punnett square distinct and opposing traits, e.g., tall or
Explanation: The probability of all possible dwarf plants, yellow or green seeds, etc.
genotypes of offsprings in a genetic cross can
be obtained with the help of Punnett square. Related Theory
It is the diagrammatic representation of the 
14 true-breeding pea plant varieties were selected
by Mendel, as pairs which were similar except for
production of gametes by the parents, the one character with contrasting traits.
formation of the zygotes, the F1 and F2 plants The seven contrasting characteristics of garden pea
and it is developed by a British geneticist, plant studied by Mendel were:
Reginald C. Punnett. In the Punnett square,
the possible gametes are written on two sides, S. No. Character Dominant Recessive
usually the top row and left columns and all 1 Stem Tall Dwarf
the possible combinations are represented in height
boxes below in the squares, which generate a
2 Flower Violet White
square output form.
colour
Related Theory 3 Flower Axial Terminal

position
 Test cross is the breeding of the dominant phenotype
with the homozygous recessive phenotype (parent). 4 Pod shape Inflated Constricted
While, back cross is the breeding of F1 generation with
one of its parent. 5 Pod colour Green Yellow
16. (d) 60 6 Seed shape Round Wrinkled

[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] 7 Seed colour Yellow Green
Explanation: Out of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 = 16
9 + 3 will be tall.
Explanation: Mendel discovered in a cross
12 between a pea plant with yellow colour
Therefore, × 80 = 60.
16 and round shaped seeds and the other
having green colour and wrinkled seeds that
18. (d) Aa × aa inheritance of one pair of allele (one character/
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] trait) does not interfere with the inheritance of
Principles of Inheritance and Variation 19

other pair of allele (second character/trait). In
(D) (d) All of these
this example it means that inheritance of seed Explanation: Certain phenomenon of
colour does not interfere with the inheritance inheritance studied later by various
of seed shape. Thus Mendel gave set of scientists could not be explained by
generalizations which is called as Mendel’s Mendel’s law and thus deviated from
Law of Independent Assortment. Mendelism. Some of them are Incomplete
This law states that ‘when two pairs of traits dominance, Co-dominance and Multiple
are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one alleles.
pair of characters is independent of the other
pair of characters’. Related Theory

Incomplete dominance is a phenomenon in which
the phenotype of the offsprings/progeny of F1
Explanation: Phenylketonuria is a disease in generation does not resemble either of the two
human beings which iscaused by mutation in parents and it is in between the two, means an
the gene coding the enzyme phenylalanine intermediate condition.
hydroxylase. The affected individuals lack Example: Inheritance of flower colour in Snapdragon
this enzyme which catalyzes the conversion or Antirrhinum majus (dog flower) and in Mirabilis
of amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. jalapa.

 Co-dominance is a phenomenon in which the
Therefore, the persons suffering from this offsprings/progeny (F1 generation) resembles both
diseaseshow mental retardation and reduction the parents. In other words, in this condition the
in hair and skin pigmentation. two alleles express themselves independently when
29. (c) A is true but R is false. present together in an organism.
Example: ABO blood grouping in humans.
Explanation: Pleiotropy can be defined as
 Multiple alleles thus can be defined as a condition

effect of single gene on multiple phenotypic when more than two alleles (alternative forms) of a
expressions or traits i.e., a single gene product gene is present on the same locus on a chromosome
produces more than one effect. Such a gene is and when these alleles govern the same character,
called as pleiotropic gene. The mechanism of then the phenomenon is called as multiple allelism.
pleiotropy is the effect of a gene on metabolic 31. (A) Cross 1.
pathways which is responsible for different The strength of linkage is determined by
phenotypes. the distance between the linked genes in
the chromosome. Closely located genes
Related Theory demonstrate a stronger linkage. Hence, in

Example of Pleiotropy: cross 1 the strength of linkage is higher. The
In garden pea, one gene controls several traits like genes are more closely located in cross 1.
starch synthesis, size of starch grains and the shape
of seeds. The gene has two alleles: B and b. The
Related Theory
various combination and their phenotypes are as
follows: 
Morgan and his group made observations that when
BB homozygotes: Produce round seeds, large starch the two genes in a dihybrid cross were located on
grains. the same chromosome, the proportions of parental
gene combinations were much higher than the non-
bb homozygotes: Produce wrinkled seeds, small
parental type.
starch grains.
The reason that was given by Morgan and his group
Bb heterozygotes: Produce round seeds, intermediate
was the physical association of two genes on a
size starch grains.
chromosome and coined the term ‘Linkage’ to explain
30. (A) (b) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 the phenomenon of physical association of genes on
Explanation: The following phenotypic a chromosome. The non-parental gene combinations
were described by the term ‘recombination’.
ratio will be obtained:
32. (A) (a) Pisum sativum
Inverted Inverted Terminal Terminal Explanation: Mendel chose garden
Pheno- flower flower flower flower pea (Pisum sativum) and conducted
typic with with with with hybridisation experiments for seven years
ratio grey green grey green (1856-1863) and proposed the ‘Laws of
pod pod pod pod Inheritance’ in living organisms.
9: 3: 3: 1
(C) (c) Pea plant demonstrated frequent

(C) (a) independent mutations.
Explanation: Mendel’s Law of Independent Explanation: The phenomenon of
assortment states that ‘When two pairs of mutations was not the characteristic of
traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation the pea plant. Mendel selected garden pea
of one pair of characters is independent of – Pisum sativum for his experiments. The
the other pair of characters’. reasons for adopting this plant were:

(1) Pea plants are annual plants with (3) It provides gametes with similar traits, hence
short life span. used as parents for artificial hybridisation.
(2) Flowers demonstrate self- (4) Homozygous recessive plants are used to
pollination as the plant has bisexual know the genotype through a test cross.
cleistogamous flowers (closed flowers),
but cross pollination is also possible. Related Theory
(3) Pea plant is easily available on a large  A true breeding line can be defined as the one
scale. which have undergone continuous self-pollination
and demonstrate the stable trait inheritance and
(4) Pea plants can be easily grown and expression for several generations.
maintained.
52. The given result shows that the four types of
(5) Pea plant has many distinct contrasting
offspring are in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1. Such type
characteristics. The plants show clearly
distinct two opposing traits, e.g., tall or of result is observed in a test-cross progeny of a
dwarf plants, yellow or green seeds, dihybrid cross. The cross can be represented as
etc. Parents: Tall with Red flowers (Tt Rr) × Dwarf
with white flowers (ttrr)
35. The genes are called as ‘units of inheritance’
and they contain the information required to Offsprings tr
express a particular character or trait in an TtRr – Tall, Red TR TtRr
organism. Ttrr – Tall, White Tr Ttrr
Alleles or allelomorph are defined as genes ttRr – dwarf, Red tR ttRr
that code for a pair of contrasting traits. In
ttrr – dwarf, white. tr ttrr
other words, it can be said that alleles are
slightly different forms of the same gene. 53. (A) The genotypes of parents are:
37. Contrasting traits used by Mendel in the pea- Homozygous dominant: YYRR
plant experiment with respect to pod are: Homozygous recessive- yyrr
Pod shape: Inflated and Constricted (B) The genotypes of gametes produced by
both the parents will be: YR, yr
Pod colour: Green and Yellow.
(C) The genotype of F1 offspring: YyRr
42. The given cross is AabbDD X aabbdd thus the
type of offspring produced would be: (D) The genotype of gametes produced by F1
offspring YR, Yr, yR, yr
AabbDD aabbdd Parents
× 55. Reasons for Mendel’s work remaining
unrecognized for long:
AbD abd Gametes (1) Difficulties in communication due to which
abD
his work was not widely publicized.
(2) He gave the concept of factors (genes) as
stable and discrete units controlling the
AabbDd aabbDd O springs
expression of traits and he also stated that
45. (A)
the pair of alleles do not ‘blend’ with each
F1 T t other. This explanation was not accepted
by his contemporaries for the apparently
t Tt tt continuous variation seen in nature.
(Tall) (Dwarf ) (3) Many of the biologists of Mendel’s
t Tt tt time could not accept his approach of
using mathematics to explain biological
(Tall) (Dwarf )
phenomena as it was totally new.
TT : Tt : tt
(4) Mendel was not able to provide any
25% : 50% : 25% physical proof for the existence and
Phenotypic Ratio-Tall : Dwarf = 1 : 1 composition of factors (genes).
(B) Test Cross 56. Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
47. The main characteristics features of a true independently gave chromosomal theory of
breeding line are as follows: inheritance in 1902.
(1) It undergoes self-pollination. According to this theory gene present on the
(2) It maintains stability in the inheritance for chromosomes are the units of heredity.
several generations. Important features of this theory:

(1) The sperm and the egg carries all the number of each type of alleles in the genotype
heredity characters as they form the is responsible for the darkness or lightness of
connecting link from one generation to the skin of an individual.
other. 59. The selection of Drosophila melanogaster was
(2) The nucleus of the cell contains the done for the following reasons:
heredity factors. (1) New generations can be raised in a week.
(3) Chromosomes as well as genes are found (2) A single mating can deliver hundreds of
in pairs similar to the Mendelian alleles/ progeny flies.
factors. (3) Many types of hereditary variations are
(4) The diploid condition is re-established present in them which can be observed
by the fusion of sperm and egg each with low power microscopes.
containing haploid set of chromosomes. (4) Male and female are externally
(5) The genes are present on the distinguishable.
chromosomes. (5) Easy rearing inside bottles with a yeast
(6) The two alleles of a gene pair are located culture, cream of sugar and wheat.
on homologous sites on homologous (6) Drosophila melanogaster possesses 4 pairs
chromosomes. of chromosomes of different sizes.
(7) During meiosis homologous chromosomes T.H. Morgan observed: F2 ratio obtained in
synapse and get separated to pass Morgan’s crosses deviate from the Mendelian
into different cells. This is the basis of ratios. It can be attributed to Linkage of genes.
segregation and independent assortment. Morgan performed a cross and observed
that if the two genes grouped on the same
Related Theory chromosome were tightly linked, then these

Experimental verification of the chromosomal theory genes did not follow the law of independent
of inheritance was done by Thomas Hunt Morgan assortment, i.e., they did not segregate
and his colleagues. independently of each other and thus the F2
Morgan experimented on tiny fruit flies - Drosophila ratio deviated from the Mendel’s 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
melanogaster. He observed that the two genes ratio.
under consideration in his experiments, did not Linkage can be defined as a phenomenon of
segregate independently as stated by Mendel. inheritance of genes in which genes present on
This led to discovering the basis for the variation a particular chromosome show their tendency
produced by sexual reproduction. to inherit together.
58. In case 1 mentioning the pea plant, we can 61. T.H. Morgan is well known as the father of
clearly say that it is the case of Mendelian experimental genetics. Morgan and his student
inheritance where expression of one of the Sturtevant were pioneers in experimental
parental trait is taking place. Mendelian genetics. Morgan selected tiny fruit files,
inheritance is controlled by one or more Drosophila melanogaster, for his work as these
genes in which only the dominant trait gets were found very suitable for such studies.
expressed in the F1 generation while both are Morgan carried out various dihybrid crosses in
expressed in F2. There is no blending of traits Drosophila to study genes that were sex-linked.
observed here. His crosses were similar to the dihybrid crosses
In case 2, we observe the phenomenon of performed by Mendel in peas. He hybridised
polygenic inheritance. It is a phenomenon in yellow-bodied, white-eyed females to brown-
which traits are controlled by three or more bodied, red-eyed males and intercrossed their
genes and these traits are called as polygenic F1 progeny.
traits. Along with the involvement of multiple He noticed that the two genes did not
genes, the influence of environment also plays segregate independently of each other and
a role in polygenic inheritance. the F2 ratio deviated very significantly from the
Skin colour is controlled by pigment melanin. 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio. Now, he knew that the genes
Three genes A, B, and C control the skin colour were located on the X chromosome and saw
by controlling the quantity of melanin, in which quickly that when the two genes in a dihybrid
the dominant forms A, B, and C control the cross were situated on the same chromosome,
dark skin colour and recessive forms a, b, and c the ratio of parental gene combinations were
are responsible for light colour. much higher than the non-parental ones.
AABBCC dominant genotype have darkest Morgan concluded this due to the physical
skin colour and aabbcc recessive alleles have association or linkage of the two genes
lightest skin colour whereas AaBbCc genotype and coined the term linkage to describe
will have an intermediate skin colour. Thus the this physical association of genes on a

chromosome while the term recombination to together on the surface of red blood cells,
describe the generation of non-parental gene they both express their own types of
combinations. sugars and this is due to the phenomenon
Morgan’s student Alfred Sturtevant used the of co-dominance. Thus red blood cells have
frequency of recombination between gene both A and B types of sugars.
pairs on the same chromosome as a measure As three different alleles are present,
of the distance between genes and ‘mapped’ therefore six different combinations of
their position on the chromosome. Today these three alleles are possible and a total
genetic maps are extensively used as a starting of six different genotypes of the human
point in the sequencing of whole genomes, i.e., ABO blood types are there which results in
the Human Genome Sequencing Project. four phenotypic expressions as follows:
62. (A) In humans ABO blood groups are controlled
by the gene I. The plasma membrane of Table Showing the Genetic Basis of Blood
the red blood cells has sugar polymers Grouping in Human Polulation
that protrude from its surface and gene I Allele Allele Genotype Blood
control the kind of sugars present on them.
from from of group
The gene I has three alleles IA, IB and i. The
Parent I Parent II Offspring Phenotype
difference between the three alleles is that
allele i do not produce any sugar while IA IA IA IAIA A
and IB produce a slightly different form of
the sugar. IA IB IAIB AB
Although three alleles are present for a IA i IAi A
single gene, but as humans are diploid
organisms, each individual possesses any IB IA IAIB AB
two of the three I gene alleles. The alleles
IA and IB are completely dominant over i. IB IB IBIB B
When the alleles IA and i are present on the
surface of RBCs, only IA expresses because IB i IBi B
i does not produce any sugar. Similarly,
when IB and i are present, only IB expresses. i i ii O
The case when both IA and IB are present
| THEORY 2 |
2. (d) all colour blind. Colour Blind Woman Normal man
Explanation: Colourblindness is a sex-linked Parents XcXc XY

recessive disorder (X-linked). This defect arises
due to mutation in certain genes present in Gametes Xc Xc X Y
Ova Sperms
the X-chromosome. It mostly affects the males
Xc Xc
as the genes that cause colour blindness are
present on the X-chromosome and males have XXc XXc
X
only one X-chromosome as compared to the Carrier Girl Carrier Girl 2 Carrier Girls:
presence of two X-chromosomes in females. Offspring XcY XcY 2 Colour Blind Boys
Colour Blind Colour Blind
Therefore, one copy of the affected gene in Y
Boy Boy
males in each cell is sufficient to cause the
disorder(XcY).
Related Theory
Females with two copies of the affected
gene show the disorder (XcXc). Females  Colour blindness leads to a defect in either red or
heterozygous (XcX) for the colour blindness green cone of eye. As a result, the affected individual
trait will have a normal vision but serves as a fails to discriminate between red and green colour,
carrier of the disease. but is able to see all the other colours. This disease
c c shows criss cross inheritance where inheritance of
So, if a colour blind woman (X X ) marries a
man with normal vision (XY), their all sons are sex-linked character is transmitted from father to
going to be colour blind. daughter or mother to son.

5. (d) extra copy of an X-chromosome spermatogenesis. Out of the total sperms
Explanation: Klinefelter’s syndromeis caused produced, 50 percent carry the X-chromosome
due to the presence of an extra copy of and the rest 50 percent has Y-chromosome
X-chromosome, which results into a karyotype besides the autosomes (male digamety).
of 47, XXY. Such an individual has overall Females produces only one type of ovum
masculine development; however, the feminine containing an X-chromosome.
development including development of breast, If the ovum gets fertilized with an
i.e., Gynaecomastia is also expressed, feminine X-chromosome carrying sperm, the zygote
pitched voice and poor beard growth, the develops into a female (XX) and the fertilisation
individuals are sterile. of ovum with a sperm carrying Y-chromosome
results into a male offspring (XY).
8. (a) autosomal dominant disorder
Hence, the sex of the child is determined by the
Explanation: Huntington disease is a rare, genetic makeup of the sperm.
inherited disease that causes the progressive
14. (a) muscular dystrophy
breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the
brain. This disease can lead to uncontrolled Explanation: Muscular dystrophy is an
autosomal dominant disorder. These are more
movements, emotional problems, and loss of
than 30 muscular dystrophy disease that
thinking ability (cognition). It is an autosomal
cause muscle weakness. Muscular dystrophy
dominant disorder and because of that a
often runs in families. Depending on type,
single copy of the mutated gene is enough to
muscular dystrophy may be present at birth or
cause the disease.
appear during childhood or adulthood. A child
11. (b) mendelian trait who has a parent with muscular dystrophy
Explanation: Mendelian inheritance in humans may inherit a mutated (changed) gene that
is difficult to study. Current understanding of causes muscular dystrophy.
mendelian inheritance in humans is possible 17. (c) A is true but R is false.
by the analysis of family pedigrees. Therefore, Explanation: Aneuploidy involves loss or
pedigree analysis is study of the transmission gain of one or more chromosomes due to
of particular trait and finding the possibility of failure of segregation of homologous pair of
absence or presence of that trait in homozygous chromosomes or chromatids during meiosis
or heterozygous state in a particular individual. (cell division). Its types are:
This analysis provides a strong tool to trace the Monosomy: Absence of one chromosome of
inheritance of a specific trait, abnormality or normal complement.
disease.
Trisomy: Presence of an extra chromosome
along with the normal two chromosomes.
Related Theory
Whereas, polyploidy is a condition in which a
 Pedigree can be defined as a record of inheritance of
whole set of chromosomes in an organism is
certain traits for two or more generation presented
in form of a diagram or family tree. It is employed in
increased as a result of failure of cytokinesis
case of human beings and domesticated animals. after telophase stage of cell division.
Autopolyploids: These are the organisms with
12. (b) 50%
multiple chromosomes sets that come from a
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] single species.
Explanation: The production of male or the Allopolyploids: These are the organisms in
female child is determined by the type of which the chromosomes are derived from
chromosomes present in the sperm (X or Y). different species, i.e., a hybrid is formed by
There is no criteria to determine the chances multiplying the chromosome number.
of male or female children. Hence, a couple will
19. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
always have a 1/2 chance to have a daughter explanation of A.
and 1/2 chance to have a son each time.
Explanation: Thalassemia is an autosome-
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, in linked recessive blood disease which is
which 22 pairs are autosomes that are same in transmitted from parents to the offspring
males and females. when both the partners are heterozygous
The 23rd pair of chromosome is the sex (unaffected carrier) for the gene. The cause of
chromosome, i.e., in human females, a pair of this disease can be either mutation or deletion.
X-chromosomes is present whereas in males The mutation results in reduced rate of
one X and one Y-chromosome is present. synthesis of one of the globin chains (α and
Human males are heterogametic and thus β chains) of haemoglobin. According to this,
produce two types of gametes during Thalassemia can be classified as:

(1) α Thalassemia: In this the production of a Symptoms of the disease:
globin chain is affected. Two closely linked (1) Affected individual is short statured
genes HBA1 and HBA2 on chromosome 16 with small round head, furrowed
of each parent controls α Thalassemia. tongue and partially open mouth.
(2) b Thalassemia: In this the production of b (2) The palm of the person is broad with
globin chain is affected. A single gene HBB characteristic palm crease.
on chromosome 11 of each parent controls
(3) Retardation of physical, psychomotor
b Thalassemia.
and mental development.
20. (A) Birds.
In this mechanism of sex determination, Related Theory
the females have a pair of dissimilar 
sex chromosomes ZW and produce two
Flat black of head
different types of gametes, 50 percent Broad flat face
eggs having Z chromosome and 50 percent Many "loops" on Big and wrinkled
eggs having W chromosome. tongue
finger tips
Congenital heart
Males have a pair of Z-chromosomes Palm crease
disease
along with autosomes (homogametic).
The sex of the offspring depends on the
kind of ovum fertilised by the sperm.
Examples: Birds, fowls and fishes.

A Representative Figure Showing an Individual Inflicted With
Down’s Syndrome
Z Z Z W (C) Short stature, small uterus, puffy
fingers and webbed neck are some of
Male Bird Female Bird
the symptoms that are observed in
AA+ZZ X AA + ZW
the individuals suffering from Turner’s
syndrome.
A+Z A+Z A+W
(sperm)
A+Z
(sperm) (ova) (ova) 23. Cystic fibrosis is a lethal autosomal recessive
A+Z A+W disorder caused due to mutation on the 7th
AA+ZZ AA+ZW chromosome.
A+Z (Male) (Female) In this disease, the body produces abnormal
A+Z
AA+ZZ AA+ZW glycoproteins that interfere with the salt
(Male) (Female)
metabolism.
ZW Type of Sex Determination as Seen in Several Birds
The mucus secreted by body becomes
(B) The sex-determination mechanism in abnormally sticky and viscid and therefore
Butterflies is ZZ-ZO Type. In this sex- blocks the passage in the lungs, liver and
determination mechanism, the female is pancreas.
heterogametic producing 50 percent eggs
25. Colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive
with Z-chromosome and 50 percent eggs
disorder (X-linked) that leads to a defect in
without Z-chromosome.
either red or green cone of eye. As a result,
The males are homogametic producing
the affected individual fails to discriminate
sperms with Z-chromosome only.
between red and green colour, but is able to
If the egg with Z-chromosome gets see all the other colours.
fertilised, it develops into a male, whereas
28. ZZ type of sex determination:
if the egg without Z-chromosome gets
fertilised, it develops into a female. (1) It is found in birds, fowls and fishes.
21. (A) Down’s Syndrome. It is caused due to the (2) In this mechanism of sex determination,
presence of an additional copy of the the females have a pair of dissimilar
chromosome number 21. This is why it is sex chromosomes ZW and produce two
also called as trisomy of 21. The scientist different types of gametes, 50 percent
Langdon Down (1866) first described this eggs having Z chromosome and 50 percent
disorder. eggs having W chromosome.

