From the above picture , answer the following questions

1. Identify this condition ( 2 marks)

2. What are the causes of this condition ( 3 marks)

3. What are the clinical features associated with this condition (3 marks)

4. What is the treatment of this condition (2 marks)

Answers:

1. Cretinism ( Hypothyroidism in children )

2. Maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy, Maldevelopment of
thyroid gland during fetal life, inborn errors of thyroid hormone
synthesis, antithyroid antibodies of mother crossing the placenta
entering fetal circulation , hypopituitarism in fetal life ( any 3 )
3. Dwarf, Mentally retarded, potbelly, Protrusion of tongue
4. Thyroid hormone replacement early in infancy can cure the
disease.
From the above picture, answer the following questions

1. Name the condition shown in this image and what is the cause for it ?

( 2 marks)

2. Mention any two signs and two symptoms of this disease? ( 4 marks)

3. How can we diagnose this condition? (1 mark)

4. Mention any three treatment modalities for this condition? ( 3 marks)

Answers:

1. Grave’s disease or severe Hyperthyroidism due to auto antibodies against

TSH receptors
2. Signs: enlargement of thyroid gland or goiter , Sinus tachycardia,
Exopthalmos,systolic hypertension, periorbital edema ( any 2)
Symptoms: Hyperactivity, heat intolerance, tremor, palpitation, excess
sweating, hyperphagia, weight loss, diarrhea( any 2 )
3. T3, T4 high, and low TSH
4. Antithyroid drugs like thionamides, anions, high dose of Iodide, Propanolol,
radioactive Iodine , Subtotal thyroidectomy.( any 3)
 B

From the above picture, answer the following questions

1. What is the reflex shown in the above picture and which hormone is
responsible for this reflex ? ( 2 marks )

2. What are A and B in the picture ?( 2 marks)

3. What are the two important physiological stimuli for the secretion of this
hormone? ( 2 marks)

4. What is the physiological significance of this reflex ?( 2 marks)

5.What is the other reflex mediated by the same hormone involved in this reflex?
(2 marks)
Answers

1. Milk ejection reflex, Oxytocin

2. A- Tactile receptors in nipple
B- Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei of Hypothalamus
3. A. Suckling of baby at the time of breast feeding
B. Cervical dilatation at the time of parturition.

4. It is an example of Neurohumoral reflex

5. Parturition reflex
 A

From the above picture, answer the following questions

1. Which reflex is shown in the above picture ( 2 marks )

2. What are labeled as A and B in the above flowchart ? (2 marks )

3. Mention two functions of the hormone involved in this reflex (2 marks )

4. What type of feedback mechanism is involved in this process? ( 1 mark )

5. Mention two more examples for this type of feedback mechanism

( 2 mark )
Answers

1. Parturition reflex
2. A- Distension of cervix
B- Oxytocin
3. Oxytocin mediates Milk ejection reflex and parturition reflex, Oxytocin
facilitates degeneration of corpus luteum at the end of menstrual cycle,
Oxytocin increases in males during orgasm, Oxytocin causes contraction of
non pregnant uterus to facilitate sperm transport ( any 2 )
4. Positive feedback mechanism
5. Hodgkin’s cycle, LH surge, Coagulation cascade, activation of digestive
enzymes ( any 2 )