Name:E.

sandhiya
Class:M.sc maths 1st year
Roll no:22PMA11
Subject: Differential geometry
College: Chikkanna government arts
college
Assignment
Unit-5
Elementary theory of
Surface
Problem (1)
Obtain the surface equation of
sphere
Solution:
A sphere is a surface of revolution of
a semicircle lying in the XOZ plane
about the Z axis.
The curve meets the axis of
revolution in two points.
If P is any point on the circle lying in
the XOZ plane, it’s equator can be
taken as x=asinu,y=0,z=acosu,where
u is the angle made by OP with the
Z-axis,u is called co-latitude of the
point P .

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After rotation through an angle v
about Z axis,let PM be
perpendicular on the XOY
plane,then XOM is the longtitude of
P and it is v.
Hence,the position vector of P on
the sphere is,
x=OMcosv
=OPcos(90-u)cosv
=asinucosv
y=OMsinv
=OPsinusinv
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z=acosu
Thus,the surface equation of the
sphere is
r̄=[asinucosv,asinusinv,acosu]

Mannheim Theorem
Statement :
If P,P1 are the corresponding points
of the Betrand curves C,C1 are their
centres of cruvatures,then

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the cross -ratio (PCP1C1)is constant
and is equal to
Sec α where α is the angle between
2

the tangents at P and P1 to the two

curves γ and γ1

Proof:
The centres of cruvatures C,C1 of γ
and γ1 lie on the normals to the
curve at P,P1 and PP1 is the common
normal of γ and γ1.

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The points C,P,C1,P1 lie on a straight
line,and so we can find the cross-
ratio (PCP1C1).
If r̅ is the position vector of the point
P,the position vector of the
corresponding point P1 is
r̅1=r̅+λn̅
And
n̅=n̅1 -----------------------(1)
C and C1 have positions vectors r̅+ρn̅
and r̅1+ρ1n̅1

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Now,
PC=|O⃗C⃗-O⃗P⃗|
= |(r̅+ρn̅)-n̅ |
=ρ
P1C1=|O⃗C⃗1-O⃗C⃗|
=|(r̅1+ρ1)-r̅1|
=ρ1
CP1=|O⃗P⃗-O⃗C⃗|
=|(r̅+λn̅)-(r̅+ρn̅)|
=|λ-ρ|
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C1P=|O⃗P⃗-O⃗C⃗1|
=|r̅-(r̅1+ρ1n̅1)|
=|(r̅-r̅1)-ρ1n̅1|
=|-λ-ρ1 | from (1)
Now,
The required cross ratio
(PCP1C1)= PC.P1C1
-------------
CP1.C1P

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 = ρρ1
-------------------
|λ-ρ|.|λ-ρ1|
= 1
--------------------
(1-λK).(1+λK1)

Where ρ = 1
-------
K
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But (1-λK)(1+λK1)=cos α 2

Where αis the constant

(PCP1C1) = 1
-----------------
Cos α 2

=Sec α.
2

…..…Hence the proof………

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