(3) Males have a pair of Z-chromosomes There are three possible genotypes in this
along with autosomes (homogametic). condition which are:
(4) The sex of the offspring depends on the (1) HbSHbS : These are homozygous individuals
kind of ovum fertilised by the sperm. If for HbS and they suffer from the disease.
ovum with Z-chromosome is fertilised then (2) HbAHbS : These are heterozygous individuals
it develops into male, whereas if ovum with that remain unaffected but serve as the
W-chromosome gets fertilised, it develops carrier of the disease as there is an only
into female. 50 percent chance of transmission of the
XY type of sex determination: mutant gene to the progeny.
(1) It is found in human beings and insects like (3) HbAHbA : These are normal individuals.
Drosophila melanogaster. Carrier Woman Carrier Man
Parent HbA HbS HbA HbS
(2) In this mechanism of sex determination,
males are heterogametic and thus Gametes: HbA HbS × HbA HbS
produce two types of gametes during
spermatogenesis. Out of the total
sperms produced, 50 percent carry the HbA HbS
X-chromosome and the rest 50 percent
Offspring
has Y-chromosome besides the autosomes HbA HbA HbA HbA HbS
(male digamety).
HbS HbA HbS HbS HbS Sickle cell anaemic
(3) Females have a pair of X-chromosomes;
thus, females have autosomes along with 1 Normal 2 Carriers
XX-chromosomes. In case of the marriage of two sickle celled
(4) The sex of the offspring depends on the heterozygotes, three types of offsprings might
kind of sperm fertilised the ovum. If the be born- Homozygous normal, Heterozygous
ovum gets fertilised with an X-chromosome carrier and one homozygous affected. This has
carrying sperm, the zygote develops into a been illustrated by the above cross.
female (XX) and the fertilisation of ovum 35. (A) Turner’s Syndrome.
with a sperm carrying Y-chromosome
Diagnostic features of this disorder are:
results into a male offspring (XY).
(1) The affected females are sterile with
29. Colour blindness is X-linked sex inheritance. In rudimentary ovaries.
females colour blindness only appears when
(2) They lack secondary sexual characters
both sex chromosomes carry the recessive
and have poor breast development.
gene (XcXc). The females show normal vision
but function as carrier if having single recessive (3) They have short stature, small uterus,
gene for colour blindness (XcX). But in males puffy fingers and webbed neck.
the defect appears in the presence of single (B) Cause of this chromosomal disorder are:
recessive gene (XcY) as Y chromosome does It is caused due to the absence of one of the
not carry gene for colour blindness. Thus, it can X-chromosomes, resulting into a karyotype
be concluded that males are more prone to of 44 + XO.
colour blindness while majority of females act 38. Mutation is defined as a sudden and heritable
as carriers. change in DNA sequence of an organism.
31. Autopolyploids are the organisms with This alteration of DNA sequences or genetic
multiple chromosomal sets that come from a material results in changes in the genotype
single species. and the phenotype of an organism.
Allopolyploids are the organisms in which Mutations can be broadly classified as:
the chromosomes are derived from different (1) Point mutation: These are the mutations
species, i.e., a hybrid is formed by multiplying that arise due to change in a single base
the chromosome number. pair of DNA. Example: Sickle Cell Anemia.
34. Sickle cell anaemia is an example of autosomal (2) Frame shift Mutation: These mutations
recessive trait in humans. are caused by deletions and insertions of
base pairs of DNA.
It can be transmitted from parents to the
offspring in a condition when both the parents (3) Chromosomal aberrations: In such
mutations there is loss (deletions) or gain
are carrier for the gene (or heterozygous).
(insertion/duplication) of a segment of
A single pair of allele, HbA and HbS controls DNA that results in structural alterations
this disease. in chromosomes. Since genes are present

on the chromosomes, so any alterations • Allopolyploids: These are the
in chromosomes result in different organisms in which the chromosomes
abnormalities or aberrations. These are are derived from different species, i.e.,
commonly observed in cancerous cells.
a hybrid is formed by multiplying the
(4) Aneuploidy: It involves loss or gain of
one or more chromosomes due to failure chromosome number.
of segregation of homologous pair of 39.
chromosomes or chromatids during
meiosis (cell division). XXh XY
• Monosomy: Absence of one
chromosome of normal complement.
• Trisomy: Presence of an extra XhY XXh XY
chromosome along with the normal
two chromosomes.
(5) Polyploidy: It is a condition in which a XhY
whole set of chromosomes in an organism
is increased as a result of failure of The above pedigree chart shows a sex-linked
cytokinesis after telophase stage of cell
division. inheritance. A criss-cross pattern is visible
• Autopolyploids: These are the in which the parent passes the trait to the
organisms with multiple chromosomes grandchild. The female here is acting as the
sets that come from a single species. carrier of the disease.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
5. (c) Pentoses crystallography is used to determine 3D
Explanation: Both deoxyribose (present in structures of various macromolecules like
DNA) and ribose (present in RNA) belong proteins, nucleotides, etc.
to a class of sugar named as pentoses as it
contains ‘5’ carbon atoms. Related Theory
 The chief principle of X-ray crystallography is that
Related Theory the wavelength of X-rays depend on the distance
 5' 5' between the atoms of the structures which makes
HOCH2 OH HOCH2 OH it useful for determining their arrangement. In 1953,
O O Wilkins obtained very fine X-ray crystallographic
4' 1' 4' 1'
H H H No oxygen
H pictures of DNA from which Watson and crick
H H H H is bonded developed the double helix model of DNA.
3' 2' 3' to this
2'
OH OH OH H carbon 13. (c) arginine and lysine
Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA Explanation: In eukaryotes, a set of positively
8. (c) 40,000 bp and 13,600 × 10-9 m charged basic proteins called ‘histones’ are
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] positively charged because they are rich in
basic amino acid residues of arginine and
Explanation: A single nucleosome contains
lysine, which carry positive charges in their
200 bp of DNA helix. Hence, by multiplying
side chains. The structure is organised to form
it with the given number of nucleosomes i.e., a unit of eight molecules known as ‘histone
200, we get- 200 x 200= 40,000 bp. octamer’ (positively charged). The negatively
Its multiplication with the distance between charged DNA is wrapped around the positively
two consecutive base pairs = 0.34 nm (0.34 × charged histone-octamer to form a structure
10–9m) will give us the required answer. called ‘nucleosome’.
9. (a) Temin and Baltimore 18. (d) 30
Explanation: Temin and Baltimore (1970) Explanation: According to Chargaff ’s rule,
independently found that in retroviruses the equal ratio of purines (Adenine and Guanine)
flow of genetic information or central dogma and pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine) are
occurs in reverse direction, involving reverse present in DNA molecules. Therefore, the
transcription (forming DNA from RNA). number of guanine molecules will be equal to
Example: HIV (Human Immuno deficiency the number of cytosine molecules as well as
Virus). the number of adenine molecules are equal to
the number of thymine molecules.
Related Theory Thus,
 According to the central dogma, the information Percentage of Thymine = Percentage of Adenine
pattern that manifests itself most frequently in our
cells is: Making new DNA from already existing DNA Percentage of Cytosine = Percentage of Guanine
(DNA replication) New RNA is created from DNA So, if a double stranded DNA has 30% of
(transcription) to create new proteins from RNA guanine, it has 30% of cytosine.
(translation)
DNA RNA Protein
explanation of the A.
Explanation: RNA molecule is easily
transcription
degradable because of the presence of 2’-OH
translation
reverse group at every nucleotide in RNA, which is a

transcription
reactive group. Because of this, RNA becomes
catalytic and thus, reactive.
replication
11. (a) X-Ray crystallography Explanation: A set of positively charged
Explanation: Nucleotide sequences in DNA basic proteins called ‘histones’ are present in
can be seen by X-ray crystallography. X-ray eukaryotes. Histones are positively charged

because they are rich in basic amino acid (E) (a) Inside the bacterial cells.
residues lysine and arginine, which carry Explanation: DNA carries all the genetic
positive charges in their side chains. information and therefore, only DNA can
These histones get organized to form a unit enter the bacterial host. It won’t be present
of eight molecules which is termed as histone in the medium as it was taken up by the
octamer (positively charged). bacterial cells. The radioactive DNA labeled
with 32P was hence detected inside the
bacterial cells while there was no trace of
Related Theory
the bacteriophage protein coat, labeled
 Negatively charged DNA wraps around the positively with 35S.
charged histone octamer and forms the nucleosome
structure, which is:
The radioactive protein coat labeled with
35
H1 histone S appeared outside, in the medium.
DNA
26. (A) According to Chargaff:
Purines (Adenine and Guanine) and
Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine)
Histone are present in DNA in an equal ratio.
octamer
Also, Purines and Pyrimidines are
complementary in a polynucleotide chain.
It means that the number of Adenine
molecules should be equal to the number
Core of histone molecules
of Thymine molecules and the number of
A Nucleosome
Guanine molecules should be equal to the
25. (A) (b) The protein coat consists of Sulphur. number of Cytosine molecules.
Explanation: Sulphur is present in amino % (A) = % (T)
acids in the protein coat of bacteria. % (G) = % (C)
Amino acids form proteins. A lot of amino Now, the dsDNA1 has 30% Adenine.
acids like methionine and cysteine contain It means that it would also have 30%
sulphur. While, there is no presence of Thymine.
phosphorous in amino acids in the protein The percentage of (A) = percentage of % (T)
coat of bacteria, the bacteriophage coat = 30%.
is entirely made up of proteins. DNA has a Hence, % of A+ T = 60%
sugar-phosphate backbone and hence, it % of G + C = (100-60)%
does not contain sulphur. = 40 %

(B) (a) viruses Now, % (G) = % (C) = 40/2 %
Explanation: Bacteriophages are type of % (G) = % (C)= 20%
viruses that infects bacteria. In fact, the Guanine = 20%.
word "bacteriophage" literally means (C) Hydrogen
"bacteria eater" because bacteriophages The bases in the two strands of DNA are
destroy their host cells. All bacteriophages paired through Hydrogen bonds and forms
are composed of a nucleic acid molecule base pairs. Adenine forms two hydrogen
that is surrounded by a protein structure. bonds with Thymine from the opposite
strand and vice-versa. Guanine bonds with
Related Theory Cytosine with three hydrogen bonds. As a
 result, a purine always comes opposite to a
pyrimidine.
Capsid (head)
28. Non-histone Chromosomal (NHC) proteins are
Nucleic acid (DNA) an additional set of proteins that are required
for packaging of chromatin at higher level.
Collar
Related Theory
Sheath
 In the nucleus, the regions of chromatin can be
classified as:
Baseplate
Euchromatin: Regions of chromatin that are loosely
Spikes packed and are lightly stained. These regions are
transcriptionally active and code for proteins.
Tail fiber Heterochromatin: Regions of chromatin that are
more densely packed and are darkly stained. These
regions are transcriptionally inactive and do not
Structure of a Bacteriophage code for proteins.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance 29

30. Temin and Baltimore gave a great contribution thermostable. It means that RNA is more prone
in the field of genetics. In the year 1970, they to degradation by heat because of the presence
independently found that in retroviruses of 2’OH group in its ribose. As a result of which
the flow of genetic information or central it would have lost the capacity to change the R
dogma occurs in reverse direction, involving strain to virulent strain.
reverse transcription (forming DNA from RNA). 45. (A) Nucleotides = 1500
Example: HIV (Human Immuno deficiency Virus). [A+G+C+T] = 1500
32. Negatively charged component of a As per Chargaff ’s rule:
nucleosome: DNA [A] = [T],
Positively charged component of a [G] = [C]
nucleosome: Histone Guanine = 410 = cytosine = 410
[A + 410 + 410 + T] = 1500
Related Theory [A+T+820] = 1500
 Nucleosome is the structure which is formed when
A+T = 680
the negatively charged DNA wraps around the
positively charged histone octamer (histones get 680
T =
organized to form a unit of eight molecules). A 2

nucleosome contains 200bp of DNA helix and it
forms the repeating unit of chromatin, which are
T = A = 340.
thread-like stained bodies present inside the nucleus. Total Pyrimidines = C+T= 340 + 410
= 750.
34. Deoxyguanosine is formed by:
(B) A diagram of a portion of DNA segment is
(1) Guanine: Nitrogenous base.
given below:
(2) Deoxyribose: Pentose sugar.
Linked together by N-glycosidic linkage or
bond. Base pair
36. James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 gave
the ‘Double Helix Model’ for the structure of
DNA with the help of X-ray diffraction data
produced by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Adenine Thymine
Franklin.
One of the significant features of their model Guanine Cytosine
was base pairing between the two strands
of polynucleotide chains (based on the
observation of Erwin Chargaff ).
Sugar phosphate
39. Prokaryotes such as E. coli do not have a well
backbone
defined nucleus, in spite of this, their DNA is not
scattered throughout the cell. The negatively
charged DNA is held with some positively
47. Difference between DNA and RNA chain:
charged proteins in a region of the cytoplasm
(1) Unlike DNA, every nucleotide residue has
called as ‘nucleoid’.
an additional –OH group at 2’-position in
In the nucleoid, the DNA is organized in large the ribose in RNA.
loops held by proteins. (2) The nucleotides in RNA are ribonucleotides
40. Central Dogma can be defined as the process that is, they contain the sugar ribose
of transfer of information within the genes to (hence the name ribonucleic acid),
DNA then RNA and finally to the proteins (DNA whereas the nucleotides in DNA are
deoxyribonucleotides and they contain
RNA → Protein). Retroviruses do not follow
the sugar deoxyribose (hence the name
central Dogma of biology as their genetic
deoxyribonucleic acid).
material is RNA instead of DNA. The RNA is
(3) In RNA, uracil is present in place of thymine
then converted to DNA by the process called
(that is present in DNA).
Reverse Transcription with the help of an
(4) The RNA has a single polynucleotide
enzyme reverse transcriptase. Hence, central
chain. Whereas, the DNA is made of two
dogma is not followed. polynucleotide chains.
44. If RNA, instead of DNA was the genetic 48. Complementary strand: TCAGTACTA
material, the heat killed strain of Pneumococcus Chargaff's rule, also known as the
would not have transformed the R strain into complementary base pairing rule which states
virulent S strain. This is because RNA is not that:

(1) DNA base pairs are always adenine with (2) A dinucleotide is formed when
thymine (A-T) and cytosine with guanine two nucleotides link through 3’-5’
(C-G) which means a purine always pairs phosphodiester linkage.
with a pyrimidine and vice versa. (3) Thus, a polynucleotide chain is synthesised
(2) The ratios between Adenine (A) and as more number of nucleotides join in the
similar manner.
Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) and Cytosine
(C) are constant and equals to one in a (4) As a result, a polymer formed will have:
• At one end of the polymer, a free
A+T
double-stranded DNA, i.e., =1 phosphate moiety at 5’-end (5 prime) of
G+C sugar is present and this end is called as
(3) Molar amount of Adenine is equal to the 5’-end of polynucleotide chain.
molar amount of Thymine. The same • At the other end of the polymer, the
equation holds for Guanine and Cytosine. sugar has a free 3’C-OH group and this
end is called as 3’-end of polynucleotide
52. Formation of nucleotide/deoxynucleotide—
chain.
(1) A nucleotide or deoxynucleotide (5) Therefore, the sugar and the phosphates
(depending upon the type of sugar present) constitute the backbone of a polynucleotide
is formed when a phosphate group is chain and the nitrogenous bases that are
linked to 5’C- OH of a nucleoside through linked to sugar moiety, project from the
phosphoester linkage. backbone.
| THEORY 2 |
hand, AUG act as initiator or start codon and it
5. (c)
Translation- Elongation
also codes for amino acid methionine.
12. (a) Har Gobind Khorana
Explanation: During elongation of a
Explanation: Har Gobind Khorana developed
polypeptide chain, the amino acid-tRNA
a chemical method for the synthesis of RNA
complexes, sequentially bind to the A-site of
molecules with defined combinations of bases
the ribosome in which the appropriate codon
(homopolymers and copolymers).
in mRNA binds with the tRNA anticodon by
Marshall Nirenberg gave a cell-free system for
complementary base pairing.
protein synthesis that helped in deciphering
As a result, a peptide bond is formed by the the code.
enzyme peptidyl transferase between carboxyl
Severo Ochoa synthesized an enzyme named
group of amino acid present at P-site and
polynucleotide phosphorylase that helped in
amino group of amino acid present at A-site.
polymerising RNA with defined sequences in
Then, the ribosome moves from codon to a template independent manner (enzymatic
codon along the mRNA in 5' → 3' direction. synthesis of RNA).
Addition of amino acids takes place one by one 13. (c) (I) Capping (II) Polyadenylation (III) m
Gppp
in the sequence of codons and thus, translated (IV) Poly(A).
into polypeptide sequence that is dictated by
DNA and represented by mRNA.
Explanation: Both exons and the introns are
9. (d) UUU : Phenylalanine present in the primary transcripts and thus
Explanation: The genetic code is triplet in are non-functional. Therefore, the primary
nature. The 64 distinct triplets of purine transcript (hnRNA) undergoes processing
and/or pyrimidine bases determine the 20 which includes the following:
amino acids. Out of the 64 codons, only 61 (1) Splicing: It is the process of removal
codons codes for 20 amino acids, while the of introns (intervening non-functional
remaining 3 codons do not code for any amino sequences) and then the exons are joined
acid. Therefore, they are called as stop or in a defined order.
terminating codons. These are UAA, UAG and (2) Capping: It involves the addition of methyl
UGA. UAA represents ochre, UAG represents guanosine triphosphate (an unusual
amber and UGA represents opal. On the other nucleotide) to the 5'-end of hnRNA.

(3) Tailing: In this processing step, adenylate 25. (A) (c) (I), (II), (IV)
residues (200-300) are added at 3'-end in Explanation: In bacteria or prokaryotes, a
a template independent manner. structural gene present in a transcription
unit can be Polycistronic, means it is
15. (d) the structural gene only. composed of more than one cistron.
Explanation: The RNA polymerase Thus, (I), (II), (IV) in the above given graph
holoenzyme transcribes the structural gene shows multiple cistrons in the structural
only. gene, whereas (III) shows the presence of
one cistron (Monocistronic), which is the
Related Theory characteristic of eukaryotes.
 Transcription involves three process: initiation,
(B) (a) 3’ end.
elongation and termination. Initiation begins when Explanation: Adenylate residues (200-
the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter but it 300) are added at the 3’ end in a template
serves only as a target site for binding of the RNA independent manner. It is done with the
polymerase and is not transcribed. For guiding the
help of the enzyme Poly A polymerase.
This process is also known as Tailing.
beginning of transcription each gene contains a
specific promoter region. This is followed by region of 26. (B) During DNA replication, synthesis of one
structural gene that is transcribed and ends with a of the daughter strand takes place in a
terminator region that stops transcription. continuous manner, which is called as
leading strand, while the other strand
17. (b) Site A : Methionine; Site B : UAC synthesize in the form of short pieces . This
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021] strand is called the lagging strand and the
short pieces of DNA fragments synthesised
Explanation: In activation step, the amino
here are called the Okazaki fragments.
acids are activated in the presence of ATP and
Therefore, DNA replication is termed as a
then they get linked to their cognate tRNA.
semi-discontinuous process.
This process is called as charging of tRNA or
aminoacylation of tRNA. The one which will be 27. (A) (c) 14N (Light)
complementary to the given combination, will Explanation: When second-generation
get activated. DNA was centrifuged, it produced two
21. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct bands. One was in the same position
explanation of A. as the intermediate band from the first
Explanation: In genetic code, the codons generation, while the second was higher
are triplet. There are total 64 codons, out of (appeared to be labeled only with 14N).
which 61 codons code for 20 amino acids and
(B) (a)
Both A and R are true and R is the
the remaining 3 codons do not code for any correct explanation of A.
amino acids. Therefore, these codons act as Explanation: DNA replicates semi-
terminating or stop codons. conservatively, it means each DNA
23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct molecule would be consisting of one
explanation of A. parental strand and one newly synthesised
strand, after the process of replication. Such
Explanation: Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
a scheme of DNA replication was termed
plays a crucial role in the process of amino
as semiconservative DNA replication.
acid activation during translation. The Amino
acids bind with the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA
(E) (c) Watson and Crick
synthetase in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ Explanation: Watson, Crick determined
and become activated: that the structure of DNA was a double-
helix polymer, or a spiral of two DNA
Amino acid (AA) + ATP strands, each containing a long chain of
Aminoacyl tRNa synthetase
monomer nucleotides, wound around
Mg2+ each other. According to their findings,
AA – AMP – Enzyme complex + PPi DNA replicated itself by separating into
The resulting amino acid – AMP – enzyme individual strands, each of which became
the template for the synthesis of new
complex is known as activated amino acid.
complementary strands.
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
Related Theory provided confirmation to Watson and
 Activation of amino acid is an energy intensive Crick model of DNA and also supported
process. In this, the amino acids are activated in the their hypothesis that DNA replication was
presence of ATP and then they get linked to their semiconservative. In semiconservative
cognate tRNA with the help of enzyme aminoacyl replication, when the double stranded DNA
tRNA synthetase. This process is called as charging helix is replicated, each of the two new
of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA. double-stranded DNA helices consisted of

one strand from the original helix and one Amino acids bind with the enzyme aminoacyl
newly synthesised. tRNA synthetase in the presence of ATP and
Mg2+ and become activated :
Related Theory
Amino acid (AA) + ATP ¾Aminoacyl
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ tRNA synthetase
®
 DNA was first identified in the 1860s by a Swiss 2+
Mg
chemist called Johann Friedrich Miescher.
AA – AMP – Enzyme complex + PPi
 Linus Pauling and Corey suggested a model for
nucleic acids, including DNA, which consisted of The resulting amino acid – AMP – enzyme
three nucleic acid strands wound together in a triple complex is known as activated amino acid.
helix.
46. A cistron can be defined as a segment
30. The sequence of RNA that is flanked with
the start codon (AUG) and the stop codon of DNA that codes for a polypeptide. A
and codes for a polypeptide is called the cistron is basically a gene. In monocistronic
translational unit in mRNA. An mRNA also transcription unit, mRNA may specify only a
has some additional sequences that are not single polypeptide, whereas in polycistronic
translated and are referred as untranslated transcription unit, mRNA may specify more
regions (UTR). than one polypeptide. Monocistronic mRNA is
32. The primary transcript in eukaryotes contains common in eukaryotic cells while polycistronic
both exons and introns (the non-coding mRNA is more common in prokaryotes.
sequences). The introns are removed during
processing by splicing and the exons are joined.
The presence of introns in a primary transcript Related Theory
is the reminiscent of antiquity.  If a stretch of replicating DNA contains a single
34. The AUG codon has been accorded dual cistron (or gene), it is called monocistronic. If a stretch
functions. It codes for Methionine (met). of replicating DNA contains more than one cistron, it
is called polycistronic.
At the same time, it acts as an initiator codon
for starting polypeptide synthesis. 48. DNA replication is an energy-intensive process
36. The smaller sub-unit of ribosome encounters which means it requires a very high amount
an mRNA. The small subunit performs the of energy. Therefore, instead of opening the
function of binding and reading of the mRNA entire DNA in one go, long DNA molecules of
during protein synthesis. eukaryotes opens only in small stretches.
40. (A) (1) tRNA helps in transfer of the amino Replication Fork: DNA replication occurs
acids to the ribosome for polypeptide within a small opening of DNA helix, which has
chain synthesis. an appearance of Y-shaped structure called
(2) It performs the task of reading the replication fork.
genetic codes, acting as an adapter
molecule. Functions of Deoxyribonucleoside
(B) rRNA play a catalytic role along with triphosphates (dNTPs):
a structural role during the process of (1) dNTPs provide deoxyribonucleotides for
translation. DNA replication.
42. (A) During initiation of translation, methylated (2) They provide energy for polymerisation
guanosine cap helps in binding of mRNA to reaction.
smaller ribosomal sub-unit. 49. According to the question, the RNA strand
(B) Poly-A tail provides longevity to mRNA’s given is having thymine, which is not possible.
life. The length of tail and longevity of Hence, the RNA molecule given in question
mRNA are positively correlated. should have Uracil at the place of Thymine:
44. When the amino acids are activated in the A U G C A U G C A U G C
presence of ATP and they get linked to their
5' 3'
cognate tRNA, the process is called as charging
of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA. The transcription unit for the given RNA:
Transcription start site
Promoter T A C G T A C G T A C G Terminator
3' 5' Template strand
Structural gene
5' 3' Coding strand
A T G C A T G C A T G C
Schematic structure of a transcription unit
Enzyme is DNA-dependent RNA polymerase In a transcription unit, the process of transcription
which transcribes RNA. is initiated at the promoter region and ends at the
terminator region.
Related Theory
51. (A) Francis Crick is the scientist, who
 Formation of mRNA from DNA is called as
transcription. It is heterocatalytic function of DNA. postulated the presence of an adapter

molecule whose function is to read the small opening of the DNA helix, which
code on one hand and bind to specific is called as replication fork.
amino acids on the other hand. In simple (2) Elongation or Polymerisation:
words, this adapter molecule assists in The enzyme DNA-dependent
protein synthesis. DNA polymerases catalyse the
polymerisation of DNA strand. This
(B) The tRNA has a clover leaf shape structure.
elongation is unidirectional, means
Its three-dimensional structure shows it as
it occurs only in one direction, i.e., 5’
an inverted L-shaped molecule. The tRNA is
→ 3’. As a result, the replication on
composed of the following parts:
one strand having polarity 3’ → 5’
(1) Anticodon loop: It is a trinucleotide is continuous, whereas on the other
sequence complementary to that of a strand having polarity 5’ → 3’, the
corresponding codon in a messenger replication is discontinuous.
RNA (mRNA) sequence. (3) The DNA strand that is formed in
(2) Amino acid acceptor end: Amino acids a continuous manner is called as
bind at this end. The site is at 3’end leading strand, while the strand that is
opposite to the anticodon and has a synthesized discontinuously is called as
CCA-OH group. lagging strand.
(3) T-loop: It helps in binding to the (4) The lagging strand is synthesized
ribosome. in fragments known as Okazaki
(4) D-loop/DHU loop: It has the binding fragments, which are later joined by
site for enzyme aminoacyl synthetase. the enzyme DNA ligase.
(5) Extra arm/Variable loop: Not present (5) Since DNA replication cannot initiate
in all tRNAs, it helps in recognition of randomly at any place in DNA, there
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. is a specific region in E. coli DNA where
A 3' the replication originates. These regions
C are called as origin of replication.
Acceptor
The origin of replication serves as the
C arm recognition site for DNA polymerase
5' and also it provides the site for
attachment of RNA primer.
(6) Due to the requirement of the origin of
replication, if a piece of DNA if needed
to be propagated during recombinant
TC DNA procedures, requires a vector. The
D arm and loop arm and vectors provide the origin of replication.
loop (7) The replication of DNA in eukaryotes
takes place at S-phase of the cell-
cycle. The two processes – DNA
replication and cell division should be
highly coordinated as failure in cell
TC
division after DNA replication results
into polyploidy (a chromosomal
aberrations.
Anticodon (B) A replication fork:
arm and 5’ 3’
loop
Template strands
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis:

tRNA is a molecule meant for transferring
amino acids to ribosomes during protein
synthesis. It also holds the peptide chains over
the mRNA’s. 5’
Continous 3’ Discontinous
55. (A)
DNA replication basically involves the synthesis synthesis
following steps:
(1) Initiation or Formation of replication
fork: In long DNA molecules, the two
strands of DNA cannot be separated in 3’ Newly synthesised 5’
its entire length because it requires high 5’ strands 3’
energy, thus replication occur within a

56. (B) While transcription and translation can in the cytoplasm. There is only one type
both happen at the same time in bacteria, of bacterial RNA polymerase whereas
in eukaryotes, transcription takes place eukaryotes have 3 types.
in the nucleus while translation happens
Polymerase
movement
RNA POLYMERASE
Rewinding Coding
Unwinding
of DNA strand
of DNA
3'
5'
Template Nucleotide being added
strand to the 3' and of the RNA
RNA
5'
RNA-DNA NTPs
hybrid region
57. (C) (3) MET-TYR-GLY-MET-THR-TRP

(E) (1) Point mutation
(4) tRNA sequence: UAC (2)
Guanine is getting converted to
(D) Only methionine will remain in the amino
another base, thymine, resulting in the
acid sequence as the second codon will get
loss of the gene.
converted to a stop codon.
| THEORY 3 |
2. (d) All of the above. 6. (c) Chromosome 1 and Y
Explanation: In eukaryotes, the gene Explanation: Chromosome 1 represents the
regulation occurs at the following levels: highest number of genes (2968 genes) while
(1) At transcriptional level when formation of the human sex chromosome Y contains least
primary transcript takes place. number of genes (231 genes).
(2) At processing level which involves 9. (c)

Short non-coding repetitive sequence forming
regulation of splicing. large portion of eukaryotic genome
(3) During transport of mRNA from nucleus to [CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021]
the cytoplasm. Explanation: Satellite DNA can be classified
into many categories such as micro-satellites,
(4) At translational level when protein is
synthesized. mini-satellites, etc., depending on their base
composition (A: T rich or G: C rich), length of
Related Theory segment, and number of repetitive units. These
sequences form a large portion of human
 Gene regulation is a mechanism by which the genes
are switched on and switched off according to the genome but they normally do not code for
requirement of the cells and the developmental any proteins. A high degree of polymorphism is
stage. shown by these sequences.
4. (c) (I) and (III)
Related Theory
Explanation: Some of the important goals of
HGP are:  VNTR: A small DNA sequence arranged tandemly
in many copy numbers is called as VNTR. In an
(1) Identification of all 20,000-25,000 genes individual, the copy number varies from chromosome
approximately present in human DNA. to chromosome. The number of repeats show very
(2) Determination of the sequences of 3 billion high degree of polymorphism. As a result, the size of
chemical base pairs that constitutes the VNTR varies from 0.1 to 20 kb.
human DNA.  The technique, as used earlier, involved Southern blot
(3) Storage of all this information in databases. hybridisation using radio-labelled VNTRs as a prob.
(4) Improvement of tools for data analysis. 12. (b) Southern Blotting
(5) Transfer of the related technologies to Explanation: The technique of DNA
other sectors, such as industries. fingerprinting involves the method of
(6) To address the Ethical, Legal, And Social hybridisation of DNA with probes is called
Issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. southern blotting.

