Class 11 Statistics

Introduction

When an investigator collects data for

an investigation, these are just raw
data. Raw data are not capable of
offering any meaningful conclusion. This
is just like a lump of clay without any
specific shape or identity. Data are to
be organized before these are presented
for final observations or conclusions.
Organization
of Data
Organisation of the data
refers to the arrangement
of the figures in such a
form that comparison of
the mass of similar data
may be facilitated and
further analysis may be
possible.
Classification

Classification is the grouping of

related facts into different
classes. In other words, the
process by which data is
divided into different classes
based on their similarity or
diversity is called classification.
 Objectives of Classification
Utility
Classification enhances utility of the data as it brings out
similarities within the diverse set of data.
Comparability It makes data comparable and estimative.
Simplification The main objective of classification is to present
and Briefness
data in a form that appears to be brief and simple.
Attractive and
Effective Classification makes data more attractive and effective.
Scientific Classification facilitates the arrangement of data in a
Arrangement
scientific manner which increases their reliability.

Distinctiveness
Classification renders obvious differences among the data
more distinctly.
 Characteristics of a Good Classification
1) Comprehensiveness : Classification of the raw data should be so
comprehensive that every item of the data gets into some group or class.
2) Clarity : Classification of the raw data should be clear and simple.
3) Homogeneity : All items in a group or class must be
homogenous or similar to each other.
4) Suitability : The composition of the classes must suit
the objective of enquiry. The data must be classified
based on different levels of income and expenditure.
5) Elastic : There should be scope for change in the
classification matching with the change in the purpose of our study.
6) Stability : A particular kind of investigation should be based on the same
set of classification.
 Basis of Classification

Quantitative
Geographical Chronological Qualitative or
Numerical

Simple Manifold
 Geographical Classification
This classification of data is based on the geographical or locational differences of the data.

Chronological Classification
When data are classified based on time, it is known as chronological classification.

Qualitative Classification
This classification is accordingly to the qualities or attributes of the data.
This classification may be of two types :
Simple Classification Manifold Classification
It is called classification according to dichotomy. When classification according to the quality of data
involves more than one characteristic, it is called
This is because data are divided based on the
manifold classification. To illustrate, factory workers
existence or absence of quality. Male-female, may be classified as ‘skilled’ and ‘unskilled’. These
healthy-unhealthy, educated-uneducated, are may be further classified as literate or illiterate and
examples of dichotomy. still further as rural or urban.

Quantitative or Numerical Classification

Data are classified into classes or groups based on their numerical values. Quantitative classification
is also called ‘classification by variables.’
 Variable A characteristic or phenomenon
which is capable of being measured
and changes its value over time is
called a variable. A variable may be
either discrete or continuous.
Discrete Variable Continuous Variable
Discrete variables are Variables that assume a range
of values or increase not in
those variables that
jumps but continuously or in
increase in jumps or fractions are called continuous
complete numbers. variables.
Raw
Data
A mass of data in its crude
form is called raw data. It
is an unorganized mass of
various items. These are
yet to be organized by the
investigator.
 A series as used statistically may be
Series defined as things or attributes of
things arranged to some logical
order.

Individual
Types of Series
Discrete
Statistical Series
Series Frequency
Series
Frequency
Distribution
 Individual Series
These are those series in which the items are listed singly.

These series may be presented in two ways :

According to Serial Numbers Ascending or Descending Order of Data

The other way of presenting an individual

One wayofofpresenting
One way presenting an an
The other way of presenting an individual
series is a simple ascending or descending
series is a simple ascending or descending
individual series
individual series is that
is that all items
all items order. In ascending
order. In ascendingorder,
order,the
the smallest valueisis
smallest value
placed first, while inindescending
descending order the
are
are arranged
arranged inin a serial
a serial order.
order. placed
highest
first,
value
highest value
while
is placed
is placedfirst.
first.
order the
 Frequency Series
Frequency series may be of two types :

Discrete Series Frequency Distribution

A discrete series or frequency It is that series in which items

array is a series in which data cannot be exactly measured. The
are presented in a way that items assume a range of values
exact measurements of items are and are placed within the range
clearly shown. or limits.
Let us understand the meaning of the following terms :
1) Frequency : Frequency is the number of times an
item occurs (or repeats itself) in the series.
2) Class Frequency : The number of times an item
repeats itself corresponding to a range of values (or
class interval) is called class frequency.
3) Tally Bars : Every time an item occurs, a
tally bar, (I) is marked against that item.
Corresponding to a particular class interval, each
tally bar signifies the ‘One’ occurrence of that item.
 Types of Frequency Distribution

Frequency
Distribution

Cumulative Mid-values
Exclusive Inclusive Open End
Frequency Frequency
Series Series Series
Series series
 Exclusive Series
Exclusive series is a series in which every class interval excludes items
corresponding to its upper limit.

Inclusive Series
An inclusive series is a series which includes all items up to its upper limit.

Open-end Series
An open-end series is a series in which the lower limit of the first-class interval and
(or) the upper limit of the last class interval is missing.

Cumulative Frequency Series

Cumulative frequency series is a series in which the frequencies are continuously
added corresponding to each class interval in the series.

Mid-values Frequency Series

These are those series in which we have only mid-values of the class intervals and the
corresponding frequencies.