Related Theory
Explanation: After hybridisation with VNTR
 Southern blotting is a laboratory technique used to
probe, many bands of different sizes are
detect a specific DNA sequence in a blood or tissue
sample. In this technique, a restriction enzyme is obtained on autoradiogram. Every individual
used to cut a sample of DNA into fragments that DNA has a characteristic pattern of these
are separated using gel electrophoresis. The DNA bands. This pattern differs from individual
fragments are transferred out of the gel to the to individual in a population except in
surface of a nylon or nitrocellulose membrane. monozygotic (identical) twins.
13. (c) Lactose binds to the repressor. 19. (A) (b) (III) and (IV)
Explanation: Lactose is known as the inducer Explanation: Gene z codes for the enzyme
of the operon because it regulates the beta-galactosidase (β-gal). This enzyme
switching on and off of the operon. When catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose
lactose is present in the growth medium of (disaccharide) and converts it into its
E. coli, it gets transported into the cells by the monomeric units, glucose and galactose.
action of the enzyme permease. This induces Thus, it can be said that Sample (III) and (IV)
the operon and the following events take place:
have an activated gene z, as these samples
(1) The presence of the inducer such as lactose are showing high concentration of Glucose
or allolactose, inactivates the repressor and Galactose.
due to interaction between inducer
with repressor (i.e., binding of inducer to
(B) (a) Lactose
repressor). As a result, the inactive repressor Explanation: Lactose is known as the
fails to bind to the operator region. inducer of the lac operon because it
(2) This results in RNA polymerase to access regulates the switching on and off of the
the promoter and the transcription then operon and acts as the substrate for the
proceeds further and lac mRNA is formed enzyme beta-galactosidase.
which is polycistronic and produces 20. (A) ZK. The banding pattern of the DNA
all three enzymes i.e., β-galactosidase, obtained from the crime with the DNA
permease and transacetylase. Thus, the banding pattern of ZK.
operon is switched on.
DNA fingerprinting utilizes short VNTR's
or Variable number of tandem repeats.
Related Theory They vary from person to person and
 are inherited across generations. Closely
In presence
p i p o z y a of inducer related individuals have similar VNTR's.
Transcription
Related Theory
Repressor mRNA Iac mRNA
Translation  The satellite DNA which shows a higher degree of
polymorphisrn are called the VNTR's.
β-galactosidase PermeaseTransacetylase
Inducer (C) Satellite DNA refers to the repetitive DNA.
It can be classified into many categories
(Inactive repressor)
such as micro-satellites, mini-satellites,
macro-satellites, etc., depending on base
Lac Operon composition (A, T rich or G: C rich), length of
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct segment, and number of repetitive units.
explanation of A. 22. Bioinformatics is a branch of science which
Explanation: An operon is a cluster of uses computation to extract the information
coordinately regulated genes. It includes about the biological data. The use of
structural genes (generally encoding enzymes), computational device helps in the collection,
regulatory or i gene (encoding, repressor, storage, retrieval and analysis of the data.
and regulatory sites (such as promoter and
operator). 24. Advantages of HGP (Human Genome Project)
are:
The type of control in lac operon is defined
by the presence or absence of the inducer, i.e. (1) The information about the effects of DNA
lactose. variations among individuals can lead to
innovative ways of diagnosis, treatment
When lactose is absent, i gene regulates and
and can also help in prevention of many
produces the repressor of the operon. The
disorders affecting human beings.
repressor protein binds to the operator region
of the operon and thus, this prevents the RNA (2) It can provide knowledge to understand
polymerase from transcribing the operon. The human biology as well as about non-
operon will be switched off in this situation. So, human organism’s DNA sequences, that
it is called a negative regulation. can lead to an understanding of their

natural capabilities, which can be applied 39. The main salient features of human genome
toward solving challenges in health are as follows:
care, agriculture, energy production, (1) The human genome contains 3164.7 million
environmental remediation. For example: nucleotide base pairs (bases).
Bacteria, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans
(2) The average gene consists of 3000 bases,
(a free-living non-pathogenic nematode),
Drosophila (the fruit fly), plants (rice but sizes vary greatly. The total number of
and Arabidopsis), etc., have also been genes in human genome is about 30,000.
sequenced. (3) The largest known human gene is
Dystrophin having 2.4 million bases.
26. Inducer: Lactose is the substrate for the
enzyme beta-galactosidase, and it regulates (4) Chromosome I has most genes (2968) and
switching on and off of the operon. It is termed the Y has the fewest genes (231).
as Inducer. (5) Almost all (99.9 per cent) nucleotide bases
Repressor: A repressor of the operon blocks are exactly the same in every human
the operator gene in order to halt mRNA individual.
production by structural genes. It acts as a (6) The functions are still unknown for over 50
regulator protein. per cent of the discovered genes.
(7) Less than 2 per cent of the genome codes
Related Theory
for proteins.
 When any inducer comes in contact with any
repressor, it changes the repressor into a state where 40. The inactivation of the structural genes of lac
it cannot bind with the operator. This is done for the operon in E.coli happens due to the absence of
continuation of the transcription and also to make an inducer i.e., Lactose.
the operator gene free.
When lactose is absent, i gene regulates and
31. BAC: Bacterial Artificial Chromosome. produces the repressor of the operon.
YAC: Yeast Artificial Chromosome. The repressor protein binds to the operator
They both come under the class of vectors. region of the operon and thus, this inactivated
DNA fragments are inserted in them to form the structural genes and prevents the RNA
a recombinant DNA. They are then put into a polymerase from transcribing the operon.
suitable host for multiplication. The operon will be switched off in this situation.
33. The sequencing of human genome opened 42. DNA polymorphism can be described as Allelic
new windows for treatment of various genetic
sequence variation, if more than one variant
disorders because:
(allele) at a locus occurs with a frequency
(1) It enhances the basic understanding of greater than 0.01 in human population.
genetics and immunity to various disorders. Simply, if an inheritable mutation is observed
(2) It helps in identification of various defective in a population at high frequency, it is referred
genes that cause genetic disorders. to as DNA polymorphism.
(3) It helps in better understanding of diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of genetic Related Theory
disorders.  The probability of allelic sequence variation in
35. Human genome project was called a mega noncoding DNA sequence would be higher as
project because: mutations in these sequences may not have any
immediate impact in an individual’s reproductive
(1) Human genome has approximately 3 x 109
ability.
bp, and if the cost of sequencing required
is US $ 3 per bp, the total estimated cost  Generation after generation these mutations
keep on accumulating and thus, form the basis of
of the project would be approximately 9
variability/polymorphism.
billion US dollars.
(2) If the sequences obtained were to be stored 43. SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism.
in typed form in books, and if each page of Location: They are known to occur throughout
the book contained 1000 letters and each a person’s DNA.
book contained 1000 pages, then 3300 Importance:
such books would be required to store the (1) This information helps in determining
information of DNA sequence from a single
the chromosomal locations for disease-
human cell.
associated sequences.
(3) High-speed computational devices for data
(2) SNPs can also be used to track the
storage and retrieval, and analysis are
inheritance of diseased genes within
required to store the enormous amount of
data. families.

The bulk DNA forms a major peak and the
Related Theory small peaks jointly referred to as satellite DNA.
 SNPs were identified by scientists in humans at Depending on base composition (A : T rich or
about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA G : C rich), length of segment, and number of
differences occur. repetitive units, the satellite DNA is classified
47. DNA fingerprinting is the technique which into many categories, such as micro-satellites
is used in solving the paternity dispute for and mini-satellites. These sequences normally
a child. It is a technique of determining do not code for any proteins, but they form
nucleotide sequences of certain areas of DNA a large portion of human genome. These
which are unique to each individual. The basis sequences show high degree of polymorphism
of DNA fingerprinting is DNA polymorphism. and form the basis of DNA fingerprinting.
Principle of DNA fingerprinting Since DNA from every tissue (such as blood,
DNA fingerprinting involves identifying hair- follicle, skin, bone, saliva, sperm etc.),
differences in some specific regions in DNA from an individual show the same degree
sequence called as repetitive DNA. In these of polymorphism, they become very useful
sequences, a small stretch of DNA is repeated identification tool in forensic applications.
many times. These repetitive DNA are Further, as the polymorphisms are inheritable
separated from bulk genomic DNA as different from parents to children. Hence, DNA
peaks during density gradient centrifugation. fingerprinting is the basis of paternity testing,
in case of disputes.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
3. (d) Both (a) and (b) atmosphere like he created the electric
Explanation: Flippers of Penguins and discharges in a closed flask containing water
Dolphins, Eyes of Octopus and Mammals are vapour and CH4, NH3, H2 in the ratio 2 : 1 : 2
the examples of convergent evolution. When and maintain a high temperature of 800ºC.
different structures in different organisms
evolve for the same function and hence Related Theory
have similarity, such a condition is called as 
In his experiment, Miller observed that amino acids
convergent evolution. are formed and other scientists performed similar
experiments and observed the formation of sugars,
Related Theory nitrogen bases, pigment and fats.
 Analogous organs are the result of convergent Therefore, the idea of abiogenesis (life originated
evolution. These can be defined as the organs from non-living matter) followed by chemical
of different groups of organisms, which perform evolution was supported by Miller-Urey.
similar functions but have different basic anatomical
structure. Such a relation between the organs of
13. (a) adaptive radiation
different groups of organisms is termed as Analogy. Explanation: Darwin’s finches were the
Analogy is based on convergent evolution. example of adaptive radiation. On Galapagos
4. (d) Both (a) and (b) Islands, Darwin observed an amazing diversity
Explanation: Vertebrate hearts and the thorns of creatures. Many varieties of small black
in Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are birds, later called as Darwin’s Finches were
the examples of homologous structures. present on the same island. All the varieties
which Darwin observed evolved on the island
Related Theory itself.
 Homologous organs can be defined as the organs of The different varieties evolved from the original
different groups of organisms, which show similarity seed-eating finches. He explained that after
in basic anatomical structure and embryonic
evolving from a common seed-eating ancestor,
development but they perform different functions.
Such a relation between the organs of different the finches must have radiated to different
groups of organisms is termed as Homology. geographical areas and have undergone
Homology indicates common ancestry. adaptive changes like alterations in beaks.
8. (d) Archaeopteryx Therefore, due to this change in beaks, some
Explanation: Archaeopteryx is known to be a became insectivorous and some vegetarian.
connecting link between reptiles and birds as it Thus, living in isolation led to the evolution of
has characters of both birds and reptiles. It also new finches which were able to function and
implies that birds evolved from reptiles. survive in new habitat.
Related Theory Related Theory

 The fossil of Archaeopteryx was found in the rocks  In a given geographical area, the process of evolution
of Jurassic period. It was discovered in 1861 by of different species starting from a point and
Andreas Wagner. This fossil is now displayed in radiating to other areas of geography or habitats is
called adaptive radiation.
British museum, London.
11. (d) high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing
Explanation: According to the theory of
atmosphere containing CH4, NH3 etc.
abiogenesis, life originated from non-living
Explanation: In 1953, Stanley Miller artificially matter, such as simple organic compounds,
created primitive Earth conditions in the decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud,
laboratory and gave experimental evidence for etc.
origin of first form of life from pre-existing non- Louis Pasteur rejected this theory with
living organic molecules. The scientist set the experimental evidences and shows that life
laboratory conditions similar to the primitive came from pre-existing life.
Evolution 39

18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (C) (d) all of these
explanation of A. Explanation: In a given geographical
Explanation: The first non-cellular forms area, the process of evolution of different
of life like RNA, proteins, polysaccharides, species starting from a point and radiating
etc., originated around 3 billion years ago. to other areas of geography or habitats is
These molecules were present inside a self- called adaptive radiation. Organisms can
replicating metabolic capsule. Later, these get restricted to a particular geographical
region on Earth due to habitat isolation.
capsules reproduced their molecules.
The availability of food sources and the
Therefore, the first life form was formed slowly inherent competition for it, coupled by the
through evolutionary forces from non-living habitat structure can give rise to adaptive
molecules. radiation.
20. (A) (1) As Earth cooled, the water vapour
Related Theory present fell down as rain and filled
 About 2000 million years ago, the first cellular form the depressions and thus formed the
of life originated. These were single cells and were oceans.
formed in aquatic environment only. (2) Water molecule split into Hydrogen
19. (A) (b) Adaptive radiation and Oxygen by the action of sun's UV
Explanation: The different species of an rays. The lighter Hydrogen (H2) gas
organism surveyed in different parts of escaped from the surface whereas the
oxygen gas combined with ammonia
island 1, are showing high percentage of
and methane to form water, CO2 and
similarity in body structure. This shows that other compounds.
the species have a similar body structure,
(3) The early Earth's surface was covered
parts of which might have evolved to
by water vapour, methane, carbon
perform different functions. This is closely dioxide and ammonia released from
in association with the phenomenon of molten mass.
adaptive radiation.
(4) Many studies claim that the
(B) (d) All of these depressions were initially filled with
Explanation: The examples of adaptive hydrocarbons/basaltic compositions.
radiation are: (Any two)
(1) Darwin’s Finches: The different varieties 22. The theory of special creation has three
of Darwin’s Finches evolved from the connotations:
original seed-eating finches. Darwin (1) All living organisms that we see today
explained that after evolving from were created as such.
a common seed-eating ancestor, (2) The diversity was always the same since
the finches must have radiated to creation and will be the same in future also.
different geographical areas and have (3) The Earth is about 4000 years old.
undergone adaptive changes like
24. Paleontology is the study of the past life with
alterations in beaks. Therefore, due to
this change in beaks, some became the help of fossil records, i.e., it is the study of
insectivorous and some vegetarian. fossils.
Thus, living in isolation for a long time,
led to evolution of new finches which Related Theory
were able to function and survive in  Fossils can be defined as remains of the hard parts of
new habitat. the past organisms preserved in sedimentary rocks.
(2) Australian marsupials: In case of Sediments are formed by rocks and a cross-section
Australian marsupials, within the same of earth’s crust shows the arrangement of sediments
Australian island continent, a variety of one over the other during the long history of earth.
marsupials (pouched animals), different
from each other evolved from an 25. Functional macromolecules i.e., enzymes,
ancestral stock. hormones, receptor, antibodies, etc. are evolving
(3) Cichlid fish in Lake Malawi and towards creation of a complex organisms. There
Victoria: The lakes of Malawi and are various evidences that are common to
Victoria harbor a particularly rich fauna simple and complex forms of life which indicate
of cichlid fishes, with an estimated common ancestry.
number of 250–800 species in each For example, histone protein tends to be well
lake. The number of species seems preserved among all eukaryotes, from amoeba
to be correlated with lake size, in line
to blue whale as well as to humans, with only
with the fact that species diversity
one or two amino acids different. The genetic
increases with habitat heterogeneity
and with the opportunity for isolation code is almost identical for all known life forms,
by distances. from bacteria to archaea or animal and plants.

28. The given image depicts vestigial organs. Analogous Homologous
These could be defined as the organs that are Structures Structures
no more functional the way they were in their (1) They perform similar They show similari-
ancestral form of the trait. Examples are coccyx functions but have ty in basic anatom-
or caudal vertebrae, nictating membrane, etc. different basic ana- ical structure and
32. When the same structure in different animals, tomical structure. embryonic devel-
develops along different directions due to opment but they
perform different
adaptations to different needs, the condition
functions.
is called as divergent evolution. Such evolution
results in the development of homologous (2) They demonstrate They demonstrate
convergent evolution. divergent evolution.
organs.
(3) Develop in unrelated Develop in related
Examples:
organisms. organisms.
(1) Forelimbs of mammals like whales, bats,
(4) e.g., Flippers of Pen- e.g., Forelimbs in
cheetahs and humans show homology
guins and Dolphins. vertebrates.
as they share similarities in the pattern of
bones - all of them have humerus, radius, (B) (i) Wings of butterfly and birds.
ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (iv) Tubers of sweet potato and potato are
the analogous organs.
in their forelimbs. Though these forelimbs
perform different functions in these 39. Nascent oxygen is very reactive and acts as a
permanent oxidising agent. It can react readily
animals.
with different kinds of biomolecules, including
(2) Vertebrate’s hearts or brains. DNA, proteins present in the cells of aerobic
34. Theory of recapitulation states that during life forms. Due to this, undesirable metabolic
embryonic development, animals go through changes and mutations occur. Hence, nascent
oxygen supposed to be toxic to aerobic life
various stages of evolution which resembles
forms.
their remote ancestors and thus, it was the
42. (A) (i) Galapagos Island
embryological support for evolution proposed
by him. Therefore, according to this law: (ii) Adaptive radiation.
“Ontogeny (development of embryo) Darwin's finches illustrate adaptive

radiation. From the original seed-eating
recapitulates phylogeny (ancestral sequence).”
features, many other forms with altered
36. The primitive atmosphere was reducing beaks arose, enabling them to become
because hydrogen atoms were active and insectivorous and vegetarian finches.
great in number. During early days of earth,
(iii) Darwin visited the particular
hydrogen produced due to volcanic eruptions geographical area through sea voyage
and other natural sources removed the in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle.
oxygen and other oxidising gases by reducing
reactions. (B) Excess use of herbicides, pesticides etc., has
resulted in selection of resistent varieties in
38. (A) Difference between analogous and a much lesser time scale. Same is true for
homologous structures are: antibiotic or drug resistant microbes.
| THEORY 2 |
3. (d) Neanderthal man The above given equation is known as Hardy-
Explanation: Neanderthal man having 1400 cc Weinberg principle, which states that allele
cranial capacity lived in near East and Central frequencies in a population are stable and is
Asia between 1,00,000 to 40,000 years back. It constant from generation to generation. This
had slightly prognathous face (with protruding means that the gene pool (total genes and
face and jaws), sloping forehead, low and their alleles in a population) remains constant.
heavy eye brows, smaller or no chin, thick- In such a stable population,
boned skull and high domed head. They were For a gene with two alleles A (dominant) and
cave dwellers and buried their dead. a (recessive), if the frequency of A is p and a is
6. (a) population genetics q, then the frequencies of the three possible
Explanation: (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 genotypes (AA, Aa and aa) can be expressed
represents an equation used in population by the Hardy-Weinberg equation; p2 + 2pq +
genetics. q2 = 1.
Evolution 41

7. (d) All of the above 16. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: The factors that affect Hardy- Explanation: According to Hardy-Weinberg
Weinberg equilibrium are: principle, the frequency of occurrence of
Gene migration/ gene flow: alleles of a gene or a locus remains fixed and
This involves migration of a section of same through generations in a population. But
population or entire population to another mutations introduce new genes into a species
place that results in change of gene frequencies resulting in change in gene frequencies.
in the original population as well as in the Hardy-Weinberg principle was given by GH
new population. The new population will get Hardy and W. Weinberg in 1908, in order
new genes/alleles that are lost from the old to study gene frequencies by a simple
population. Gene migration occurring frequently mathematical relationship and algebraic
or multiple times will result in gene flow. equations.
Genetic drift:
When the change in gene frequency is random Related Theory
and by chance it is termed as genetic drift. The  Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele
change in allele frequency sometimes is so frequencies in a population are stable and is
constant from generation to generation. This means
different in the new population that it results
that the gene pool (total genes and their alleles in
in the formation of new species. The original a population) remains a constant. This is termed as
drifted population becomes the founder and genetic equilibrium or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
the effect is known as founder effect.
17. (B) Dryopithecus: The origin of man occurred in
Genetic recombination:
central Asia, China, Java and India (shivalik
Genetic recombination can be defined as the hills) as indicated by the fossil evidence.
process in which alleles of parental linkage Dryopithecus was the common ancestor of
groups separate and lead to the formation man and apes. Ramapithecus was the next
of new associations of alleles due to crossing stage in the hominid evolution.
over during gametogenesis.
(C) An early human fossil discovered in 1891
and 1892 on the island of Java (Dutch
Related Theory
East Indies, now part of Indonesia). It was
 Other factors that could affect Hardy-Weinberg
named Homo erectus and also known by
equilibrium are: Mutation, Natural selection.
the title Java Man.
9. (a) Hominization
18. (A) (a) I
Explanation: Anthropogenesis refers to Explanation: Natural selection has an
Hominization. It is the process or point of
effect called stabilisation.
becoming human. This process consists of
evolutionary transformation of hominoids into In this, large number individuals acquire
Hominids. mean character value, i.e., reduced
variation. This is due to favouring of optimal
10. (d) water to land environmental conditions, where severe
Explanation: As we know, life originated in competition is absent.
the ocean presumably in Precambrian era

(D) (a)
Both A and R are true and R is the
about 3737 billion years ago. Prokaryotes
correct explanation of A.
and chemoheterotrophs were known as the
first organisms which were evolved as first life Explanation: Mutation is usually referred
forms. Some heterotrophs then evolved into to as a sudden change in appearance or
autotrophs. variations in an individual or population.
This results in new phenotypes. Speciation
After that, Eukaryotes originated in the ancient
through genetic variations occurs even
ocean, presumably about 1.5 billion years ago.
though the mutations are random and
These later on gave rise to complex forms. Most
occur at a slow rate.
primitive organisms live in water, while the
complex ones live on land. This indicates that 19. (A) (a) dark
the evolution of life moved from water to land. Explanation: The number of dark moths
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct increased post-industrialisation as their
explanation of A. dark colour tone served as a camouflage
Explanation: When the change in gene with the smoke and soot deposition
frequency is random and by chance it is on trees. It made spotting difficult for
termed as genetic drift. The change in allele predators.
frequency sometimes is so different in the new
(B) (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
population that it results in the formation of correct explanation of A.
new species. The original drifted population Explanation: Lichens are used as industrial
becomes the founder and the effect is known pollution indicators as they do not grow in
as founder effect. polluted areas.

21. Chemical resistance is the example of natural (3) Two members of a population are
selection. Excess use of herbicides, pesticides not identical even though they look
has resulted in selection of resistant varieties superficially similar, i.e., there are varying
of microbes in a much lesser time period. characteristics in members of a population.
Antibiotics or drugs are often used against (4) The variations among the population are
microbes or eukaryotic cells and their excessive generally inherited.
usage can lead to propagation of antibiotic (5) Population size shows two facts, i.e.,
resistant bacteria in a much lesser time. theoretically it grows exponentially if
everybody reproduces to its maximum
Related Theory level, but in reality, the size of the population
 The above given, chemical resistance is also an is limited as a result of competition among
example of evolution by anthropogenic/ man-made individuals for resources. Therefore, better
actions. This tells us that evolution is not a directed adapted individuals survive and reproduce
process in the sense of determinism. It is a random
at the cost of others (who are less adapted
process based on chance events in nature and
in the environment).
chance mutation in the organisms.
(6) Darwin was also influenced by the work of
23. Anthropogeny is the study of human origin. It Thomas Malthus.
is not simply a synonym for human evolution
42. (A) Individual frequencies are named as p,
by natural selection, which is only a part of
q. Thus, in a diploid organism, p and q
the processes involved in human origin. Many represent the frequency of dominant A
other factors besides natural selection were and recessive a alleles, respectively.
involved, ranging over climatic, geographic,
(B) This principle states that allele frequencies
ecological, social, and cultural ones. in a population are stable and is constant
Anthropogenesis, meaning the process or from generation to generation. This means
point of becoming human, is also called that the gene pool (total genes and their
hominisation. alleles in a population) remains constant.
This is termed as genetic equilibrium or
25. According to Charles Darwin, the fitness of
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
an individual means reproductive fitness.
According to this, the sum total of all the
Therefore, better adapted individuals will leave
allelic frequencies is 1.
more progeny than others. Thus, these survive
(C) If the value of 1 in the equation gets
better and are selected by nature. This is called
deviated or there is a disturbance in
as natural selection by him and is considered
genetic equilibrium, or Hardy-Weinberg
as a key mechanism of evolution. equilibrium, i.e., change of frequency of
30. Zosterophyllum, Ferns, Ginkgo, Gnetales. alleles in a population would then be
interpreted as resulting in evolution.
32. Survival of fittest means (B) those that survive
are called fit. In the struggle for existence, the 45. Migration can be defined as the movement of
individuals who have more favourable variations individuals from one place to another. It can be
will enjoy an advantage over others. the movement of individuals into a particular
population (i.e., emigration) or movement
34. Homo habilis (Handy man)
of individuals to a different population
Origin period: 1.2-1.5 mya (i.e., immigration). Migration can enhance the
General features: First human-like being process of natural selection by bringing in the
(hominid), brain capacity 650-800 cc, herbivores, alleles and traits within a population that are
fossils found in East Africa. selected by nature or blur the effect of natural
selection by removing the useful traits or genes
36. (A) Dryopithecus.
from the population.
(B) Australopithecus
41. Alfred Wallace (a naturalist) worked in Malay 48. Neanderthal Man Modern Man
Archipelago and reached similar conclusions (1) Neanderthal man (1) Modern man
like Darwin around the same time. Thus, they were successor of evolved from Cro-
together gave the ‘Theory of natural selection’ Homo erectus. Magnon man
in 1858. towards the end
Some factual observations on which this of the last Glacial
theory was based are: period.
(1) Limited natural resources are available. (2) Their cranial (2) Their cranial
(2) Except for seasonal fluctuations, populations capacity was capacity was
about 1400 cc. about 1350 cc.
are stable in size.
Evolution 43

(3) Neanderthal man (3) Modern man area, after industrialisation, i.e., in 1920, the
exhibit absolute exhibits bipedal number of dark-winged moths increased and
bipedalism. locomotion, with was more than the white-winged moths, i.e.,
four reversed the proportion was reversed.
curves in the Explanation of this phenomenon:
spine. It was explained that it was easy for the
(4) They had large (4) They have upright predators to spot a moth against a contrasting
head, broad- head, skull on top background. Due to increased pollution of
flat and sloping of the vertebral industrial smoke and soots during post-
forehead. column and steep industrialisation period, the tree trunks became
forehead. dark. As a result, the white-winged moth was
(5) Their brow ridges (5) Their brow ridges easily identified by the predators and was
were prominent, were reduced, killed due to which dark-winged or melanised
chin was almost have well moth survived. Before industrialisation, the
absent and less developed and trees were covered with thick growth of white-
hair on the body. prominent chin. coloured lichen and thus, in that background
Hairs present the white-winged moth survived but the dark-
on limbs and coloured moths were picked out by predators.
body are highly Lichens are used as industrial pollution
reduced. indicators. They do not grow in polluted
49. Industrial Melanism: areas. Therefore, the moths which were able
Industrial melanism in peppered moth to camouflage themselves, i.e., hide in the
(Biston betularia) is studied as an example background, survived. This was supported
of natural selection. In 1850s, i.e., before the by the fact that in rural areas, where
establishment of industrialisation, in England, industrialisation did not occur, the number of
it was observed that the number of white- melanic moths was low. This shows that in a
winged moths on trees was more than the mixed population, those that are well adapted,
dark-winged or melanised moths. In the same they survive and increase in population size.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
4. (d) Alveoli Explanation: Vector-borne diseases like
Explanation: In pneumonial infection, the Malaria can be controlled by adopting
pathogen infects the alveoli (air filled sacs) biological methods. Gambusia feeds on
of the lungs. Due to it, the alveoli get filled mosquito larvae in water bodies, preventing
with fluid that results in severe respiratory malarial spread. At the same time, it does not
problems. have any side effect on nature and humans.
5. (a) pathogens 18. (d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: In broad sense, pathogens are Explanation: Benign tumors are the kind of
a wide range of organisms which produce tumors that remain confined to their original
diseases in both plants and animals. The location and do not spread to the other parts
examples of pathogens are: viruses, bacteria, of the body. Such tumors cause little damage.
fungi, protozoans and helminthes. The cells in these tumors do not show the
property of metastasis.
Related Theory
 All insects and worms do not cause diseases; only Related Theory
some of them can do so. Whereas, vectors are  Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not
carriers of pathogens. spread. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade
and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread
8. (d) Malaria
throughout the body.
Explanation: Malaria is not a Helminthic
disease. Infact, this disease is caused by 19. (A) (a) Malaria
Plasmodium, which is a protozoan. Explanation: In case of Malaria, the RBCs
rupture is linked with the release of a toxic
Related Theory substance called as haemozoin. This toxin is
 On the other hand, the diseases that are caused responsible for the chill (shivering) and high
by helminthic worms like tapeworms, flukes, and fever recurring every three to four days in
roundworms are called as helminthic diseases. malaria.
Ascariasis is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides,
intestinal parasite commonly known as roundworm. Related Theory
Elephantiasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and  Causative agent of the disease Malaria is
Wuchereria malayi (filarial worms). Plasmodium. This Plasmodium enters as sporozoites
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms (infectious form) in the human body through the
called schistosomes. bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
The parasites (sporozoites) after reaching the liver
11. (c) Reduced levels of oxygen in the blood. through blood, multiply within the liver cells and
Explanation: Cyanosis is when your skin, lips then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in
their rupture.
and/or nails turn a bluish tone. It occurs when
blood lacks the oxygen which is needed by the (B) (c) protozoan disease
different tissues in the body. Explanation: Malaria is a Protozoan dis-
13. (a) Fungal disease ease. It is caused by Plasmodium (a tiny
protozoan).
Explanation: The diseases caused by different
genera of fungi are termed as fungal diseases.
Ringworm disease is the most common fungal Related Theory
disease in humans. The main symptoms of the 
Five species of Plasmodium (single-celled parasites)
can infect humans and cause illness:
disease are dry, scaly lesions on various parts
• Plasmodium falciparum (or P. falciparum)
of the body such as skin, nails and scalp. These • Plasmodium malariae (or P. malariae)
lesions are accompanied by intense itching. • Plasmodium vivax (or P. vivax)
The fungi grow with the help of heat and • Plasmodium ovale (or P. ovale)
moisture in skin folds such as those in the groin • Plasmodium knowlesi (or P. knowlesi)
or between the toes. 20. (C) In case of Vector-borne diseases such as
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct malaria, filariasis, etc., the vectors and their
explanation of A. breeding places should be controlled or
Human Health and Diseases 45

eliminated. The vectors can be eliminated
by: Related Theory
 Amoebic dysentery is also known as Amoebiasis.
(1) Avoiding stagnation of water in and
In this disease, houseflies act as mechanical
around residential areas. carriers and transmit the parasite from faeces of
(2) Regular cleaning of household coolers. infected person to food and water and thereby
contaminating them. Thus, drinking water and eating
(3) Use of mosquito nets. food contaminated with faecal matter are the main
(4) Introducing fishes like Gambusia in source of infection.
ponds that feed on mosquito larvae. 26. Dengue and Chikungunya.
(5) Spraying of insecticides in ditches, Explanation: Dengue and Chikungunya are
drainage areas and swamps, etc. transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti
(6) Doors and windows should be provided mosquito. Therefore, the spread of these two
with wire mesh to prevent the entry of diseases can be controlled by the eradication
mosquitoes. of this mosquito.
22. (A) Sporozoites 27. (1) ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(B) Gametocytes (2) PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction.
29. Dysentery, cholera, typhoid etc., are infectious
Related Theory diseases. These diseases are more common in
 (1) When a female Anopheles mosquito bites a overcrowded human settlements because at
person who has malaria, sporozoites of the these places, these can be easily transferred
Plasmodium parasite are released into the from one person to another through various
bloodstream. modes. Thus, in overcrowded settlements,
(2) The human liver absorbs the sporozoites quickly. there are more chances of transmission of
(3) The sporozoites multiply asexually in the liver these infectious diseases.
cells over the next 7 to 10 days, causing no
symptoms. Related Theory
(4) In an animal model, the parasites, in the form of  Infectious diseases are those diseases that are
transmitted from person to person by direct or
merozoites, are released from the liver cells in
indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria,
vesicles, journey through the heart, and arrive
parasites, and fungi can cause infectious diseases.
in the lungs, where they settle within lung
capillaries. The vesicles eventually disintegrate, 31. Causative agent of the disease Ascariasis:
freeing the merozoites to enter the blood phase Ascaris lumbricoides, intestinal parasite
of their development. commonly known as roundworm.
(5) In the bloodstream, the merozoites invade red Symptoms: The symptoms of this disease
blood cells (erythrocytes) and multiply again include internal bleeding, muscular pain,
until the cells burst. Then they invade more
fever, anaemia and blockage of the intestinal
erythrocytes. This cycle is repeated, causing fever
passage.
each time parasites break free and invade blood
cells. Mode of transmission: It gets transmitted when
(6) Some of the infected blood cells leave the cycle a healthy person consumes contaminated
of asexual multiplication. Instead of replicating, water, vegetables, fruits, etc., or get exposed to
the merozoites in these cells develop into sexual soil, water, plants, etc., that are contaminated
forms of the parasite, called gametocytes, that with the faecal matter of infected persons
circulate in the blood stream. (contains eggs of the parasite).
(7) When a mosquito bites an infected person, it 33. Between two pathogenic viruses, the virus
consumes gametocytes, which later mature into having RNA as genetic material will mutate
gametes, which are mature sex cells. faster because DNA is highly stable and
(8) The female gametes that have been fertilised very less likely to undergo any change in
become actively moving ookinetes that pierce its chemical composition. RNA in fact, being
the mosquito's midgut wall and mature into unstable, mutate at a faster rate.
oocysts on the outside.
35. Two genera of fungi which causes ringworm
(9) Thousands of living sporozoites form inside
the oocyst. When the oocyst eventually bursts, are Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.
sporozoites are released into the body cavity and Symptoms are:
go to the salivary glands of the mosquito.
(i) Lesions that seem dry and scaly on various
(10) When the mosquito bites another person, the
regions of the body like hair, body and
cycle of human infection starts all over again.
nails.
24. Causative organism: Entamoeba histolytica. (ii) Itching occurs with these lesions. Heat and
It is commonly found in the large intestine of moisture aid the growth of these fungi,
humans. allowing them to flourish in skin folds.

40. (A) The scientific names of the two species (2) Chemical agents: These are present in
of filarial worms causing filariasis are: tobacco smoke which can lead to lung
Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria cancer. Other chemical agents include
malayi. benzene fumes, etc.
(B) Effect on organs: (3) Biological agents: These are cancer
Chronic inflammation of the organs causing viruses called oncogenic
infected by these worms which are usually viruses having genes called viral
lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs. The oncogenes. In normal cells, several
genital organs also get affected thus, genes called cellular oncogenes
causing gross deformities. (c-onc) or proto-oncogenes are found,
(C) This disease is transmitted by the bite of which when activated under certain
the vector female Culex mosquito. conditions, could lead to oncogenic
42. (A) Pneumonia transformation of the cells.
Causative agent of the disease (pathogenic 45. (1) Typhoid
organism): Streptococcus pneumoniae and Causative agent of the disease (pathogenic
Haemophilus influenzae. organism): Salmonella typhi.
Common cold Mode of entry inside the body and site of
Causative agent of the disease (pathogenic infection: These pathogens usually enter
organism): Rhinoviruses. the small intestine through contaminated
(B) The symptoms of pneumonia include fever, food and water and then migrate through
chills, cough and headache. The lips and blood to other body organs.
finger nails become grey to bluish in colour Symptoms: The various symptoms of
in severe cases. the disease are sustained high fever
The symptoms of common cold include (39°C to 40°C), weakness, stomach
nasal congestion and discharge, sore pain, constipation, headache and loss of
throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, appetite. In severe cases, the infection
tiredness, etc., that usually last for 3-7 can lead to intestinal perforation and
days. eventually to death.
(C) Cough and Headache are the two Diagnostic test: The typhoid fever can be
symptoms that are common to both of the confirmed through Widal test.
mentioned diseases.
(2) Pneumonia
44. (B) The benign tumor remains confined in Causative agent of the disease (pathogenic
the organ affected as it is enclosed in a organism): Streptococcus pneumoniae and
connective tissue sheath and does not enter
Haemophilus influenzae
the metastatic stages. Hence, it cannot
harm or affect any other organ. It can be Site of infection: The pathogen infects the
surgically removed, if needed. alveoli (air filled sacs) of the lungs. Due to
the infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid
On the other hand, malignant tumor is
that results in severe respiratory problems.
more dangerous because it can grow
quickly. It may grow into or spread to other Mode of transmission: The infection
parts of the body. spreads to a healthy person by inhaling
the droplets/aerosols that are released
(C) The agents that bring about transformation
by an infected person. It can also spread
of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic
by sharing glasses and utensils with an
cells or cause cancer are called as
carcinogens. They are of the following infected person.
types: Symptoms: The symptoms of pneumonia
(1) Physical agents: They include ionising include fever, chills, cough and headache.
radiations like X-rays and gamma The lips and finger nails become grey to
rays and non-ionising radiations like bluish in colour in severe cases.
UV rays. These cause DNA damage Diagnostic test : Chest X-ray to look
resulting in neoplastic transformation. for inflammation in lungs. Therefore, a
Therefore, indiscriminate practices chest X-ray is oftenly used to diagnose
using X-rays are not recommended. pneumonia.
| THEORY 2 |
4. (a) Histamine and Serotonin find out the cause of allergy, the patient is
Explanation: Allergy occurs due to the exposed to or injected with very small doses of
release of chemicals like histamine and possible allergens, and then the reactions are
serotonin from the mast cells. In order to studied.

from the mast cells. The release can be
Related Theory attributed to exposure to certain allergens.
 The hypersensitive or exaggerated response of the On the other hand, level of these hormones
immune system to certain agents present in the keeps on decreasing in individual B.
environment is called allergy.
(C) In higher vertebrates, the memory-based
Drugs like anti-histamine, adrenaline and steroids
are used for treatment that quickly reduces the acquired immunity is able to differentiate
symptoms of an allergy. foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from
self-cells. But sometimes, due to genetic
6. (b) IgA type and other unknown reasons, the body lose
Explanation: IgA type of antibodies is present the ability to differentiate between foreign
in colostrum (first milk secreted by mother) particles and self-cells and as a result,
which protect the new born from certain it starts attacking self-cells and thereby
diseases. IgA is the second most abundant destroying them. Such a condition is called
class of immunoglobulins, constituting about auto-immune disease.
10-15% of serum immunoglobulins. Examples:
7. (b) Macrophages (1) Myasthenia gravis
Explanation: When the viral DNA gets (2) Rheumatoid arthritis
incorporated into host cell's DNA, it starts
20. (A) (a) T-lymphocytes
directing the infected cells to produce virus
particles. The macrophages, then, turn into an Explanation: The cells which are primarily
HIV factory as it continues to produce more responsible for Cell-mediated immunity
and virus particles. (CMI) are T-lymphocytes. This response
plays a crucial role in organ transplantation
10. (b) Anti-retroviral drugs and thus, responsible for body’s ability to
Explanation: In case of AIDS, the use of anti- distinguish between ‘self ’ and ‘non-self ’.
retroviral drugs is only partially effective and
they can only prolong the life of the patient Related Theory
but cannot prevent death, which is inevitable.  In CMI, there are two types of T-cells:
11. (d) Spleen (1) Cytotoxic/killer T-cells: These specifically kills
Explanation: Spleen is a large bean-shaped the cells that are infected with viruses or are
organ that mainly contains lymphocytes and damaged by some means or cancer cells, by a
variety of mechanisms.
phagocytes. Its function is to filter the blood by
trapping blood-borne micro-organisms. It also (2) Helper T-cells: These cells activate other cells of
the immune system specifically the B-cells to
acts as a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
produce antibodies.
Related Theory (D) (c) A is true but R is false.

 Spleen is the secondary lymphoid organ which is the Explanation: B and T-Lymphocytes form
site where the interation of lymphocytes with the the backbone of the immune responses
antigen takes place. in our body as primary and secondary
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct immune responses carried out with
explanation of A. the help of these two special types of
lymphocytes in blood. The B-lymphocytes
Explanation: Antibodies are a class of
produce an army of proteins in response
proteins called as immunoglobulins which are
to pathogens into our blood to fight with
produced when an antigen attacks the body.
them. These proteins are called antibodies.
The antibody molecule has peptide chains i.e.,
The T-lymphocytes do not produce
two small chains called as Light (L) chains and
antibodies but help B-cells in producing
two longer chains called as Heavy (H) chains. them.
Therefore, an antibody is represented as H2 L2.
The different types of antibodies produced in 24. Antigen can be defined as any foreign
our body are IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD and IgG. substance that is capable of eliciting our
immune response and especially induce the
18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct production of antibodies.
explanation of A.
Explanation: The allergic reactions have the Related Theory
symptoms like sneezing, watery eyes, running  Antibodies are a class of proteins also called as
nose, difficulty in breathing, etc. Drugs like anti- immunoglobulins that are produced when an
histamine, adrenaline and steroids are used antigen attacks the body.
that quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy. 25. The modern-day life style has resulted in
19. (A) Individual A might be having an allergic lowering of immunity and more sensitivity
reaction, as allergy occurs due to the release to allergens because of which the children in
of chemicals like histamine and serotonin metro cities often suffer from allergies and

asthma due to sensitivity to the environment.
The main reason for this is the protected Related Theory
environment provided to them early in life.  Allergens are defined as the substances that causes
allergy. For example : Dust, pollen grains, mites,
27. Bursa of Fabricius is the primary lymphoid animal dander (old skin scales that are constantly
organ in birds that is considered equivalent to shed), etc. The antibodies IgE types are produced in
mammal’s bone marrow. response to allergy in our body.
29. A recombinant vaccine is a vaccine produced 41. (A) Tetanus antitoxin (a preparation containing
through recombinant DNA technology. This antibodies to the toxin) is an anti-tetanus
involves inserting the DNA encoding an preparation.
antigen (such as a bacterial surface protein)
(B) The injured immediately injected with
that stimulates an immune response into
the anti-toxin because it contains pre-
bacterial or mammalian cells, expressing the
antigen in these cells and then purifying it from formed antibodies against tetanus and
them. Example: Production of insulin by rDNA thus protects the injured from disease. It is
techniques was achieved by an American required in case of a road accident, where
company Eli Lilly in 1983. quick immune response is required against
the disease causing deadly microbes.
30. The three physiological barriers which provide
(C) It provides passive immunity.
innate immunity are:
(1) The acid (hydrochloric acid) present in the 43. (A) Repeated blood transfusions may result in
stomach. contracting diseases like AIDS, in case of
(2) Saliva in the mouth. negligence on the part of any healthcare
staff. The recipient must ensure that the
(3) Tears from the eyes. donor's blood is being screened for HIV and
other pathogens. Also, he should make sure
Related Theory that doctors are using fresh disposable
 Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defence needles.
that is present at the time of birth and always
available to protect the body of an individual. At the same time, hospitals are a hotbed
Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers for catching infectious diseases. The patient
that prevent the entry of foreign agents into our should remain alert against traversing
body. These are: carelessly in hospital premises.
(1) Physical barriers (B) In the absence of such measures, the
(2) Physiological barriers patient can get infected by HIV (Human
(3) Cellular barriers Immunodeficiency Virus) which causes
(4) Cytokine barriers AIDS. It is a threatening disorder that
weakens the immune system by attacking
34. Organ transplantation is a procedure to involve
helper T-cells in the body.
the removal of damage or injured tissues or
organs from the body of a person and their A schematic diagram showing the cycle of
replacement with similar tissues or organs from proliferation and effects of retrovirus (HIV)
a donor. Sometimes, the transplanted tissues in infected person is as follows:
or organs get rejected by the body’s immune Retrovirus
Viral RNA core
system because body considered it as a foreign
object. Here, cell mediated immune response Virus infects normal cell
take place by T-lymphocytes. This response Viral protein coat
plays a crucial role in organ transplantation and Plasma
membrane
thus responsible for body’s ability to distinguish Animal cell
between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ because of which
Viral RNA is introduced into cell
sometimes the graft gets rejected. To avoid
rejection of organs, blood groups and tissues are Viral DNA Cytoplasm
matched. is produced
by reverse Viral DNA incorporates
During organ transplantation, if donor and transcriptase into host genome
acceptor both are identical twins, the chance
of rejection is very less because their organs New viral RNA
will have same surface markers and thus, the is produced by
the infected cell
recipient's immune system will not identify it as
foreign and will not react against it. New viruses
are produced
35. Pollen grains.
Nucleus DNA
The human body shows such response on
exposure of allergens:
(1) Hay fever- Inflammation of the membrane New viruses
can infect other cells
lining the nose/conjunctiva.
(2) Running nose, sneezing etc. Replication of Retrovirus

44. (A) The children who had suffered from to differentiate between self and non-
chicken-pox in their childhood may self cells and cell mediated immunity is
not contract the same disease in their responsible for the graft rejection.
adulthood because of acquired immunity (B) Cyclosporine
which is characterised by memory.
Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific. 51. (A) A preparation of antigenic proteins of
At the incidence of the first encounter with pathogen or inactivated/weakened
the microbe, the body produces a primary pathogen constitutes the vaccine, and this
immune response which is of low intensity. is introduced into the body that produces a
When the same pathogen attacks again, mild immune response.
highly intensified secondary (anamnestic)
This results in the production of antibodies
response is generated, thereby preventing in the body against these antigens.
the occurrence of the disease. Therefore, during actual infection these
(B) Interferons are the proteins which are antibodies would neutralise the pathogenic
secreted by virus-infected cells. It plays a agents. The vaccines are also capable
major role, as it protects the non-infected of generating memory–B and T-cells
cells from further viral infection. that recognise the pathogen quickly on
subsequent exposure and thus produce a
Related Theory highly intensified immune response with a
 Acquired immunity is not present at birth and it massive production of antibodies.
is developed during the lifetime of an individual. It
develops when an individual either encounters a (B)
disease pathogen or by vaccination. Following are
Active immunity Passive immunity
the characteristics of acquired immunity:
(1) Specificity: It has the ability to distinguish several It lasts for only few
It lasts for a long time.
different foreign particles. days.
(2) Memory: The immune system remembers the In this, immunity is not
pathogen and when it attacks the second time, immediate. There is This immunity develops
it produces a highly intensified secondary or some time lapse for the immediately.
anamnestic response.
development.
(3) Self and non-self discrimination: This type of
immunity is able to recognize and differentiate This immunity has no This immunity may
between foreign molecules (non-self ) and the side effects. cause some reactions.
molecules present within the body (self ) and In this, antibodies are In this, ready made
hence, respond only to foreign molecules.
produced in the host antibodies are given to
47. (A) Before undergoing any organ body. host externally.
transplantation, doctors carry out many
Provides immunological It does not provide im-
tests like tissue matching, blood group
matching etc., to identify the suitable memory. munological memory.
donor because human body has the ability
| THEORY 3 |
4. (b) pain killers Morphine and Codeine: These are derived from
opium. Morphine is a most valuable analgesic, which
Explanation: Specific opioid receptors are is taken by patients who have undergone surgery
present in our central nervous system and but it causes addiction. Codeine is a mild analgesic
gastrointestinal tract to which the drugs called but causes no addiction so codeine is commonly
opioids or opiates bind. Opioids are generally used in many medicines and cough syrups.
used as an analgesic and given as a medicine Heroin (Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine): Heroin
for pain relief. These drugs suppress brain is formed from morphine by acetylation. It acts as
a depressant and slows down body functions. It is
activity and relieve pain. Thus, they are called
highly addictive and, therefore, considered most
pain killers. dangerous opiate. It is banned even for medical use.
6. (d) All of the above
Related Theory
Explanation: Hallucinogens are obtained from
 Opium is the extract from the unripe capsules of
plants like Atropa belladona and Datura sp.
the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). It has bitter
taste. Its derivatives are morphine, codeine and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is a powerful
heroin. hallucinogen that is obtained from the fungus

Claviceps purpurea. These drugs are called The nicotine present in tobacco stimulates
as psychedelic drugs as they have effects adrenal gland to release hormones,
on cerebrum and sense organs. They usually adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into
affect feelings, emotions, thoughts and blood circulation and both of them raise
perception. Normally, the patients suffering blood pressure and increase heart rate.
from mental illness like depression and Observing the graph, we can easily see
insomnia are given these drugs. that the level of B.P. and Adrenaline is
highest in C and D.
Related Theory (B) Tobacco chewing and smoking is
 Hallucinogen produces psychological effects that associated with adverse effects on health
tend to be associated with phenomena such as such as:
dreams or religious exaltation or with mental
disorders such as schizophrenia. Hallucinogens
(1) Increases the incidence of cancers
produce changes in perception, thought, and feeling, of lung, urinary bladder and throat,
ranging from distortions of what is sensed (illusions) bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart
to sensing objects where none exist (hallucinations). disease, gastric ulcer, etc.
Hallucinogens heighten sensory signals, but this is (2) Increased risk of cancer of the oral
often accompanied by loss of control over what is cavity.
experienced.
(3) In blood, carbon monoxide (CO) content
12. (c) A is true but R is false. increases due to smoking that reduces
Explanation: Drugs can be highly addictive the concentration of haemoglobin
in nature, as these stimulate euphoria and a bound oxygen. As a result, it leads to
temporary feeling of well-being. These effects oxygen deficiency in the body.
drive the people to take them on a regular (4) Pregnant women are at an increased
basis even when these are not required, or risk from tobacco abuse. Passive
even when their use becomes self-destructive. smoking might be dangerous for the
The tolerance level of the receptors present mother and the child.
in our body increases due to repeated use 18. Reasons for drug and alcohol abuse among
of drugs. As a consequence, the receptors adolescents are:
start responding only to higher doses of (1) To avoid stress, depression, frustration or
drugs leading to greater intake and addiction. want to escape from facing problems, i.e.,
Therefore, the addictive potential of drugs to overcome hardships.
causes an individual to become a regular user (2) Certain attitudes like, curiosity, need
and pulls the user into a vicious circle of drug for adventure and excitement, and
abuse from where he/she may not be able to experimentation.
get out. (3) Perception among youth that smoking,
13. (b)
Both A and R are true and R is not the using drugs or alcohol is a status symbol.
correct explanation of A. (Any two)
Explanation: Coca alkaloid or cocaine is 21. Tobacco contains a large number of chemical
obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum substances including nicotine, an alkaloid. The
coca, native to South America. It functions by nicotine present in tobacco stimulates adrenal
interfering with the transport of dopamine, gland to release hormones, adrenaline and
which is a neuro-transmitter. Cocaine is usually nor-adrenaline into blood circulation and both
snorted and is commonly called as coke or of them raise blood pressure and increase
crack. It acts on central nervous system and heart rate.
its low to moderate doses produces a sense 25. Immediate effects of alcohol/drug
of euphoria and increased energy. But its consumption are:
excessive dosage causes hallucinations.
(1) Reckless behavior, vandalism and violence.
14. (A) (a) Cocaine (2) Respiratory failure, heart failure or cerebral
haemorrhage due to excessive doses of
Explanation: Coca alkaloid or cocaine
drugs, which lead to coma and death.
functions by interfering with the transport
of dopamine, which is a neuro-transmitter. (3) Drop in academic performance,
unexplained absence from school/college,

(B) (a) X loss of interest in hobbies.
Explanation: Cocaine is the type of drug (4) Aggressive and rebellious behavior,
found in the blood of the X culprit. This depression, fatigue, withdrawal and
drug acts on central nervous system isolation.
and produces a sense of euphoria and (5) Change in sleeping and eating habits,
increased energy. fluctuations in weight, appetite, lack of
16. (A) C and D could be consuming most amount interest in personal hygiene, etc.
of Tobacco amongst the given individuals. (Any two)

27. Cannabinoids are banned in sports and participants and hence there is a need to
games because these days athletes were conduct such tests.
misusing these drugs in order to enhance (B) Cocaine, Cannabinoids,
their performance. These drugs reduce the (C) Cocaine: Erythroxylum coca
sensation of pain and thus help in increasing
the endurance of the athlete. In long term, these Cannabinoids: Cannabis sativa
drugs can have a serious negative effect on 32. Many secondary metabolites of plants like
their general health also. Their side effects are: alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, etc. have
In females: It leads to masculinisation (features medicinal properties. Most pharmaceuticals
like males), increased aggressiveness, mood are based on these secondary metabolites but
swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycles, the problem starts when these metabolites are
excessive hair growth on the face and body, misused for having pleasure and are taken in
enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice. doses above the prescribed limit.
In males: It leads to side effects such as Example: Alkaloids if taken in excessive amount
acne, increased aggressiveness, mood interfere neurotransmission, inhibit enzymes or
swings, depression, reduction of size of the can block ion channels hence they can cause
testicles, decreased sperm production, hallucination, loss of coordination, vomiting,
potential for kidney and liver dysfunction, convulsions and death.
breast enlargement, premature baldness,
enlargement of the prostate gland. Related Theory
 Secondary metabolites are chemicals produced by
31. (A) A number of sportspersons have been plants that are not necessary for a cell (organism)
found to take performance enhancement to live, but play a role in the interaction of the cell
drugs in order to increase, their muscle (organism) with its environment. These compounds
strength and bulk and also to achieve are often involved in plants protection against biotic
better performances. This is unfair to other or abiotic stresses.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
2. (c) Vitamin B12 11. (b) stable particles
Explanation: Curd is considered more Explanation: The primary treatment or
nutritious than milk because it contains physical treatment of waste water involves
a number of organic acids and vitamins physical removal of both large and small
including B12. particles (stable particles) from the sewage
through two processes, filtration and
Related Theory sedimentation. Dissolved impurities, toxic
 Microorganisms like Lactobacillus and some
others commonly called Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) substances and harmful bacteria are removed
grow in milk and convert it into curd. During the during later processes.
process, the LAB produces acids that coagulate and 17. (d) A is false but R is true.
partially digest the milk proteins. A small amount
of curd known as inoculum is added to the fresh Explanation: Cheese is one of the oldest food
milk. It contains millions of LAB, which at suitable items, which is formed by partial degradation
temperature multiply, thus, converting milk to curd. of milk by different microorganisms. Different
During the process, it also improves its nutritional varieties of cheese are known by their
quality by increasing vitamin-B12. characteristic texture, flavour and taste, the
3. (b) Proteinaceous Infectious agents specificity coming from the microbes used.
Explanation: Prion proteins can act as
infectious agents, spreading disease when Related Theory
transmitted to another organism. A prion can  On the other hand, the process of fermentation
trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold by the microbes is used to produce a number of
abnormally. traditional drinks and foods. A traditional drink of
some parts of Southern India known as ‘Toddy’ is
Related Theory made by fermenting sap from palm trees, coconut,
etc.
 The prions are known to cause a number of
degenerative diseases in humans and animals. 19. (d) A is false but R is true.
7. (c) (A)-(iv), (B)-(iii), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i) Explanation: Statins are used as blood-
Explanation: cholesterol lowering agents. They act
by competitively inhibiting the enzyme
Bacterium Product responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.
(A) Aspergillus niger (iv) Citric acid
(B) Acetobacter aceti (iii) Acetic acid
Related Theory
 Cyclosporin A can be used as immunosuppressive
(C) Clostridium butylicum (ii) Butyric acid agents in organ-transplant patients.
(D) Lactobacillus (i) Lactic acid 20. (A) (b) River 2
8. (d) All of the above Explanation: River 2 had a sewage
Explanation: Alexander Fleming accidentally treatment plant becoming operational in
discovered the first antibiotic in 1928. However, May. The BOD has come down drastically
the full potential of Penicillin, as an effective in River 2 after operationalization of the
antibiotic was established much later by Ernst STP. The greater the BOD of water, more
Chain and Howard Florey. They worked on the is its polluting potential. Polluted water
chemotherapeutic effectiveness of Penicillin bodies have more amount of organic
during 1939-41. Penicillin was extensively matter and hence high BOD. Since river 2’s
used to treat American soldiers wounded in BOD has come down, its pollution levels
World War II.
must have fallen drastically.
Fleming, Chain and Florey were awarded
the Nobel Prize in 1945, for the discovery of (B) (a) Amount of the oxygen that would be
potential use of Penicillin as antibiotic. consumed if all the organic matter in
one litre of water was oxidised by
10. (d) Selman Waksman bacteria.
Explanation: The term ‘antibiotics’ was given
Explanation: Biochemical Oxygen Demand
by Selman Waksman in 1943. He discovered
close to 20 antibiotics in his lifetime. can be defined as the amount of the
Microbes in Human Welfare 53

oxygen that would be consumed if all education and economic incentives. Thus,
the organic matter in one litre of water judicious use of antibiotics is a mandatory
was oxidised by bacteria. The BOD test approach to maximise its therapeutic
measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by efficacy and minimize selection of resistant
micro-organisms in a sample of water and microorganisms.
thus, indirectly, BOD is a measure of the 24. During anaerobic sludge digestion, a mixture
organic matter present in the water. of gases such as methane (CH4), hydrogen
(D) (b) Secondary sulphide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are
Explanation: During the secondary produced by the bacteria.
treatment of sewage, masses of bacteria 27. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
associated with fungal hyphae form commonly known as brewer’s yeast that
mesh-like structures called as 'Flocs'. These is used for bread-making is also used for
organisms carry out the reduction of the fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices, to
organic matter and help to reduce the produce ethanol.
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the 28. The secondary treatment is also called
sewage water. biological treatment because it involves
21. (A) Microbes are involved during the process the breaking down of the waste by the
of fermentation of Jalebi batter. The batter microorganism like bacteria and fungi.
is mixed with a bit of salt and fermented
Related Theory
for 24-36 hours. The pH (the acidity) of  In secondary or biological treatment, the primary effluent
the batter decreases from 4.4 to 3.3 by is passed into large aeration tanks where the organic
the action of bacteria in the batter. The matter present in it is consumed by aerobic microbes
main bacteria involved are Lactobaccillus that are further themselves digested by anaerobic
fermentum, L. buchneri, and Streptococcus bacteria and fungi in anaerobic sludge digesters.
lactis. 32. Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes fermentation
22. (A) (d) All of the above (process) of dough and leads to the release of
carbon dioxide (gas). This leads to puffing up of
Explanation: An antibiotic like Penicillium
dough.
notatum might be growing in the petri dish.
35. Microbes such as yeasts have been used for the
Alexander Fleming while working on
production of beverages like wine, beer, whisky,
Staphylococci bacteria, observed a mould
brandy or rum. The yeast Saccharomyces
growing in one of his unwashed culture
cerevisiae commonly known as brewer’s yeast,
plates. He also observed that in the area
which is used for bread-making, is also used
surrounding the mould Staphylococci could
for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices,
not grow. It was due to a chemical produced
to produce ethanol. Different types of alcoholic
by the mould and he named it Penicillin
drinks are produced depending on the type
after the name of the mould Penicillium
notatum. The same phenomenon and of the raw material used for fermentation
reason was responsible for limited or and the type of processing (with or without
negligible growth of Staphylococci in the distillation).
petri dish Y and alpha. Antibiotics prevent Wine and beer are filtered, pasteurized and
bacterial growth and eliminate them. bottled without distillation whereas whisky,
brandy and rum are produced by distillation

(C) (b) Streptomyces griseus
of the fermented broth. Distillation is done to
Explanation: Streptomycin, an antibiotic is increase the alcoholic content. The alcoholic
sourced from Streptomyces griseus. content of beer is 3 – 6%, whereas in wines, it is

(E) (b) Antibiotic resistance around 9 – 12%.
Explanation: Excessive use of antibiotics 36. (1) Wheat: Product: Bread, cake, etc.
can lead to infection or colonization
(2) Rice: Product: Idli, dosa
with resistant pathogens. Consuming
antibiotics unnecessarily for viral infection (3) Bengal gram: Product: Dhokla, Khandvi
is common and thus lead to increasing 38. However, Penicillin was first discovered by Sir
rates of antibiotic resistance among Alexander Fleming but it was commercially
Streptococcus pneumoniae and other extracted and became established as an
commonly infecting pathogens. The factors effective antibiotic much later by Ernst Chain
that cause overuse of antibiotics are past and Howard Florey. They worked on the
experience, patient’s expectations, lack of chemotherapeutic effectiveness of penicillin

during 1939-41. Penicillin as an antibiotic was decomposition. The microbes digest a lot of
extensively used to treat American soldiers organic matter, converting it into microbial
wounded in World War II. Fleming, Chain and biomass and releasing a lot of minerals. As a
Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945, result, BOD of sewage reduces. As the BOD
for his discovery of potential use of Penicillin as of waste is reduced to 1% of raw sewage. It is
antibiotic. passed into the settling tank. In these tanks,
39. Some bioactive molecules of fungal origin flocs are allowed to undergo sedimentation.
have been reported for their role in Activated sludge: The sediment in the settling
restoring good health of humans. These are tank is called activated sludge. A part of it
as follows: is used as inoculum in aeration tanks. The
(1) Cyclosporin-A is obtained from remaining major part is passed into large tanks
the fermentation activity of fungus called anaerobic sludge digesters. In these
Trichoderma polysporum. It comprises tanks, anaerobic microbes are present that
antifungal, anti-inflammatory, digest the organic mass as well as aerobic
immunosuppressive properties. It inhibits microbes of activated sludge. During this
activation of T-cells and thus inhibits digestion, a mixture of gases produced which
rejection reactions in organ transplantation. forms biogas and the effluent is generally
(2) Statins are obtained from fermentation released into rivers and streams.
activity of the yeast Monascus purpureus. 52. Viruses parasitising bacteria are called
These have been commercialized as blood bacteriophages. The well-labelled diagram is
cholesterol lowering agents. shown below:
Related Theory
 Bio-active molecules are the molecules which are Head
produced as a result of microbial activities. They
can be produced in the form of enzymes, chemical Collar
compounds and organic acids. Sheath
46. Flocs are actually the masses of bacteria
associated with fungal filaments to form a
mesh-like structure. They are important in
biological treatment of waste water. During
their growth, the major part of the organic
matter in the effluent is consumed by these Tail bres
microbes and converted into microbial
biomass. As a result, flocs help in reducing the Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the
effluent. 54. Before the disposal, sewage should be treated
in sewage treatment plants (STPs). The
48. Excessive use of antibiotics can lead to infection
treatment is carried out in two stages:
or colonization with resistant pathogens.
Primary treatment:
Consuming antibiotics unnecessarily for
viral infection is common and thus lead This step of sewage treatment is also known
to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance as Physical Treatment as it basically involves
among Streptococcus pneumoniae and other physical removal of small and large particles
commonly infecting pathogens. The factors from the sewage with the help of techniques
that cause overuse of antibiotics are past like filtration and sedimentation. These are
experience, patient’s expectations, lack of removed in stages;
education and economic incentives. Thus, Initially, the floating debris is removed by
judicious use of antibiotics is the need of the sequential filtration.
hour to maximise their therapeutic efficacy Then, the grit consisting of soil and small
and minimize development of resistant pebbles are removed by sedimentation in
microorganisms. settling tanks. Aluminium and iron sulphate is
49. Flocs: These are masses of bacteria held added for flocculation in certain places.
together with slime and fungal filaments to Primary sludge is formed by all the solids that
form mesh-like structures. These are used settle down, and the supernatant forms the
during the secondary sewage treatment effluent. The effluent from the primary settling
in the aeration tank to increase the rate of tank is then taken for secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment: 56. (A) Before 1985, the proper sewage treatment
The secondary treatment of sewage is plants were available only in few cities and
also called biological treatment because, towns. Most of the sewage water of urban
in this treatment, sewage is subjected to and rural areas was discharged directly
biodegradation. It means that it involves the
into rivers leading to water pollution
participation of microorganisms.
and thus an increase in water-borne
The process of secondary treatment involves
the following steps: diseases. Later, the importance of sewage
treatment was realised and more sewage
(1) Primary effluent produced from primary
treatment is passed into large aeration treatment plants were established but still,
tanks with constant mechanical agitation they are not sufficient due to increasing
and air supply. This allows vigorous growth urbanisation.
of useful aerobic microbes into flocs
Due to known importance of microbes in
(masses of bacteria and fungi filaments to
pollution control, the Ministry of Environment
form mesh like structures).
and forests, Government of India, has initiated
(2) These microbes consume a major part
of organic matter in the effluent while some major plans, Ganga Action Plan (GAP),
growing. This reduces the BOD of the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), Gomti Action
effluent. Plan, Sutlej Action Plan, etc. to save these
(3) When BOD of sewage gets reduced, the major rivers of our country from pollution.
effluent is then passed into the settling (B) The Ganga is the largest river in India that
tank. The bacterial flocs settle in the tank
covers a total distance of approximately 2520
and the sediment is called activated
sludge. A small amount of activated sludge kms. It is considered an extraordinary religious
is pumped back into the aeration tank to river for Hindus. It is situated along banks of
serve as inoculum. some of the world’s oldest inhabited cities like
(4) The remaining major part of the sludge is Varanasi, Kanpur and Patna. It provides water
pumped into large tanks called anaerobic to about 40% of India’s population across 11
sludge digesters, where other kinds of states, serving an estimated population of
bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest
500 million people or more, which is larger
the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge.
During this process, bacteria produce than any other river in the world. A number
a mixture of gases, such as methane, of programmes have been initiated to clean
hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, the river but failed to provide expected results.
which form biogas. The gases from biogas After getting elected, India’s Prime Minister
are used as a source of energy because it is Mr. Narendra Modi affirmed to work for
inflammable. The effluent from secondary
cleaning the river Ganga and controlling its
treatment plant is generally released into
natural water bodies. pollution. The government had announced,
This treatment is essential because it helps Namami Ganga project in July 2014 with
to reduce water pollution and water-borne estimated budget of Rs 2,958 crores in
diseases. various efforts to clean up the river.
| THEORY 2 |
2. (d) All of the above and animals alike, and have been polluting our
environment. Due to these disadvantages, it is better
Explanation: In the process of biological
to use biocontrol agents to save our crop plants from
control, pests and pathogen populations in the pests.
environment are managed by using creatures
that are natural predators. Some of the four 5. (d) Bacillus thuringiensis
groups of biocontrol agents are 'Trichoderma, Explanation: Cyanobacteria are the
Baculovirus, Bacillus thuringiensis, ladybird and autotrophic microbes that are found in aquatic
dragonflies etc. and terrestrial environments. Many of them
can fix atmospheric nitrogen, for example:
Related Theory Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, etc.
 Biocontrol refers to the use of biological methods
for controlling plant diseases and pests. In modern Related Theory
society, these problems have been tackled  Cyanobacteria serve as an important biofertiliser in
increasingly by the use of chemicals, which are paddy (rice) fields. Blue green algae also add organic
toxic and extremely harmful, to human beings matter to the soil and thereby increase its fertility.

7. (b) Integrated pest management The organic farmer is aware of the fact that
Explanation: Integrated pest management eradication of pests is undesirable because in
involves the use of biological, cultural and their absence the beneficiary predatory and
chemical practices to control insect pests in parasitic insects which depend upon them as
food or hosts will not be able to survive.
agricultural fields. It involves the strategies in
a way that minimizes overall economic, health 18. (A) (d) Digestor and Sludge
and environmental risks. Explanation: The digestion uses the
naturally occuring anaerobic microbes to
10. (d) All of the above
break down organic material into methane
Explanation: Bacteria growing anaerobically and carbon dioxide. The sludge is heated
on cellulosic material produce large amount of to 37°C in primary digester to improve the
methane (50 – 70%) along with CO2 (30 – 40%) rate of digestion.
and H2. These bacteria are collectively known
(B) (a) Dung and Water
as methanogens.
Explanation: The waste or the excreta
11. (b) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i) (dung) of cattle, commonly called gobar, is
Explanation: rich in methanogens. Therefore, the dung
is utilized for the generation of biogas,
Column I Column II commonly called gobar gas.
(A) Lady bird (iii) Aphids Biogas plants are generally built in rural
(B) Mycorrhiza (iv) Glomus areas because the cattle dung is available
in large quantities in these areas.
(C) Biological (ii) Trichoderma
control The biogas plant consists of a concrete
tank (10-15 feet deep). The tank is used to
(D) Biogas (i) Methanobacterium collect bio-wastes and slurry of dung is fed
into it.
Related Theory
 Ladybird is the very familiar beetle with red and
The slurry is covered with a floating
black markings; it acts as biocontrol agent and used cover, which keeps on rising as the gas is
to get rid of Aphids. Fungi form symbiotic association, produced in the tank due to the microbial
with the roots of higher plants called mycorrhiza, activity. Methanobacterium present in
e.g., Glomus. the dung digest the bio waste to produce
A fungus Trichoderma is used as a biological control biogas.
for the treatment of a plant disease. Methanogens, An outlet is present in biogas plant that
particularly Methanobacterium, are found in is connected to a pipe, in order to supply
cow dung. These bacteria grow anaerobically on biogas to nearby houses. There is another
cellulosic material and produce large amount of outlet through which spent slurry is
methane along with CO2 and H2. removed and used as a fertiliser. The
15. (c) A is true but R is false. biogas that is produced in the plant is used
for cooking and lighting.
Explanation: Biofertilisers are organisms
which enrich the nutrient quality of the soil by
(C) (b) Methanobacterium
increasing the availability of nutrients to the Explanation: Methanobacterium present
crops. The main sources of biofertilisers are in the dung digest the biowaste to produce
bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. Biofertilisers biogas. Methanobacteria can be used in
promotes growth by increasing the supply or biomass conversion as well as energy
availability of primary nutrients to the host production through anaerobic digestion
process.
plant.
19. (B) The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is
used for the purpose. It is an example of
explanation of A.
microbial biocontrol agent.
Explanation: Organic farmers believe that These are used in the form of sachets as
‘biodiversity furthers health’. A landscape dried spores, which are mixed with water
having more diversity will be more sustainable. and sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as
Thus in organic farming, the organic farmer brassicas and fruit trees. These plants are
creates an environment in which the insects then eaten by the insect larvae. The toxin
(pests) are not eradicated, but instead are kept is released in the gut of the larvae and the
at manageable levels by a complex system of larvae get killed. In this way, the bacterial
checks and balances within a living and vibrant disease will kill only the caterpillars and
ecosystem. leave other insects unharmed.

The Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes 32. (A) Azospirillum and Azotobacter.
have been introduced into several plants (B) Leguminous crops have roots that often
with the help of genetic engineering. Such live in symbiotic association with the
plants become resistant to attack by insect Nitrogen fixing bacteria. This association
pests. Example: Bt-cotton. benefits both of them as the bacteria fix
21. Fungi serve as a biofertiliser and also known atmospheric nitrogen to make it available
to be a symbiont, when it forms symbiotic for the plant whereas plant provides
associations with plants (mycorrhiza). nutrients and shelter to the crop.
Many members of the genus Glomus form
34. Biogas is a methane rich fuel gas produced
mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont in these
by anaerobic breakdown or digestion of
associations absorbs phosphorus from soil and
biomass with the help of methanogenic
passes it to the plant.
bacteria. The chemical constituent of
Biogas is methane (50-70%), CO2 (30-40%)
Related Theory
with traces of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide
 Plants having such associations show other benefits
also, such as resistance to root-borne pathogens,
and hydrogen. Methanobacterium, a type
tolerance to salinity and drought, and an overall of methanogen is employed for biogas
increase in plant growth and development. production.
23. Rhizobium is a symbiont bacteria that serve as 36. Eradication of pests will disrupt predator-prey
biofertiliser relationships, where beneficial predatory and
The bacteria fix the atmospheric nitrogen into parasitic insects which depend upon flora and
organic forms, which is used by the plants as fauna as food or hosts, may not be able to
nutrients. survive.
24. Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association of Holistic approach ensures that various life
fungi with plants. In such associations, the forms that inhabit the field, their life cycles,
fungal symbiont absorbs phosphorus from patterns of feeding and the habitats that they
soil and transfers it to the plant. In return, the prefer are extensively studied and considered.
plant makes organic molecules such as sugars [CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-2 2022]
by photosynthesis and supplies them to the
fungus. Related Theory
26. Baculoviruses belonging to the genus  When biological methods are used for controlling
Nucleopolyhedrovirus are used as biological plant diseases and pests it is termed as Biocontrol.
control agents. They are the pathogens that The organic farmer is aware of the fact that
eradication of pests is undesirable because in their
attack insects and other arthropods. These
absence the beneficiary predatory and parasitic
viruses are excellent for species-specific,
insects that depend upon them as food or hosts will
narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. not be able to survive. Therefore, the use of biocontrol
They have no negative impacts on plants, agents will greatly reduce our dependence on toxic
mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target and harmful chemicals and pesticides.
insects, that is one of the desirable qualities in
41. (A) The microbial flora found in the rumen of
an overall integrated pest management (IPM)
when beneficial insects are being conserved cattle helps them in digestion of cellulose.
or when an ecologically sensitive area is being If such microflora harbours in our intestine
treated. then we would also be able to digest the
cellulose present in our food.
27. Biofuel is a type of fuel that is created
quickly from biomass, as opposed to the (B) Blue-green algae add organic matter to the
lengthy natural processes that result in the soil and increase its fertility but still these
development of fossil fuels like oil. Plants can are not popular as other biofertilisers. This
be used to make biofuel, as well as home, is due to the two main reasons that limit its
commercial, and agricultural biowaste. application as a biofertiliser. The limits are:
29. The waste or the excreta (dung) of (1) They produce slippery mucus.
cattle, commonly called gobar, is rich in (2) They also cause algal bloom.
methanogens. Therefore, the dung is utilized (C) Biological control is a natural and eco-
for the generation of biogas, commonly called friendly concept which employs the use
gobar gas. of organisms to control the population of
Biogas is a mixture of gases, i.e., CH4 (50 – 70%), pathogens and pests in an ecosystem.
CO2 (30 – 40%) and H2. It is produced by 43. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack
anaerobic microbial activity during digestion of insects and other arthropods. The majority
biomass by certain bacteria and is used as fuel. of baculoviruses used as biological control

agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. nitrogen into organic compounds. Such a relationship
These viruses are excellent candidates for is beneficial to both bacteria and plant and thus
species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal called as symbiotic relationship.
applications. They have been shown to have 48. Biofertilisers enrich the fertility of soil by
no negative impacts on plants, mammals, following ways:
birds, fish or even on non-target insects. This is (1) Organic farming involves the use of
especially desirable when beneficial insects are biofertilisers. Biofertilisers are organisms
being conserved to aid in an overall integrated which enrich the nutrient quality of the soil
pest management (IPM) programme, or when by increasing the availability of nutrients to
an ecologically sensitive area is being treated. the crops. They play a role in increasing soil
fertility and productivity.
45. Every country is producing a huge amount
(2) A number of bacteria, cyanobacteria and
of waste water every day. But the number of
mycorrhizal fungi are used as biofertilisers.
sewage treatment plants has not increased Bacteria and cyanobacteria can do
correspondingly. Therefore, the untreated nitrogen fixation while mycorrhizal fungi
sewage is often discharged directly into withdraw minerals from decaying organic
rivers leading to water pollution and thus an matter for their symbiotic partner plant.
increase in water-borne diseases. The Ganga (3) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria
Action Plan, Yamuna Action Plan, Gomti Action may be free-living or form a symbiotic
Plan, Sutlej Action Plan, etc. has been initiated association with the roots, stem and
by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, leaves of higher plants. For example, the
to save these major rivers of our country from Azolla-Anabaena association is of great
pollution. In these plans, it is proposed to build importance to agriculture. Azolla pinnata
a large number of sewage treatment plants so is a free-floating freshwater fern which
that only treated sewage may be discharged multiplies rapidly, doubling every 5-7
in the rivers. Ganga Action Plan is active in days. The fern can co-exist with rice plants
following states: Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, West because it does not interfere with their
Bengal and Jharkhand. growth. In some south-eastern countries
especially China and in southern states in
46. Biofertilisers are organisms which enrich the India rice fields are regularly provided with
nutrient quality of the soil by increasing the Azolla. Anabaena azollae residing in the
availability of nutrients to the crops. Rhizobium leaf-cavities of fern fixes nitrogen. A part
and Nostoc are examples of biofertilisers. of fixed nitrogen is excreted in cavities and
available to the fern. The decaying fern
Related Theory plants, release the same for utilization of
 Nostoc is a free-living nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. the rice plants. When a field is dried at the
On the other hand, Rhizobium is a symbiotic time of harvesting the fern functions as
bacterium that resides in the nodules present on the green manure, decomposing and enriching
roots of leguminous plants and fixes atmospheric the field for the next crop.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
3. (a) nucleases 10. (b) lose
Explanation: Restriction enzymes belong to Explanation: When a foreign DNA is ligated at
a larger class of enzymes called nucleases, the BamH I site of tetracycline resistance gene
which are of two types, i.e., exonucleases and in the vector pBR322, due to insertion of the
endonucleases. foreign DNA, the recombinant plasmids will
lose tetracycline resistance.
Related Theory
 The restriction enzymes are those enzymes that are
11. (b) transformed bacterial cells.
used for cutting of DNA at specific location (called as Explanation: An antibiotic resistance gene
recognition sites) during rDNA technology. in a vector usually helps in the selection of
4. (c) Bacteriophage and plasmid transformed cells. The antibiotic resistance
gene is also known as selectable marker,
Explanation: A gene carrier known as a vector which helps in identifying and eliminating non-
is used to introduce foreign DNA pieces into the transformants and selectively permitting the
host cell. In the host cell, they also reproduce growth of the transformants.
and transmit information. Recombinant DNA
refers to a vector that contains foreign DNA. Related Theory
Plasmids, Bacteriophages, Cosmids, and other  If a recombinant DNA carrying gene for antibiotic
types of vectors are examples. resistance (e.g., ampicillin) is transferred into E.
7. (d) E. coli coli cells, the host cells become transformed into
ampicillin-resistant cells. When these transformed
Explanation: The key tools of genetic
cells are grown on agar plates containing ampicillin,
engineering or recombinant DNA technology
only transformants containing ampicillin resistance
are as follows: gene will grow whereas the untransformed recipient
(1) Restriction enzymes cells will not survive. This is because ampicillin
(2) Polymerase enzymes (antibiotic) resistance gene in this case, helped
to select a transformed cell in the presence of
(3) Ligases ampicillin. The ampicillin resistance gene is thus
(4) Vectors known as a selectable marker.
(5) Host organism 17. (c) A is true but R is false.
There is no role of E. coli in the preparation of Explanation: The restriction enzyme, EcoR I is
the recombinant DNA molecule. isolated from Escherichia coli RY13. The first
letter of the name is derived from the genus
Related Theory
name of the prokaryotic cell from where the
 Recombinant DNA technology refers to technology
enzymes are extracted and the next two
that involves the use of techniques to modify the
chemical nature of genetic material (DNA and letters are derived from the species name.
RNA). This includes the introduction of the modified Thus, in EcoRI– letter E comes from the genus
genetic material into another organism (host), in Escherichia and the second two letters co
order to change the phenotype of the host organism. comes from the species coli.
Recombinant DNA technology is popularly known as
genetic engineering.
19. (d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: In micro-injection, the
8. (b) Bolivar and Rodriguez
recombinant DNA is directly injected into the
Explanation: pBR322 is a plasmid and was nucleus of an animal cell.
one of the first widely used E. coli cloning
In chemical method (CaCl2 method) the cells
vector, developed in 1977. It is created in the
laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University are treated with a specific concentration
of California, San Francisco, it was named of a divalent cation, such as calcium, which
after Francisco Bolivar Zapata and Raymond increases the efficiency with which the DNA
L. Rodriguez. In this, the p stands for "plasmid" enters the bacterium through pores present in
and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez." their cell walls.

20. (C) The fragments formed by the action of ‘2’ 24. These are those vectors, which, when allowed
i.e., EcoRI restriction endonuclease are: to infect the cell, transfer the recombinant
5’—GTACG DNA into the host. These vectors are those
which normally cause infection in eukaryotic
3’—CATGCTTAA cells. For example: Retroviruses, Adenoviruses,
AATTCCTGA—3’ Papilloma virus in animals and Agrobacterium
GGACT—5’ in plants.
Explanation: Restriction endonuclease
26. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the
finds its specific palindromic nucleotide ends of the DNA (5’ or 3’) in one strand of the
sequence in the DNA and cut the DNA DNA duplex.
strand a little away from the centre of Endonucleases make cuts at specific positions
the palindrome sites. This results in the within the DNA.
formation of overhanging structures known 28. Animal cells are the host cells, in which micro-
as sticky ends. injection technique is used to introduce an
5’—GTACG AATTCCTGA—3’ alien DNA.
3’—CATGCTTAA GGACT—5’ 30. Among many, the two core techniques that
5’—GTACG AATTCCTGA—3’ enabled the birth of modern biotechnology
are:
3’—CATGCTTAA GGACT—5’
(1) Genetic engineering: It refers to the field
21. (A) (a) Experiment 1 of biotechnology that involves the use of
Explanation: It might have been possible techniques to modify the chemical nature
that multiple restriction endonucleases of genetic material (DNA and RNA). This
might have been used to cut DNA in includes the introduction of the modified
experiment 1. genetic material into another organism
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand (host), in order to change the phenotype
a little away from the center of the of the host organism. Father of genetic
palindrome sites. But they cut between the engineering is Paul Berg.
same two bases on the opposite strands. (2) Bioprocess engineering: This method
This results in the formation of single involves the maintenance of sterile i.e.,
stranded portions at the ends and these microbial contamination-free environment
overhanging stretches on each strand are in chemical engineering processes to
called as sticky ends. enable growth of only the desired microbe
This stickiness of the ends of DNA strand or eukaryotic cell. This results in production
facilitates the action of the enzyme DNA of microbes or cells in large quantities
ligase. for the manufacture of biotechnological
When same restriction enzyme is used products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes,
to cut the DNA fragments, the resultant etc.
DNA fragments have the same type of 33. When an alien gene is ligated at the Sal I site
‘sticky-ends’ and, these are joined together
of tetracycline resistance gene in the vector
(end-to-end) by DNA ligases. It is normally
realized that, unless one cuts the vector pBR322, due to insertion of the foreign DNA,
and the source DNA with the same the recombinant plasmids will lose tetracycline
restriction enzyme, the recombinant vector resistance.
molecule cannot be created. 37. When a recombinant DNA is inserted within the
Thus in experiment 1, the possibility of coding sequence of β-galactosidase, it results
usage of different restriction endonucleases
into inactivation of the gene for its synthesis.
and subsequent generation of non-
complementary sticky ends, rendering the This is known as insertional inactivation. If the
DNA ligase useless, is high. plasmid in the bacteria is devoid of the insert
(E) (a) hydrogen bonds (foreign DNA), it will result in the formation of
blue-coloured colonies due to the presence of a
Explanation: Restriction enzymes cut the
DNA strand a little away from the center of chromogenic substrate. Whereas the presence
the palindrome sites. But they cut between of insert results into insertional inactivation of
the same two bases on the opposite the β-galactosidase gene and thus it do not
strands. This results in the formation of code for the enzyme, hence the chromogenic
single stranded portions at the ends and substrate is not acted upon by the enzyme.
these overhanging stretches on each
strand are called as sticky ends. These Thus, the colonies do not produce any colour
are called as sticky because they form and are identified as recombinant colonies.
hydrogen bonds with their complementary Hence, it is a better selectable marker due to
cut counterparts. its interaction with chromogenic substrate.
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes 61

39. In a gene cloning experiment, first a (B) Recombinant DNA will be forced to enter
recombinant DNA molecule is constructed, the cell by incubating the competent cells
where the gene of interest is ligated to the and the rDNA together on ice followed by
vector (this step would not be affected) and placing them briefly at 42°C (heat shock),
introduced inside the host cell (transformation). and then putting them back on ice. This
Since, not all the cells get transformed with the enables the bacteria to take up the rDNA.
recombinant or plasmid DNA. The heat shock strongly depolarises the
Thus, in the absence of selectable marker, it cell membrane of CaCl2-treated cells.
would be difficult to differentiate between Thus, the decrease in membrane potential
non transformants and transformants. As, lowers the negativity of the cell's inside
selectable marker is a gene sequence which potential which ultimately allows the
helps in identifying and eliminating non- movement of negatively charged DNA into
transformants and selectively permitting the cell's interior.
the growth of transformants. So, carrying 49. (A) Restriction endonucleases
the experiment to its logical end would be (B) Agarose gel
impossible in absence of selectable marker.
(C) DNA ligase
43. (A) BamH I
(D) Plasmid
(B) Pst I
(E) Hind II
(C) Ampicillin resistance gene (ampR)
CIa I Hind III (F) Elution
EcoR I
53. (A) Palindromic sequence for
Pvu I 5' - GAATTC - 3’
Pst I BamH I
3' - CTTAAG - 5'
R
amp telR (B) Restriction endonuclease EcoR I recognises
the above palindromic sequence.
pBR322 Sal I
(C) Restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand
a little away from the center of the
ori
rop palindrome sites. But they cut between the
same two bases on the opposite strands.
This results in the formation of single
Pvu II stranded portions at the ends and these
E. coli Cloning Vector pBR322
overhanging stretches on each strand
are called as sticky ends. These are called
48. (A) Calcium chloride (CaCl2) helps in creating as sticky because they form hydrogen
small pores in bacterial cell wall so that bonds with their complementary cut
it can easily take up plasmid DNA. It is counterparts. This stickiness of the ends
done by suspending the cells in a solution facilitates the action of the enzyme DNA
containing a high concentration of calcium. ligase.
| THEORY 2 |
4. (a) Primers 7. (d) Temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins
Explanation: Primers are chemically & O2.
synthesised oligonucleotides (short segment Explanation: Several physicochemical factors
of DNA) that are complementary to the should be considered while designing a
regions of DNA template. bioreactor, including agitation and aeration,
hydrodynamic stresses, temperature,
Related Theory
biochemical kinetics, feeding method, pH,
 On the other hand, Taq DNA Polymerase enzyme
concentration of bacteria, and chemical
is used to extend the annealed primers by
adding dNTPs (deoxynucleoside Triphosphates) species (oxygen, salt, alcohol).
complementary to those of the template DNA.
10. (d) (IV), (III), (II), (I)
Vent polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase
used for the polymerase chain reaction. It was Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology
isolated from the thermophile Thermococcus consists of the following steps in specific
litoralis. sequence:

(1) Isolation of genetic material (DNA). 18. (A) (d) All of the above
(2) Fragmentation of DNA by restriction Explanation: Basic components of PCR:
endonucleases. (1) DNA template
(3) Separation and Isolation of a desired DNA (2) Primers
fragment. (3) Taq polymerase
(4) Ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector. (4) Nucleotide bases
(5) Insertion/Transfer of the recombinant DNA (D) (c) Thermus aquaticus
into the host.
Explanation: DNA synthesis needs to be
(6) Culturing the host cells in a medium at carried out by a polymerase, which is stable
large scale. at high temperatures. The polymerase
(7) Extraction of the desired product. which is generally used in PCR reactions
or polymerase chain reaction is known
11. (c) Extension of primer end on the template DNA
as Taq polymerase. It is isolated from a
Explanation: In the final step of PCR, i.e.,
bacterium called Thermus aquaticus. Other
Extension, the thermostable Taq DNA
thermostable polymerases can also be
Polymerase enzyme (isolated from a
used.
thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus)
is used to extend the annealed primers by 19. (A) Since DNA fragments are negatively
adding dNTPs (deoxynucleoside Triphosphates) charged molecules, they can be separated
complementary to those of the template DNA. by forcing them to move towards the
Taq DNA Polymerase also requires Mg2+ as a anode under an electric field through a
cofactor. medium/matrix. Nowadays, the most
13. (c) Taq polymerase commonly used matrix is agarose which
is a natural polymer extracted from sea
Explanation: Taq polymerase enzyme is
weeds. The DNA fragments separate
produced from a thermophilic bacterium
(resolve) according to their size through
Thermus aquaticus which is used for
amplification of genes using PCR. sieving effect provided by the agarose
gel. Hence, smaller the fragment size, the
Related Theory farther it moves.
 Taq polymerase enzyme has the property of 20. (B) (b) annealing
remaining active even at high temperature during Explanation: Annealing step of PCR
the denaturation of double stranded DNA. involves annealing or hybridisation of
15. (d) A is false but R is true. two sets of oligonucleotide primers to
the separated single strands of DNA.
Explanation: Taq Polymerase enzyme is
This step is carried out at a slightly lower
isolated from a thermophilic bacterium–
temperature of 40ºC to 60ºC.
Thermus aquaticus, having the property of
remaining active even at high temperature
(E) (d) All of the above
during the denaturation of double stranded Explanation: PCR has a usage in multiple
DNA. It is a DNA polymerase that helps in the areas like pathogen detection, mutation
amplification of a segment of DNA. diagnosis, DNA fingerprinting, Prenatal
diagnosis, etc.
17. (b) Both A and R are true and R is not the
correct explanation of A. 22. In DNA gel electrophoresis, agarose is the most
commonly used matrix. It is a natural polymer
Explanation: Stirring type bioreactors are the
extracted from sea weeds. The basis of gel
most commonly used bioreactors. These are of
electrophoresis is that the DNA fragments
two types:
separate (resolve) according to their size
Simple stirred-tank bioreactor: It is a through sieving effect provided by the agarose
cylindrical vessel or having a curved base that gel.
facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents 23. Proteases play a significant role in removing
and the stirrer facilitates even mixing and protein during the process of obtaining pure
oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor. DNA. Other macromolecules are eliminated
Sparged stirred-tank bioreactor: In this type with the help of suitable enzymes during the
of bioreactor sterile air is sparged through the process. At the end, pure DNA is isolated.
reactor. These reactors have large surface area 25. In recombinant DNA technology, a foreign
for oxygen transfer as compared to simple DNA is inserted into a cloning vector and
stirred-tank bioreactor.

then it is transferred to a bacterial, plant or 40. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to
animal cell where the DNA gets multiplied, separate and isolate DNA fragments according
resulting in the production of the desirable to their size or length. DNA fragments are
protein. Hence, recombinant DNA needs to negatively charged and they can be separated
be expressed if appropriate conditions are by forcing them to move towards the anode
provided. If any protein encoding gene is under the influence of an electrical field
expressed in a heterologous host, it is termed through a medium. Agarose is the most
as a recombinant protein. commonly used matrix, it is a natural polymer
30. A plasmid is a circular DNA molecule. When cut extracted from sea weeds.
with enzyme, it becomes single linear DNA but
The basis of gel electrophoresis is that the
does not get fragmented. On the other hand, DNA fragments separate (resolve) according
a linear DNA is divided into two fragments
to their size through sieving effect provided
after cleavage. Therefore, a single DNA band is
by the agarose gel. Therefore, the smaller
observed for plasmid while two DNA bands are
the fragment size the farther it moves. The
observed for linear DNA, in agarose gel.
separated DNA can be seen only after
31. (A) Well P contains the uncut vector whereas staining the DNA with Ethidium Bromide (EtBr)
well Q contains the vector cut by a followed by exposure to UV radiation. Thus, in
restriction enzyme. an ethidium bromide-stained gel exposed to
(B) The vector in well Q has been cut by a UV light, bright orange-coloured bands of DNA
restriction enzyme that has two sites can be seen.
whereas the vector in well R has been cut

Finally, the separated stained bands of DNA
either by different enzymes or by enzyme
are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted
that has more than two sites.
from the gel piece. This step is termed as
33. In the absence of antibiotic, the recombinant elution.
bacterium does not need to produce a gene
that can make it resistant to the antibiotic. 42. There will be no effect on the experiment if an
It means that there will be no pressure on exonuclease was added to the tube instead
recombinants to retain the plasmid (containing of an endonuclease because a recombinant
the desirable gene). Therefore, in absence of DNA is circular in its shape and orientation.
an antibiotic, a gene of interest will not be Also, it is closed with no free ends. Therefore,
produced by a recombinant bacterium. the exonuclease will not degrade the DNA as
it can only make a cut at the ends of the DNA
34. In my opinion, both are correct. The basic
definition of biotechnology says, it as a set molecule. Thus endonucleases are used in
of methods to use live organisms to produce rDNA technology because they can cut within
products and processes for the benefit of the DNA molecule.
human kind. So, it is correct to include a 46. (A) A bioreactor provides the optimal
winemaker, as well as a molecular biologist conditions for producing the desired
under the category of biotechnologists, as product by providing optimum growth
one has developed a recombinant vaccine conditions like temperature, pH, substrate,
and the other has developed wine using living salts, vitamins and oxygen.
organisms for human welfare.
(B) Simple stirred-tank bioreactor
39. (A) A : Recognition site (GAATTC), which the
restriction enzyme, EcoRI, recognises.
B : rop gene, codes for protein involved in
Motor
replication of plasmid. Acid/ Base
for pH control Foam breaker
(B) A and C are called palindromes, as the
sequence of base pairs in them reads the
Steam for Flat bladed impeller
same, forward and backward.
sterilisation
(C) Expanded form of PCR is Polymerase Chain Culture broth
Reaction. It helps to generate multiple
copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest. PCR
has a usage in multiple areas like pathogen
detection, mutation diagnosis, DNA Sterile air
fingerprinting, Prenatal diagnosis, etc. Simple Stirred-tank Biorector

(C) Stirring type bioreactors are the most
Related Theory
commonly used bioreactors. These are of

two types:
Increased surface
Simple stirred-tank bioreactor: It is a area for
cylindrical vessel having a curved base oxygen transfer
that facilitates the mixing of the reactor
Gas
contents and the stirrer facilitates even entrainment
mixing and oxygen availability throughout
the bioreactor.
Sparged stirred-tank bioreactor: In this Bubbles dramatically
type of bioreactor, sterile air is sparged increase the oxygen
transfer area
through the reactor. These reactors have
large surface area for oxygen transfer as
compared to simple stirred-tank bioreactor. Sparged Stirred-tank Bioreactor through
which Sterile Air Bubbles are Sparged

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
3. (c) C-Peptide Genetic modification/ Transgenic experiments has:
Explanation: Insulin is synthesised as a pro- (1) The crops became more tolerant to abiotic
hormone in mammals including humans. It stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat).
contains an extra stretch called the C peptide. (2) The dependence of plants on chemical pesticides
The C peptide is absent in mature insulin and has greatly reduced due to development of pest-
therefore it is removed during maturation into resistant crops.
insulin. (3) The nutritional value of food was greatly
enhanced. Example: Vitamin A enriched rice
Related Theory named golden rice.
 Pro-hormone is the form of hormone which needs to
be processed before it becomes a fully mature and 10. (d) inactive toxin
functional hormone. Explanation: A protoxin is an inactive toxin.
The word ‘pro’ in protoxin signifies ‘inactive
Proinsulin form’. This can be explained by a suitable
example of Bt toxin protein, which exist as
S—S inactive protoxins, but when an insect ingest
| |
S the inactive toxin, the protoxin gets converted

S
S S into an active form due to the alkaline pH of
the gut.
S—S A-peptide
| | Related Theory
S S Insulin  Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium
S S that naturally produces a Bt toxin which is fatal to
+ B-peptide certain herbivorous insects like cotton bollworm.
The toxin produced by this bacterium has been used
Free C-peptide as an insecticide spray and is commonly used in
Maturation of Pro-insulin into Insulin (simplified) organic farming.
12. (d) Polymerase chain reaction
6. (c) either RNA or DNA
Explanation: Polymerase chain reaction is a
Explanation: A probe is a single stranded
DNA or RNA that is used to detect its method that will help in the early diagnosis of
complementary sequences by hybridisation a disease.
techniques in a sample genome. A probe is
generally radiolabeled or fluorescent labelled Related Theory
and detected by several techniques.  With the help of PCR, early diagnosis of a disease or
pathogen is possible. The presence of a pathogen
7. (c) Production of insulin by rDNA technique
(bacteria, viruses, etc.) is normally suspected
Explanation: In 1983, Eli Lilly, an American only when the pathogen has produced a disease
company constructed two DNA sequences symptom. But by that time, the concentration of
corresponding to A and B chains of human pathogen becomes very high in the body. Therefore,
insulin and then they introduced them in PCR is used as it can detect very low concentration of
plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains. these pathogens by amplification of their nucleic acid.
Finally, the human insulin was formed when
chains A and B were produced separately, 14. (a) Adenosine Deaminase deficiency
extracted and combined by creating disulfide Explanation: In 1990, the first clinical gene
bonds. The human insulin thus produced is therapy was given to a 4-year-old girl suffering
called as Humulin. from Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency
by M. Blaese and WF Anderson. The enzyme
Related Theory Adenosine deaminase is very important for the
 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are those
immune system to function. The cause of the
organisms whose genes have been altered by
manipulation. These are also termed as Transgenic disorder is deletion of the gene coding for this
organisms. enzyme.

insulin and then they introduced them in
Related Theory plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.
 Steps involved in the aforementioned therapy are: Finally, the human insulin was formed
(1) Lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are when chains A and B were produced
grown in a culture outside the body. separately, extracted and combined by
(2) Using a retroviral vector, a functional ADA cDNA creating disulfide bonds. The human insulin
is then introduced into these lymphocytes and thus produced is called as Humulin.
then these are subsequently returned to the
patient. 25. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide
The patient requires periodic infusion of such chains, i.e., chain A and chain B, which are
genetically engineered lymphocytes because linked together by disulphide bridges.
these cells are not immortal. A permanent cure Insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone in
is possible, if the gene isolate from marrow cells mammals including humans. It contains an
producing ADA is introduced into cells at early
extra stretch called the C peptide.
embryonic stages.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct Related Theory
explanation of A.  The C peptide is absent in mature insulin and
Explanation: Genetically Modified Organisms therefore it is removed during maturation into insulin.
(GMOs) are those organisms, i.e., plants, Therefore, the biggest challenge for production of
bacteria, fungi and animals, whose genes insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin
assembled into a mature form.
have been altered by manipulation. These are
also termed as transgenic organisms. These 27. Two possible treatments that can be given to
are called so as they contain and express some children exhibiting Adenosine deaminase
one or more foreign or alien genes, called as deficiency are:
transgenes. (1) Bone marrow transplantation.
18. (c) A is true but R is false. (2) Enzyme replacement therapy.
Explanation: Golden rice is rich in Vitamin A.
It is a genetically variety of rice (Oryza sativa). Related Theory
It contains good quantities of beta carotene,  There is a problem associated with both of the
the precursor of vitamin A. The rice grains are aforementioned approaches is that they are not
yellow in colour due to the presence of beta completely curative. Therefore, gene therapy was
carotene. introduced to cure the Adenosine deaminase
deficiency.
Related Theory 29. Transposons are put under the classification

 Golden rice was developed at Swiss Federal Institute of the jumping genes which are the gene
of Technology by Professor Ingo Potrykus and Peter sequences present in the genome of eukaryotic
Beyer. cells that can jump to different locations
20. (A) The sample X is most likely to be within a genome. They are the source for the
genetically modified as the population complementary double stranded RNA which
group consuming it was found to have binds to and prevents mRNA translation
the least amount of Vitamin A deficiency, (silencing), resulting in RNA interference.
which is responsible for night blindness. 32. There is always an increasing demand of
21. (A) (a) alkaline pH of the insect’s gut food supply in our country, therefore, in order
to increase the food production there are
Explanation: When an insect feeds on a
following three options:
Bt plant and ingests the inactive toxin, the
protoxin gets converted into an active form (1) Agro-chemical based agriculture.
due to the alkaline pH of the insect’s gut, (2) Organic agriculture.
which solubilises the crystals. (3) Genetically engineered crop-based
(B) (c) midgut epithelial cells agriculture.
Explanation: In the insects, the activated 35. Genetic modification of plants has been useful
toxin binds to the surface of midgut in following areas:
epithelial cells and make it porous resulting (1) Enhancement in nutritive value of crops.
in cell swelling and lysis and finally cause Example: Vitamin A enriched rice named
their death. golden rice.
22. (C) In 1983, Eli Lilly, an American company (2) Increased tolerance to abiotic stress
constructed two DNA sequences (drought, salinity, high temperature, etc.) as
corresponding to A and B chains of human well as biotic stress (i.e., weeds)
Biotechnology and its Applications 67

(3) Reduced dependence on chemical 47. GM crops are useful in many ways such as:
pesticides (pest-resistant crops). (1) The crops became more tolerant to abiotic
(4) The efficiency of mineral usage by plants stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat).
increased that prevented early exhaustion (2) The dependence of plants on chemical
of fertility of soil. pesticides has greatly reduced due to
38. A recombinant DNA vaccine refers to a vaccine development of pest-resistant crops.
which is produced through recombinant (3) The post-harvest losses were reduced.
DNA technology. It involves insertion of the (4) The efficiency of mineral usage by plants
DNA encoding an antigen that stimulates an increased that prevented early exhaustion
immune response into bacterial or mammalian of fertility of soil.
cells. Vaccines produced using Recombinant
(5) The nutritional value of food was greatly
DNA technology allows large scale
enhanced. Example: Vitamin A enriched rice
production and hence greater availability for
named golden rice.
immunisation. Hepatitis B vaccine (Recombivax
HB) and HPV vaccines are examples of 50. Infectious diseases happen due to some
recombinant DNA vaccine. pathogen. The line of treatment in such
condition is focussed on eliminating the
40. The major challenge for production of insulin
causative pathogen from the body. But a
using rDNA technique is its assembling in
genetic disease occurs due to anomaly in the
mature form. In 1983, Eli Lilly, an American
genotype. The line of treatment for a genetic
company resolved this problem by preparing
disease is different from any infectious disease.
two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B,
Genetic diseases are only treated by the
chains of human insulin and introduced them
manipulation of genes to correct or replace the
in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.
faulty genes. Gene therapy is an attempt to do
Finally, the human insulin was formed when
this.
chains A and B were produced separately,
extracted and combined by creating disulphide Related Theory
bonds. The human insulin thus produced is  Gene therapy is considered an experimental method
called as Humulin. that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. This
42. Yes. As ELISA technique is based on the technique may permit doctors to treat any disorder
by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of
principles of antigen-antibody interaction, it
using drugs or surgery.
can be used to detect the genetic disorder
phenylketonuria. In this process antibody 55. PCR is an efficient technique which is used for
against the phenylalanine hydroxylase the amplification of gene of interest or nucleic
enzyme, which is responsible for the acid (DNA). It can serve many other purposes
metabolism of phenylalanine is used to also:
develop the ELISA based diagnostic technique. (1) With the help of PCR, early diagnosis
The patient in whom the enzyme protein of a disease or pathogen is possible.
is absent would give negative result when The presence of a pathogen (bacteria,
compared to normal individual. viruses, etc.) is normally suspected only
when the pathogen has produced a
Related Theory disease symptom. But by that time, the
 ELISA is used to detect the infection done by concentration of pathogen becomes very
pathogens, either by checking the presence of
high in the body. Therefore, PCR is used
antigens or by detecting the antibodies synthesised
against the pathogen. as it can detect very low concentration of
these pathogens by amplification of their
43. Foreign gene is initially ligated to a plasmid nucleic acid.
vector and further introduced in the host. As
(2) Technique of PCR is routinely used to
plasmid replicates, and makes multiple copies
detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients.
of itself, the foreign gene also gets replicated
and its multiple copies are made. When the (3) It is also used to detect mutations in genes
progeny of host organism is produced, it also in suspected cancer patients and is a
receives the plasmid DNA containing the powerful technique to identify many other
foreign gene. genetic disorders.
| THEORY 2 |
3. (a) Rosie human protein-enriched milk (2.4 g/L). Human
alpha-lactalbumin was present in the milk and
Explanation: Rosie was the first transgenic
was nutritionally a more balanced product for
cow which created in 1997. This cow produced
human babies than natural cow-milk.

5. (b) GEAC Har P. Cohly) were granted a US patent on
Explanation: The Indian Government has use of turmeric in wound healing.
set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic India has forced the US Patent and
Engineering Approval Committee), for making Trademark Office (PTO) to revoke a
decisions regarding the validity of GM research contentious patent it granted two years
and the safety of introducing GM-organisms ago to researchers in the United States on
for public services. the use of powdered turmeric (Curcuma
longa) for wound healing.
Related Theory The PTO withdrew the patent after a year-
 The manipulation of living organisms by the human long legal battle with India's Council of
race cannot go on any further, without regulation. Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Some ethical standards are required to evaluate the which argued that turmeric, a native
morality of all human activities that might help or
Indian plant, had been used for centuries
harm living organisms.
by its people for wound healing, and so
Going beyond the morality of such issues, the
lacked the “novelty” criterion required for
biological significance of such things is also
important. Genetic modification of organisms can patenting.
have unpredictable results when such organisms are 15. The GEAC has two main objectives:
introduced into the ecosystem.
(1) To make decisions regarding the validity of
Therefore, the Indian government has set up GEAC. GM research.
7. (d) All of the above (2) To decide regarding the safety of
Explanation: Predominantly industrialised introducing GM-organisms for public
countries, like USA, Japan and members of services.
European Union are awarding biopatents.
10. (c) A is true but R is false. Related Theory
Explanation: The first transgenic cow, Rosie,
 GEAC stands for Genetic Engineering Approval
Committee. This committee is India's apex
was created in 1997, which produced human biotechnology regulatory body comes under the
protein-enriched milk (2.4 g/L). Human alpha- Ministry of Environment and Forests (India).
lactalbumin was present in the milk and was
16. Biopiracy refers to the unethical and
nutritionally a more balanced product for
unauthorised use of bio-resources by
human babies than natural cow-milk.
multinational companies and other
12. (c) A is true but R is false. organisations without proper permission from
Explanation: The Indian Government has concerned authorities and individuals. Majority
set up organizations such as GEAC (Genetic of the industrialised nations are financially
Engineering Approval Committee), for making rich but poor in biodiversity and traditional
decisions regarding the validity of GM research knowledge as compared to the developing and
and the safety of introducing GM-organisms the underdeveloped countries. Because of this
for public services. reason, some developed nations are therefore
13. (A) (a) Biopatents exploiting the traditional knowledge related
to bio-resources in order to develop modern
Explanation: When the patents are
applications and thus can also save time, effort
obtained by individuals or groups or
and expenditure during their commercialisation.
country in order to gain exclusive rights for
In this way, biopiracy is done and developed
the biological entities and products derived
countries are exploiting the developing
from them, they are called as biopatents.
countries.
(B) (b) Biopiracy
18. The Indian Parliament has recently cleared the
Explanation: Biopiracy is defined as the second amendment of the Indian Patents Bill,
use of bio-resources by multinational to prevent the overexploitation of bioresources
companies and other organisations and the unauthorised use of someone’s
without proper authorisation from the research or invention, traditional Indian
countries and people concerned without knowledge and techniques by other countries.
compensatory payment. This bill takes such issues into consideration,
(C) (a)
Both A and R are true and R is the including patent terms, emergency provisions
correct explanation of A. and research and development initiative.
Explanation: In 1995, two expatriate 19. An American company Rice Tec, in 1997, got
Indians at the University of Mississippi patent rights on Basmati rice through the US
Medical Centre (Suman K. Das and Hari Patent and Trademark Office. This allowed the
Biotechnology and its Applications 69

company to sell a ‘new’ variety of Basmati, ‘new’ variety of Basmati, in the US and abroad.
in the US and abroad. This ‘new’ variety of However, this ‘new’ variety of Basmati was
Basmati had actually been derived from Indian actually been derived from Indian farmer’s
farmer’s varieties. Indian Basmati was crossed varieties. They crossed the Indian Basmati
with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as an with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed it as
invention or a novelty. an invention or a novelty. The patent extends
23. Before using the vaccines on humans, it is to functional equivalents, implying that other
tested on transgenic mice developed for the people selling Basmati rice could be restricted
purpose. It helps in determining the side effects by the patent.
of the vaccine, if any. Example: For testing the 28. Several attempts were made to patent uses,
safety of the polio vaccine, transgenic mice products and processes based on Indian
were used. If found successful and reliable, traditional herbal medicines, e.g., turmeric,
they could replace the use of monkeys to test neem.
the safety of batches of the vaccine. The US Patent Office granted a patent in 1995
26. Rice being an important food grain is used to University of Mississippi Medical Center for
‘Use of Turmeric in Wound Healing’.
since thousands of years in Asia’s agricultural
history. Around 2,00,000 varieties of rice are Another patent in 1996 was granted by
found in India alone. The rice variety, Basmati is European Patent Office, Munich to the firm of
WR Grace and Co. for ‘Fungicidal Uses of neem
distinct for its unique aroma and flavour and in
oil’.
India 27 documented varieties of Basmati are
grown.
Related Theory
An American company Rice Tec, in 1997, got  If we are not vigilant and do not pay attention or
patent rights on Basmati rice through the counter these patent applications, other countries
US Patent and Trademark Office. Having this or individuals can encash on our rich legacy and we
patent, the company was allowed to sell a may not be able to do anything about it.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
4. (b) competition 12. (a) Emigration
Explanation: Competition is an interaction Explanation: Emigration is the outward
between organisms or species in which both movement of some individuals of the species
the organisms or species are harmed. It is a
during a particular time period. It leads to
process that occurs when organisms compete
for the same resources. It can be intraspecific decrease in population and thus have negative
or interspecific. The intraspecific competition effect.
occurs among the members of same species.
It is done to obtain food, mate or territory. In Related Theory
the interspecific competition the members  Immigration: It is the number of individuals of the
of different species are involved and share a same species that have move in a habitat from
limiting resource in the same area. somewhere else during a particular time period. It
leads to increase in population.
Related Theory  Natality or birth rate: It is the rate of production of
 Mutualism: When two organisms of different species new individuals per unit of population per unit time.
"work together," they are said to be in a mutualistic
It is the ratio of the number of births to the size of
relationship because both of them gain from it.
the population.
 Predation: Predation is an interaction in which one
organism, the predator, eats all or part of the body  Fecundity is defined as the physiological maximum
of another organism, the prey. potential reproductive output of an individual
 Parasitism: A parasite is a living thing that inhabits (usually female) over its lifetime.
its host and gets its food from or at the expense of it.
5. (b) 17 million
Explanation: Population age pyramid
Explanation: Exponential equation for
represents the distribution of the population
dN in terms of gender and age at a given point in
population growth rate is = rN.
dt time. It is represented in the form of histograms,
Here, in the equation, r = intrinsic rate of natural one for both the genders, males are usually
increase. shown to the left and females to the right.
N = size of original population. A triangular pyramid represents the population
dN of a country whose growth is expected to be
= Increase in population size per unit time
dt rapid in future because most of its population
(1 year in this case). has not yet entered the child-bearing years.
r is the difference between birth and death
rate, i.e., r = 0.028−0.008 = 0.02. Related Theory
dN
 There are generally three types of population
∴ = 0.02 × 14 million = 0.28 million pyramids created from age-sex distributions—
dt expanding, stable and declining.
Over 10 years (2005 - 2015), this number will 17. (B) In all these, the interacting species live
become = 2.8 million.
closely together and one of the species is
Expected population in 2015 = (14 + 2.8) benefitted.
= 16.8 million
= 17 million (approx.) Parasitism Predation
10. (b) commensalism Predators have
It is host specific.
Explanation: Hermit crabs and sea anemones choice of prey.
shows a commensalism relationship.
Parasites are smaller Predators are large
Caution is size. in size.
 It is important to remember in population These have high These have low
interactions whether one species is benefitted or reproductive reproductive
both and also whether it is detrimental to one or
both.
potential. potential.
Organisms and Populations 71

18. (D) (c) The rate of natural increase is (phycobiont) can photosynthesise and thus
represented by “r”. prepare food that is also utilised by the fungi.
Explanation: The exponential growth of In return, fungi provide shelter and absorb
population is represented by the equation mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
dN 27. (A) Figure (i) shows mutualism as butterfly
= rN, where, N is the population size,
dt gets the food from the plant and in return
t is the time period and r is called the helps the plant in pollination.
‘intrinsic rate of natural increase’. (B) Figure (iii) shows predation in which a carnivore
(leopard) is killing a herbivore (deer). Here,
Related Theory
leopard is the predator and deer is a prey.
 Availability of resources like food and space is
essential for the unrestricted growth of a population. (C) In figure (ii) insect is phytophagous as it feeds
In a condition when unlimited resources are available on sap of the flower.
in a habitat, each species flourish resulting in an 35. Zero population growth is the absence
increase in the population density and the population
of population growth in which birth rates and
grows in an exponential or geometric fashion.
death rates become equal, thus create a stable
19. (A) Brood Parasitism human population. It can be shown by a stable
Explanation: Brood parasitism is shown in age pyramid.
the given picture. It is a type of parasitism Post-reproductive
in which one organism i.e., the parasitic
bird lays its eggs in the nest of another Reproductive
organism (host) so that the host incubate Pre-reproductive
them. The eggs of the parasitic bird have
Age Pyramid Showing Stable Population
evolved to resemble the host’s egg in size
and colour, so that the host bird cannot 37. (A) Migratory animal: Siberian crane.
detect and eject the foreign eggs from the (B) Camouflaged animal: Chameleon.
nest. Example: Cuckoo (koel) acts as the (C) Predator animal: Tiger.
parasite and the crow is the host during the (D) Biological control agent: Dragon fly.
breeding season (spring to summer).
(E) Phytophagous animal: Honey bee.
23. Lichens are symbiotic association between (F) Chemical defense agent: Cardiac
an algae and fungi. The algal component glycosides produced by Calotropis.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
3. (a) inorganic nutrients from humus. Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) are also
Explanation: The process of mineralisation is photosynthetic in nature. These are found in
freshwater and terrestrial environment and not in
carried out by the help of microorganisms. It
deep sea.
helps in the release of inorganic nutrients from
humus. 10. (d) phytoplankton
Explanation: Phytoplanktons are microscopic
Related Theory free-floating plants, which are usually
 During the process of decomposition, five important unicellular and produce chemical energy from
steps occurred which are fragmentation, leaching, light. This is called as primary production.
catabolism, humification and mineralisation. Humus
and mineral (inorganic nutrients) are obtained by
The rate of biomass production is called
humification and mineralisation. as productivity and amount of biomass or
organic matter produced per unit area over a
6. (a) consumers
time period through photosynthesis by green
Explanation: Primary productivity is defined plants is called primary productivity. Plants are
as the amount of biomass or organic matter therefore called as producers.
produced per unit area over a time period by In aquatic ecosystems, main producers are
plants (producers) during photosynthesis. phytoplanktons as they are the photosynthetic
Whereas secondary productivity is defined as organisms.
the rate of formation and assimilation of new
organic matter by consumers. As compared to Related Theory
primary productivity, secondary productivity is  Zooplanktons are microscopic, free swimming
small and it decreases with an increase in the and bottom dwelling forms, which represent the
trophic level. consumers. They depend on phytoplanktons for their
8. (d) chemosynthetic bacteria food.
Explanation: In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, 12. (a) Forest ecosystem

chemosynthetic bacteria are present as there Explanation: Forest ecosystem has the
is no light energy available there. So, they maximum biomass, because organisms of all
are the chief producers there, also producing trophic levels are present in it as compared to
oxygen for the other organisms. They form a pond, lake or grassland ecosystem. In forest
thick layer on the sea bed and attract many ecosystems productivity is also high that
other organisms to feed on them. These contributes to maximum biomass.
chemosynthetic bacteria form the base of the
food chain. Related Theory
 Biomass refers to the mass of living organisms,
Related Theory including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
 Primary producer is an organism that converts Ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of
abiotic source of energy into stored energy that is ecology where the living components and non-living
utilised later by it or by other organisms. They are components interact with each other.
present at the lowest trophic level in the ecosystem. 14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Hydrothermal vents are fissures that are present explanation of A.
on the sea bed from which geothermally heat the
Explanation: Tropical Rain forests support the
water. They are commonly found near volcanoes.
greatest number of species compared to any
Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems formed
other biome on the planet. The high species
by deposition of corals. They are found in shallow
waters as well as deep water. diversity is because of warm temperatures
and heavy rainfall that are required for optimal
Green algae (Chlorophyceae) are a group of algae
that are capable of producing their own food through growth. Therefore, higher number of plant
photosynthesis. They are usually found in freshwater species support higher number of animal
and saline water, but are not found in deep sea. species. Ultimately it leads to high productivity.
Ecosystem 73

to the organisms of this level, is a resultant of
Related Theory the primary productivity, which is formed by
 Tropical Rain forests are among the most productive autotrophs (plants).
ecosystems on the Earth, estimated to account for
about one-third of global net primary productivity Related Theory
(NPP) but have been relatively under-sampled  The secondary productivity is defined as the rate of
compared with their importance. formation and assimilation of new organic matter
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct by consumers. As compared to primary productivity,
explanation of A. secondary productivity is small and it decreases with
an increase in the trophic level.
Explanation: In an aquatic food web,
phytoplanktons form the foundation and are 27. Aquarium is an artificial (man-made) ecosystem
the primary producers in marine ecosystems. having biotic (plants and fishes) and abiotic
Since phytoplanktons are consumed at a components (air, water) of an ecosystem. It
very rapid rate and have shorter life spans, is not self-sustainable but managed by the
therefore, biomass of phytoplanktons is lower humans. Since, aquarium has biotic as well
than the biomass of zooplanktons. as abiotic components so, it is a complete
17. (A) All the primary productivity is not available ecosystem.
to a herbivore because a considerable 30. On the basis of mode of nutrition, organisms
amount is utilised by the plants in are categorised as autotrophs and
respiration, while some is lost as heat into heterotrophs. Autotrophs can make their own
the environment. food and they may be photoautotrophs and
18. (C) (a) Deep-sea hydro-thermal ecosystem chemoautotrophs. Heterotrophs cannot make
Explanation: The deep-sea hydro- their own food and they may be parasitic or
thermal ecosystem is an exception in the saprophytic. Microbes are saprotrophs and
ecosystem where the Sun is not the source derive nutrition and energy from dead organic
of energy. The chemosynthesis, marine matter and this digestion is extracellular.
snow, and whale falls are the three main 32. (A) The productivity of ecosystem increases
sources of energy and nutrients for deep- from polar region towards tropics because
sea communities. of sunlight and temperature that keeps on

(E) (d) Organic substrates increasing as we move from polar regions
Explanation: Decomposers use organic towards tropics.
substrates to get their energy, carbon and (B) Oceans are least productive because they
nutrients for development and growth. do not receive sufficient sunlight, especially
Decomposers are organisms that break in deep layers, which is necessary for
down dead and decaying organisms. productivity.
Similar to herbivores and predators, (C) The temperate regions show a lower value
decomposers are also heterotrophic. of primary productivity as compared to
20. The given equation, GPP – R = NPP represents tropical regions because temperate regions
the productivity of an ecosystem, where Net are severely limited by a cold climate and
Primary Productivity (NPP) is equal to Gross have short snow-free growing period in a
Primary Productivity (GPP) minus R. In this ‘R’ year.
represents the energy utilised by the plants or 34. Crop fields and an aquarium are the examples
producers during respiration. It is also referred of man-made ecosystems.
to as respiratory losses or loss of biomass due
to respiration. Natural ecosystem Man-made ecosystem
It develops naturally It needs human
Related Theory without any human intervention to develop.
 Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of an ecosystem intervention.
is the rate of production of organic matter during
photosynthesis. In respiration, a considerable It usually covers a It covers only a limited
amount of GPP is utilised by plants. wide area. area.
Thus, the available biomass for the consumption to Here, nutrients are Here, nutrients
heterotrophs (herbivores and decomposers) is the replenished through are replenished by
Net Primary Productivity. It is the amount of energy biogeochemical humans like addition of
left in the producers after utilisation of some energy cycles. fertilizers.
during respiration.
It is self-sustaining. It is not self-sustained
23. In herbivores (i.e., primary consumers), the rate
of assimilation of energy is called secondary Examples: Desert, Examples: Aquariums,
productivity because the biomass available forest. crop fields.

36. An ecosystem is referred to as a functional Biotic Components: The biotic or living
unit in which biotic and abiotic factors components of an ecosystem are:
interact with one another as well as with Producers: The organisms which produce
their physical environment through energy food for themselves and for all living organism
exchange and flow of nutrients, resulting in a from inorganic raw material with the solar
physical structure. Limited or unavailability of radiation are called producers. They are also
any component i.e., biotic or abiotic makes an known as autotrophs. In terrestrial ecosystem,
ecosystem incomplete because it will hinder herbaceous and woody plants are producers
the proper functioning of the ecosystem. whereas in aquatic ecosystem, phytoplanktons
Example: Deep aphotic zone of the oceans and some algae are producers.
where producers are absent or Benthic zone in Consumers: Those living heterotrophic
an aquatic ecosystem. members of ecosystem which depend directly
or indirectly on plants for food and oxygen.
39. Ecosystem is a functional unit of nature
They are broadly classified as:
consisting of biotic and abiotic factors where
both the living organisms and non-living (1) Primary consumers: They are directly
components interact with each other and with dependent on producers called herbivores
their physical environment through energy e.g., rat, deer, cow, goat, etc.
exchange and flow of nutrients. (2) Secondary consumers: The organism that
An ecosystem consists of two major use primary consumers as their food are
components: called primary carnivores e.g., foxes, cats,
etc.
Abiotic Components: The abiotic or non-living
(3) Tertiary consumers: These are top or
components of an ecosystem consist of factors
secondary carnivores which prey upon
like temperature, soil, water, light, etc.
other carnivores, and herbivores. e.g., crow,
(1) Inorganic substances phosphorus, sulphur, man, lion, etc.
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen etc.
Decomposers: Organism that break up the
(2) Organic substances e.g., carbohydrates, dead bodies of plants, animals and the related
proteins, lipids. waste products are called decomposers e.g.,
(3) Climatic regime e.g., light, humidity, rainfall, bacteria, fungi, etc. They are also known as
temperature. saprobes, saprophytes or mineralisers.
| THEORY 2 |
2. (a) Detritus food chain remains. So, in the absence of microorganisms
Explanation: The detritus food chain always the flow of mineral will stop, as the organic
starts with the dead organic material (detritus) remains will not be converted into minerals
which is acted upon by decomposers. The and recycling of minerals in the ecosystem
food energy is passed onto decomposers comes to a halt.
and detritivores, that are consumed by small 6. (c) tertiary consumer
carnivores like maggots (larvae) and in turn Explanation: If the carbon atoms fixed by
these are consumed by large carnivores like producers already have passed through three
frog and snake. Detritus food chains pass the species, the trophic level of the last species
maximum amount of energy as compared to would be tertiary consumer.
other food chains.
Related Theory
 Grazing food chain starts with the producers i.e., the
green plants and primary consumers are herbivores.
Tertiary
Predator food chain is similar to grazing food chain consumers
that consists of producers and consumers.
4. (c) mineral movement will be blocked. Secondary consumers
3rd Trophic level
Explanation: Decomposers (micro consumers)
also known as saprotrophs such as bacteria Primary consumer
and fungi, decompose the organic remains 2nd Trophic level
by secreting extracellular digestive enzymes. Producers
Therefore, they are also known as mineralisers 1st Trophic level
as they release minerals trapped in organic
Ecosystem 75

8. (c) Only (Q) and (R) producers and then next bar or trophic
Explanation: As the temperature increases, level represent the herbivores or primary
slowly the population of phytoplanktons, consumers and next trophic level represented
which are food for zooplanktons, will decrease. by carnivores. Thus, we can depict the
As long as zooplankton doesn't get food, there number of these with the help of a pyramid.
will be no food for Arctic cod. But the pyramid does not represent the vital
With this, we can also conclude that the ringed functions of an ecosystem like productivity,
seal will become extinct and the harbour seal decomposition, energy flow, nutrient cycle.
will be dependent on capelins alone, as Arctic We cannot depict any one of these through
cod is the only food source for them. Hence, pyramids at a time.
with this, we can say that only options Q and R There are certain limitations of ecological
are true and option P is false. pyramid such as it never takes into account
the same species belonging to two or more
10. (b) Q
trophic levels, it assumes a simple food chain
Explanation: Because horses are plant-eaters, that actually never exists in nature. It does not
this also makes horses sit at the bottom of
accommodate a food web. It does not show
the food chain, making them prey for other
decomposition in a food chain.
animals to hunt. And therefore the amount of
energy is always same for the horse. Crows are 17. (B) A pyramid of biomass is a more accurate
predators and scavengers, which means that indication of how much energy is passed at
they will eat practically anything. Therefore each trophic level. Biomass is the mass of
the percentage of energy can be different for living material in each organism multiplied
the crow in a food chain. by the total number of organisms in that
trophic level.
12. (a) Pyramid of energy
Explanation: Pyramid of energy is always 18. (A) (c) play an important role in supporting
upright and cannot be inverted, because when other species.
the energy is transferred from a particular Explanation: Keystone species have
trophic level to the next trophic level, some a significant role in maintaining the
energy is always lost as heat at each step. ecological balance. They have a significant
and disproportionately large influence on
the community. The removal or decrease
Explanation: Simple food chains are rarely in number of keystone species causes
found in nature. Some organisms may be disruption in structure and function of
present in the ecosystem at more than one community. Therefore, these species have
trophic level, i.e., it may derive its food from to be protected.
more than one source. Similarly, the same
For example: a predator is a keystone
organism may be eaten by several organisms
species that prevents a specific herbivorous
of a higher trophic level or an organism may
feed upon several different organisms of a species from eliminating dominant plant
lower trophic level. Usually, the kind of food species. Removal of predators results
changes with the age of the organisms and the in the increase in prey population, thus,
food availability. Thus, in a given ecosystem disbalancing the ecosystem.
various food chains are linked together and (C) (b) Deer and bees
intersect each other to form a complex Explanation: Deer and bees occupy the
network called food web. Kite is a carnivorous same trophic level because both deer and
bird; it eats on fishes, rabbits, snakes, rats
honey bees are herbivores. Honey bee lives
and so on. In a food web it occupies a specific
purely on the nutrients from plants and
position because it controls the population of
deer at grasses and plants. Therefore, they
lower carnivores and herbivores.
belong to the same trophic level.
16. (b) Both A and R are true and R is not the
19. (C) (b) auxiliary food chain
correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Parasitic food chain is a type
Explanation: Ecosystem is a biological
of food chain that starts with an herbivore,
community where the living and non-living
but the food energy is transferred from
components interact with each other and their
larger organisms to smaller ones without
physical environment. Ecological pyramid is killing. This food chain starts with host
the graphical representation of various trophic and ends with a parasite (ectoparasite/
levels of food chain that shows the relationship endoparasite). It is alternatively called an
between their number, biomass and energy. auxiliary food chain. A deer fed upon by
The base of the pyramid represents the internal roundworms and external ticks or

a man with malarial parasites in his blood 28. The given pyramid represents the inverted
are examples of parasitic food chains. pyramid of biomass. Such a pyramid represents
(D) (d) Photosynthesis a small standing crop of phytoplanktons
that supports the large standing crop of
Explanation: Photosynthesis is the
zooplanktons.
phenomenon responsible for the initiation
of a food chain. Photosynthesis is a process PC 21 (Zooplanktons)
by which producers or green plants PP 4 (Phytoplanktons)
prepare their food with the help of CO2,
water, sunlight, and chlorophyll and yield PC : Primary consumer
energy and oxygen is released in the form PP : Primary producer
of gas. Since producers start the food chain,
In a tree ecosystem, pyramid of number
so the process of photosynthesis initiates
is inverted whereas in a pond ecosystem,
food chain.
pyramid of biomass is inverted.
23. We will get spindle shaped Pyramid of Number.
30. The type of food chain responsible for the
In this, the number of tree remains only one.
flow of larger fraction of energy in an aquatic
But, a huge number of insects will be present.
ecosystem is grazing food chain and in a
So, the size of the pyramid will increase, but
terrestrial ecosystem it is detritus food chain.
the number of small birds is less in comparison
with insects. So, the size of the pyramid will
Grazing food chain Detritus food chain
become narrow. Even the larger birds are less
as compared to the number of small birds. So,
It starts with the This type of food chain
the size of the pyramid becomes narrower.
producers or green begins with dead
So, the tree is the producer, insects are the
plants, which trap organic matter i.e.,
primary consumers, small birds are the
secondary consumers and larger birds are the the solar energy death of an organism
tertiary consumers. during the process of results in beginning
Big birds photosynthesis and of the detritus food
thus transfers or feeds chain. It is composed of
Small birds
the energy into the food decomposers such as
A big population of insects
chain. fungi and bacteria. They
A large tree
meet their energy and
Spindle-Shaped Pyramid nutrient requirements
25. Crow is an omnivore which occurs in both by degrading dead
grazing food chain and the decomposer food organic matter or
chain. detritus.
Related Theory

Food chain
eaten by eaten by
Primary Secondary Tertiary

Producers Consumer Consumer Consumer Dead leaves Woodlouse
Blackbird
Decomposers
Comparison between GFC and DFC
Ecosystem 77

33. The position of a species in any trophic level biomass decreases at each trophic level.
is determined by the function performed by Trophic
levels
that mode of nutrition of species in a particular
food chain i.e., organisms occupy a particular Tertiary
place in a community according to their consumers
Secondary
feeding relationship with other organisms. consumers
On the basis of sources of their nutrition, Primary
organisms occupy a specific position in the consumers
food chain called their trophic level. A given Producers
species may occupy more than one trophic
level in the same ecosystem (in different food Where, producers = tree, primary consumers
chains) at the given time. The position may = insects, secondary consumers = small birds
and tertiary consumers = big birds.
change in the trophic level, if the function
of the mode of nutrition of species changes, 39. (A) Trophic level: Organisms occupy a
which means that the same species can be at particular place in the natural surroundings
primary consumer level in one food chain and or in a community according to their
feeding relationship with the other
at secondary consumer level in another food
organisms. On the basis of their nutrition or
chain in the same ecosystem at the given time.
food, organisms occupy a specific position
For example, in a grassland ecosystem, rabbits in the food chain which is known as trophic
and butterflies occupy the same trophic level, level. The producers occupy the first trophic
while both are different species. Thus, in a food level, herbivores (primary consumer)
chain, a trophic level represents a functional belong to the second trophic level and
level, not a species. carnivores (secondary consumer) to the
third and the fourth level is occupied by the
Related Theory tertiary consumers (top carnivores).
 Food chain is defined as the sequence of transfer of Standing crop: The mass of living material
matter and energy in the form of food from green at each trophic level in a food chain at
plants (producers) through a sequence of organisms, a particular time is called as standing
in which each organism eats the one below it in crop. It is measured as the mass of living
the chain and becomes a source of food for the organisms (biomass) or the number in
organism above it. A food chain is formed due to a unit area. The biomass of a species is
interdependency of organisms. expressed in terms of fresh or dry weight.
Measurement of biomass in terms of dry
35. Pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass
weight is more accurate.
represented by the community that shows the
(B) Role of first trophic level in an ecosystem:
interaction between trees, insects, small birds
First trophic level comprises of producers
and big birds is as follows:
or autotrophs that trap the solar energy
Big birds and convert it into chemical energy. The
organisms belonging to other trophic
Birds
levels i.e., consumers depends directly
Insects or indirectly on the first trophic level
i.e., producers for their energy and food
Tree
requirement.
Pyramid of Number (Spindle-shaped) (C) The detritus food chain is connected
This pyramid of number is spindle shaped with the grazing food chain in a natural
because there is one huge banyan tree and ecosystem as the nutrients released by
the decomposers of detritus food chain are
the number of insects feeding on the tree is
utilised by the plants/producers of grazing
maximum and the number of birds are less
food chain. The plants in turn transfer these
than the insects. nutrients to other organisms. The dead
The pyramid of biomass in the same remains of these organisms serve as food
community will be erect/upright because for the decomposers.

ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
| THEORY 1 |
3. (a) Rain forest of North-East India plant species of India. They are facing the
Explanation: Pitcher plants are found at rain threat of extinction due to their medicinal and
forest of North-East India due to its moist and commercial importance.
humid climate.
Related Theory
Related Theory  Endangered plants are those plant species which are
 Pitcher plants are insectivorous plants that grow in the facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the near
soil which has low nitrogen content. Hence, they obtain future if conservation measures are not promptly
their nitrogeneous nutrition by trapping insects. taken.
4. (b) Rare and endangered species 11. (d) Large seasonal variations in environmental
Explanation: The Red Data Book is a public factors.
database designed to keep track of rare and Explanation: Tropical latitudes have remained
threatened plant, animal, and fungal species almost undisturbed for millions of years.
as well as some local sub-species that are Tropical environments are less seasonal,
found in a given area. relatively more constant and predictable. More
solar energy is available in the tropics, resulting
Related Theory in high productivity.

Red Data Book has its origins from Russia; it was
originally known as the Red Data Book of the Related Theory
Russian Federation. The book was based on research
conducted by biologists in Russia. Hence, it is also  Higher diversity in tropical areas is because of various
called as the Russian Red Data Book. factors:
The Red Data Book contains the complete list (1) Speciation is a function of time. Low temperature
of threatened species. The main aim behind this areas have undergone frequent glaciation in the
documentation is to provide complete information past that killed most of the species. No such
for research and analysis of different species. disturbance occurred in tropics where species
continued to flourish and evolve undisturbed for
6. (a) Podophyllum
millions of years.
Explanation: An endangered species is a
(2) There are no unfavourable seasons in tropics.
population of an organism which are at
Continued favourable environment has
risk of becoming extinct because it is either helped tropical organisms to gain more niche
few in numbers or threatened by changing specialisation and increased diversity.
environmental conditions or predation. (3) More solar energy is available in tropics. This
Podophyllum is one such endangered species promotes higher productivity and increased
of Indian medicinal plants. biodiversity.
(4) Resource availability is higher in tropics.
Related Theory
(5) There is reduced competition in tropics due to
 Podophyllum contains podophyllotoxin or favourable environment.
podophyllin that is used as a purgative and as a
(6) Rate of extinction is low in tropics.
cytostatic. They are also grown as ornamental
plants for their attractive foliage and flowers. 12. (c) Nelumbo (lotus)
Extracts of plants are used for genital warts and Explanation: Non-native or alien species
some skin cancers.
are usually introduced accidently for their
 The plants like Ocimum, garlic, are not endangered
economic and other uses. Most of them
species.
 Amentotaxus is an endangered plant but it is not a
become invasive and replace/drive away
medicinal plant. the local species. These invasive species
are considered to be second major cause of
7. (d) All of the above extinction of species. In Central India, Lantana
Explanation: All of the afore mentioned camara introduced as alien species, has
plants are categorised under endangered replaced many species in forests. Parthenium
Biodiversity and Conservation 79

hysterophorus has replaced several herbs and
shrubs from open places in the plains. Water Related Theory
hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was introduced 
Genetic Variation: It is the variation of genes within
in Indian water to reduce pollution. At many the species.
places, it clogged water bodies including Ecological Diversity: The range of ecosystems

found in a biosphere is also referred to as ecological
wetlands resulting in death of several aquatic
diversity.
plants and animals. Nelumbo (lotus) is not an
invasive species. 23. Red in the IUCN Red list (2004) indicates the
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct species that became extinct or are at the verge
explanation of A. of extinction or threatened species.
Explanation: Humans are dependent
Related Theory
on nature for food and shelter. But over-
 IUCN red list was initiated in 1964. The red list
exploitation of natural resources and their is based on precise criteria to evaluate the rate
degradation occurs when human ‘need’ turns of extinction of thousands of species and sub-
to ‘greed’. Due to over-exploitation by humans, species. The IUCN red list provides taxonomic data,
many species became extinct in the last 500 conservation status and distribution information on
years such as Steller’s sea cow, passenger species that are facing a high risk of global extinction.
pigeon, etc. In large animals like elephants and
24. Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth, aquatic
whales, since their rate of reproduction is low
weed) was introduced unintentionally to
and their reproductive cycle is long, and when
the aquatic ecosystem in India. It became
they are over-exploited by humans, they can
come on the verge of extinction. invasive and imbalances water ecosystem
and finally led to the extinction of native/
Related Theory indigenous species and caused a decline in
 Large animals, by virtue of their low population phytoplanktons.
densities, are at increased risk of extinction. Moreover,
an animal species that produces few offspring each Related Theory
year and that suffers a major loss in numbers from  The plant Eichhornia crassipes is nick named as the
human activity will need more time to recover than a ‘Terror of Bengal’ because it grows at an alarming
species with high reproductive rates.
rate and spreads on the surface of the water body.
16. (A) The species diversity decreases from This cuts out light and also causes an increase in the
lower to higher altitudes due to decrease oxygen demand. Thus, causing the death of fishes and
in temperature and greater seasonal other aquatic organisms.
variability. 27. (A) Endangered species are those which are on
17. (C) Alexander Von Humboldt, during his verge of extinction whereas, rare species
pioneering and extensive explorations are limited to few habitats and their
in the wilderness of South American number is also very less.
jungles observed that within a region, (B) Human activities like colonisation of Pacific
species richness increased with increased Islands by man has led to extinction
explored area but only upto a limit. Thus,
of 2000 bird species, habitat loss,
the relationship between species richness
overexploitation, alien species invasions,
and area for a number of taxa is found to
coextinctions are some of the causes.
be a rectangular hyperbola. On a log scale,
the relationship becomes linear and is 29. The conventional methods are not suitable for
described by equation: the assessment of biodiversity of bacteria. The
Log S = log C + Z log A reasons are as follows:
where, S = Species richness (1) Many bacteria cannot be cultured under
A = Area normal conditions in the laboratory.
It creates problem in studying their
Z = slope of the line (regression
morphological, biochemical and other
coeffiicient) characterizations which are useful for their
C = Y-intercept assessment.
21. The type of diversity represented by: (2) It is very difficult to identify bacteria
(A) 50,000 different strains of Rice in India – morphologically with naked eyes.
Genetic diversity (3) In the conventional methods, the media
(B) Estuaries and alpine meadows in India – which is used for bacterial culture can easily
Ecological diversity get contaminated with other microbes.

30. Mutualists are the pair of organisms that are 36. (A) Amphibians are majorly found in terrestrial
benefitted from the interactions between habitat but for sexual reproduction, they
them. depend on aquatic habitat. Habitat loss
(A) Mutualists tend to co-evolve. The affects the amphibians more greatly than
mutualism between a flower and its other animal groups as they require both
pollinator follows co-evolution. The wasp the habitat for their survival.
pollinates the fig flower and in return, (B) The reasons of mass extinction of species in
wasp uses the fruit for laying eggs and the past are as follows:
as a source of nourishment for the larvae.
Another example in which mutualists (1) Volcanic eruption
co-evolve is of Mediterranean orchid (2) Earthquake
Ophrys. Ophrys employs sexual deceit (3) Extremes of temperatures
to get pollinated by a species of bee. One
(4) Glaciations
petal of flower resembles to female bee.
If female bee changes its colour pattern (5) Continental drift.
even slightly for any reason, the success 38. (A) There is more solar energy available in the
of pollination will be reduced unless orchid tropics because:
flower co-evolves to maintain resemblance (1) At tropics the Sun’s rays falls directly
with female bee.
and are more concentrated.
(B) Mutualists are also one of the major causes
(2) In the tropics, Sun’s rays have to
of biodiversity loss. In case of any change
pass through fewer atmospheres, so
in any of the participants of mutualism,
affects the other participant as well. For less energy is lost in absorption and
example, if the population of bees that reflection by the atmosphere.
pollinate the orchid flower reduces, it will (3) Tropical rainforest areas absorb high
cause the reduction in the population of amount of radiations due to presence
the orchid plants also i.e., when any one of of dense vegetation.
these two species become extinct, the other Therefore, availability of more solar energy
species associated with it in obligatory in tropics contributes to higher productivity
way also becomes extinct and leads to which in turn might contribute towards
biodiversity loss. Co-extinction is one of
greater biodiversity.
the 'Evil Quartet' in which organisms with
obligatory relationship like plant pollinator (B) The term ‘Frugivorous’ means fruit eating
mutualism will result in extinction of one organisms.
partner if other is eliminated in nature. 39. Modern man is able to do various activities
32. David Tilman confirmed that the stability of that have increased the intensity of conflict
a community depends on its species richness between human and wild life. The examples
through his ecology experiments. Through are:
his long-term ecosystem experiments using (1) Modern man started farming. Lands were
outdoor plots, he provided the evidences of cleared to make way for farming. This
link between species richness and stable activity changes the climate drastically.
community.
Farming also increases the intensity of
Tilman found that communities with more conflict between human and wild life.
species showed less year-to-year variation
(2) Modern man began various industries. To
in total biomass. In his experiments, he also
promote industrialization, many natural
showed that increased diversity contributes to
higher productivity. resources begun to be exploited. This
became possible only by overexploitation
Related Theory of forests and wildlife. It is also the major
 The characteristics of a stable community are: cause of pollution. All of this disturbed the
(1) The community does not show much variation in wildlife.
year-to-year productivity. (3) Increased population of humans resulted
(2) The community should be either resistant or in increased needs, leading to 100-
resilient to occasional natural or man-made 10,000 times faster exploitation of natural
disturbances. resources.
(3) The community must be resistant to invasions
by alien species.
(4) Means of travel like railway, airplane, and
road revolutionized the life of humans but
It can be realized that, rich biodiversity is
essential for ecosystem health as well as for the these are also a big cause of habitat loss of
survival of the human race on this planet Earth. wild life. (Any three)

47. Species diversity decreases as we move away have harsh and unpredictable environment
from the equator towards the poles. The conditions which is responsible for less
possible reason could be as follows: species diversity.
(1) The intensity of sunlight decreases as we (3) In polar region, the temperature is
move away from the equator towards the extremely low hence, most of the
poles and it affects the climatic conditions.
organisms cannot survive in that habitat.
(2) Stable environmental conditions near
(4) The resource availability is limited near
equator give rise to large number of
species (species diversity), whereas poles Polar regions.
| THEORY 2 |
4. (d) Mostly located in the polar regions. human settlement, grazing cultivation etc., are
Explanation: The main characteristic feature allowed.
of biodiversity hotspots are presence of large Transition zone
number of species, abundance of endemic
Buffer zone
species and mostly located in the tropics. Polar
regions have poorest biodiversity due to low Core area
sunlight, cold weather and low precipitation. Human settlement
Related Theory
 Endemic species are plant and animal species that
9. (d) Dachigam National Park, Jammu and
are found in a particular geographical region and
nowhere else in the world.
Kashmir
Explanation: Dachigam National Park:
5. (a) (I), (IV)
Dachigam was initially established to ensure
Explanation: As many destructive activities are
the supply of clean drinking water to Srinagar
leading to loss of biodiversity, so it is important
city. A protected area since 1910, it was
to conserve wildlife. Maintaining the ecological
declared as a National park in 1981. The main
processes and maintaining diversity of life help
animal species that Dachigam is known for is
in conservation of biodiversity.
the hangul, or the Kashmir stag.
Whereas exotic species lead to the extinction
of local species by competing with them. Related Theory
This leads to the loss of biodiversity and also 
The Keibul Lamjao, the only floating national park in
preventing migration of species leads to a the world, is home to the last of the brow-antlered
decrease in the spread of diversity. deer, one of the most endangered deer in the world.
Bandhavgarh National Park is a wildlife sanctuary in
Related Theory Madhya Pradesh. It has the highest density of tigers
 Conservation of biodiversity is defined as the in the region. It is famous for white tigers.
protection and management of biodiversity to obtain Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary: It is a part of the
resources for sustainable development of the present Kameng Elephant Reserve. Eaglenest is notable as a
and future generations. prime birding site due to the extraordinary variety,
numbers and accessibility of species.
7. (a) core zone
12. (c) number of endemic species and degree of
Explanation: Biosphere reserve is protected
threat.
area with multipurpose activities. It has three
zones: Explanation: Hotspots for biodiversity are
Core zone: It comprises of an undisturbed the areas with a high density of biodiversity
and legally protected ecosystem, where no and megadiversity which are also the most
human activity is allowed/without any human threatened. Ecological hotspots are determined
interference. by four factors.
Buffer zone: It is an area that surrounds the (1) Number of species diversity.
core area with limited human activity. (2) Degree of endemism.
Transition zone: In this area, active (3) The degree of threat to that habitat due to
cooperation between reserve management its degradation and fragmentation.
and local people occur and thus, in this area, (4) Degree of exploitation.

In India, three of these hotspots: Western Ghats and
Related Theory Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya are the high
 There are a total of 34 biodiversity hotspots in the biodiversity regions.
world. These hotspots are also regions of accelerated Although less than 2% of the earth’s land area is
habitat loss. included in the biodiversity hotspots, but extremely
 In India, three of these hotspots: Western Ghats and high number of species are found here. If these
Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya are the high hotspots are strictly protected then ongoing mass
biodiversity regions. extinctions can be reduced by almost 30 percent.
 Although less than 2% of the Earth’s land area is 17. (A) (b) 1952
included in the biodiversity hotspots, but extremely
high number of species are found here. If these Explanation: The Indian Board for Wildlife
hotspots are strictly protected then ongoing mass was constituted in 1952. The main
extinctions can be reduced by almost 30 percent. function of the board was to advise the
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct Government on the means of conservation
and protection of wildlife, construction of
explanation of A.
national parks, sanctuaries and zoological
Explanation: Taxonomic diversity represents gardens as well as promoting public
the maximum level of species diversity found in awareness regarding conservation of
the same area, where different groups occur in wildlife.
a balanced equilibrium.
(C) (c) A reserved area meant for preservation
Taxonomic diversity can be defined as the and development of endangered species.
average taxonomic path between randomly Explanation: Wildlife sanctuary is a
chosen individuals. It takes into consideration naturally occurring sanctuary or a
taxonomic differences and heterogeneity geographic territory within which the
(species richness and evenness). wildlife is protected. It provides protection
16. (B) (d) Extinction to the threatened or endangered wild
Explanation: Extinction is the complete animals. This is because capturing and
poaching are strictly prohibited in such
disappearance of a species from Earth.
areas.
Adaptation can be defined as the physical
or behavioural characteristic of an 24. Cryopreservation is a technique where fertile
organism which enables it to survive better gamates or viable seeds can be stored at
in the surrounding environment. -196°C for a longer period and these gametes
and seeds can be utilised later in life to produce
Phylogenetic diversity is a measure of
offsprings or plantlets.
biodiversity, based on phylogeny (the
tree of life). It incorporates phylogenetic 26. Endemic species refers to those species that
difference between species. are restricted to a particular area or confined
Speciation is the process of development of only in that geographical region and not found
a new species when a group of individuals anywhere else.
within a species separates from other Exotic or alien species are those species which
members of its species and develops its are introduced into a geographical region from
own unique characteristics. some other area.
(E) (d) Lesser inter-specific competition
Related Theory
Explanation: A biogeographic region
where a large number of biodiversity is

Example of Endemic Species: Asiatic Lion is also
known as the Indian Lion and can be only found in
threatened by human habitation is known and around Gir Forest National Park of Gujarat. These
as biodiversity hotspots. are listed as endangered species. These are one of
Ecological hotspots are determined by the five big cats found in India, the others being Indian
these factors: Leopards and Bengal Tigers.
Example of Exotic Species: In East Africa, introduction

• Species
of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria eventually led to
• Endemism the extinction of an ecologically unique assemblage
• Richness of more than 200 species of cichlid fish in the lake.
• Accelerated species loss 28. No, it is not possible that productivity and
diversity of a natural community remain
Related Theory constant over a time period of hundred years.
 There are a total of 34 biodiversity hotspots in the Although a typical community maintains itself,
world. These hotspots are also regions of accelerated more or less in equilibrium with the present
habitat loss. conditions of the environment.

But in nature, communities are never stable; 37. As a biology student, the method which I would
rather, they are dynamic, changing more or suggest to protect threatened species from
less regularly over time and space. They are getting extinct will be ex-situ conservation
never found permanently in complete balance approach.
with their component species, or with the Ex-situ (‘off-site’) conservation is a set of
physical environment. Thus, their productivity conservation techniques involving the
and diversity keeps on changing and the transfer of a target species away from its
reasons behind this are: native habitat. The main purposes of ex-situ
(1) The natural habitat is never maintained in collections are the rescue and preservation of
real. threatened genetic material and the breeding
(2) Abundant resources are never available; they of species for reintroduction in cases where a
are always in short supply or just enough. species continued survival in its native habitat
(3) Environmental conditions for survival and are threatened.
reproduction are continuously changing Ex-situ conservation is the technique of
over a period of time due to variations in conservation of all levels of biological diversity
climatic and physiographic factors, and the outside their natural habitats through different
activities of the species of the communities techniques like zoo, captive breeding, aquarium,
themselves. botanical garden, and gene bank.
All these factors bring about marked changes
Advantages of ex-situ conservation are:
in the dominants of the existing community,
which is thus, sooner or later replaced by (1) Off-site collection can be used to restock
another community at the same place. depleted population, reintroduce species in
the wild and restore degraded habitat.
30. Scientists make a statistical comparison
of the temperate-tropical species richness (2) A large number of genotypes in small area,
of an exhaustively studied group of insects rapid multiplication of endangered species
and extrapolate this ratio to other groups of can be maintained with this technique.
animals and plants to find out a gross estimate 39. Sacred groves of the Aravalli Hills as well as
of the total number of species on Earth. the Ooty botanical garden both are aiming at
33. The difference between narrowly utilitarian the conservation of the biodiversity. However,
and broadly utilitarian approaches to conserve both these approaches differ from each other.
biodiversity are: Sacred groves are the areas of Aravalli Hills
where forest patches around places of worship
Narrowly utilitarian Broadly utilitarian are held in high esteem by tribals. All the trees
approach approach and wildlife are given protection by tribals. Not
According to this According to this a single branch is allowed to be cut from these
approach, it says that approach, it says that forests. As a result, many endemic species that
are rare or have become extinct elsewhere can
humans must conserve humans must conserve
be seen to flourish here. Thus, sacred groves of
biodiversity as they biodiversity as it plays Aravalli Hills are sites of in-situ conservation,
obtain various economic a major role in various where rare and threatened species of plants
benefits directly from ecosystem services and animals are protected in their natural
the nature. provided by nature. habitat.
Example: Food, firewood, Example: Atmospheric While botanical gardens are areas where
many species of plants, are conserved outside
fibre, drugs, herbal concentration of oxygen
their natural habitats. They help to restore
medicines, construction is maintained by plants
endangered species, whose chances of
materials, etc. and pollination in survival are very small. Thus, Ooty botanical
plants is carried out by garden is the site of ex-situ conservation,
organisms like bees and where threatened and endangered species are
birds. protected outside their natural habitats.

XII Biology 2023-24 QB SP Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

XII Biology 2023-24 QB SP Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MOST

Question Banks 2023-24

If you want to go to the answer of any Self-practice Q’s and you

4 : Principles of Inheritance and Variation

7 : Human Health and Diseases

8 : Microbes in Human Welfare

9 : Biotechnology Principles and Process

10 : Biotechnology and its Applications

11 : Organisms and Populations

13 : Biodiversity and Conservation

16. (a) the flower type which survived is

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 1

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

2 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

(3) A mass of cells called the nucellus are

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 3

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

4 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 5

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

............................ Scutellum 44. Seed maturity is characterised by the

6 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 7

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Menstrual Proliferative Ovulatory Luteal

8 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

27. (A) (c) luteinizing hormone Male Sex

Explanation: The given diagram explains Male Sex

[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Term-1 2021]

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

10 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

12 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Related Theory 35. For the following reproduction-related aspects,

14 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

16 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

5. (a) Polygenic inheritance: Haemophilia

18 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Related Theory 3 Flower Axial Terminal

16. (d) 60 6 Seed shape Round Wrinkled

Principles of Inheritance and Variation 19

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

20 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Principles of Inheritance and Variation 21

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

22 Biology Class XII

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

Explanation: Colourblindness is a sex-linked Parents XcXc XY

Principles of Inheritance and Variation 23

Click here to buy other Educart books on Amazon - https://amzn.to/3IFSNRX

(2) At processing level which involves 9. (c)