The Age of Industrialisation The indlustralisation is considered to be the backbone of economic development. ledernisation began with the age of industrialisation in Europe. The industrialisation is often associated with the growth of factory industry. Before the Industrial Revolution History of industrialisation started with the establishment of first factories. But there is a problem with such idea. There was largescale industrial production even. before factories began in England and this production was not dependent on factories. This phase of industrialisation is known as proto-industrialisation Expansion of World Trade In the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds? were very powerful. Different guilds were granted the rights of production and trade fora specific products by the rulers These guilds controlled the production and restricted the entry of new merchants in the trade. The new merchants thus moved to countryside for expanding production and persuaded them to produce for international market. ‘With the expansion of world trade and the aquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods begin growing. World trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and 18th century In the countryside, the income of poor peasants and artisans was not sufficient, so they began working for the merchants. Proto-Industrialisation System as a System of Commercial Exchange “The protoindustral system was a network of commercial exchange. It vas controlled by the merchants. Income from protoindustrl production supplemented peasants income from cultivation. jon Perk 1 Proto-industrialisat 2 Guilds An association of skied fod before or beginning of industssation ichapter svi © Betore the ang Revolution © Hand Labou Power eI © Incustriasaton ine Colonies © Factories Comet © The Pocutartescing Growth (© Matkat for Goods ‘woke ta mina contol oe ton. red compton rd pk nthe ade of 7 _dhe Age of Industriaisation 73 Qe A merchant clothier in England first purchased woo! from a woo! stapler’ and supplied it to the spinners, The © chread that was spun was taken in differene stages of production to weavers, fuller’ and then to dryers The finished products passed through several stage and reached the market of London. Gradually, London came tobe known as a finishing centre Aveach stage of production 2025 members were employed by each merchants, ‘The goods were produced by a vast number of producers ‘working within their family farms, instead of factories. The Coming Up of the Factory + The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s, However, the numberof factories muliplied inthe late 18th century. Cotton textile was the main industry at thar time + A series of inventions inthe eighteenth century increased the efficacy’ ofeach step of the production proces which included carding’ twisting, spinning and rlling, + Richard Arkwright is credited to create the cotton mill. ‘Within the mill all the processes were carried out at one place. + Inthe 19th century factory system increased largely in England. The Pace of Industrial change Cotton and Metal became the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industralisation upto the 1840s followed by iron and steel industry. ‘The new machinery and industries could not easily displace traditional industries. At the end of 19th century, les than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the ouput was nor produced within factories. Most of the textiles were primarily produced within domestic Units. Ordinary and small innovations were seen in nommechanised sectors like food! processing, building, furniture making, production of implements, potery, slaswork and tanning. 2 Stapler A person who stapes or sorts wool according ois be, 4 Faller A person who “ul ke gathers deth by pleating. 5 EfMeacy The power to produce 2 desired result or effet The technological changes occurred slowly. They did rot spread largely across the country. Merchants and industrialists were cautions about using new expensive technology. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781 Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model of steam engine. But it was not easily accepted by the industrialist. ‘Ac the beginning of the 19th century, there were only 321 steam engines all over the England. Hand Labour and Steam Power In Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Poor ‘peasants and vagrants’ moved to the cities in search of jobs so workers were available at low wages. In many industries, the demand for abour was seasonal. For ‘example, gas works and breweries, book binding and printing, ship repairing, etc needed seasonal labour. Preference for Handmade Products » Arrange of products could be produced only with hand labour. These required human skill, instead of mechanical technology. ++ In Victorian Britain, handmade products which were ‘refined symbolised a class. + Handmade products were prefered by the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie®. These handmade products were better finished and carefully designed. ‘+ Machine made goods were exported for the people of, colonies. Life of the Workers The following points state thatthe life of workers at that time was pathetic *+ The possibly of geting a Job depended on existing nerworks of friendship and relations + Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges and in night shelers setup by private individuals. + After the busy season was over, labourers looked for even ‘oad jobs which were difficult to find till the mid-19¢h century 6 Carding The process in which res, such a cotton oF wool, ae prepared prior to spinning. 7 Vagrants person who has no home or jb, especialy one who Begs. 8 Bourgeoisie Middle cass with ts percehed materials valus o conventions attitudes74 Allnane Social Science Coss gy, ae ‘+ The wages increased in the eatly 19th cereury, bur this increase was balanced by an increase in prices of commodities. + The income of workers depended on the number of days of their work. *+ About 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor till the mid-19¢h century. Technology and Employment +The ea of unemployment made workers unfiendly t9 the inweducton of new technology + When the Spinning Jenny was inrducd in she tronlen indus, women who sed on hand pinning tegan opposing new machines Aer the 1840, building aceite like constuction of trilway, roads aay lines, te increased inthe ees which needed langesale employment The number of labourers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s which again doubled in. the next 30 yeas Industrialisation in the Colonies British colonies like India industrialised with the development of factory industries and non-mechanised sector. The Age of Indian Textiles Silk and cotton products of India dominated the international market before the age of machine industries. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia and Central Asia. Surat, Masulipatnam and Hooghly were the most important ports, which were used for trade. Many Indian merchants and bankers were involved in financing production, carrying goods and supplying to. exporters By the 1750s, with the arrival of the European companies, the Indians started losing their control over the trade. The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts. ‘Some of the companies got monopoly rights to trade. All this resulted in a decline of the old ports like Surge ‘and Hooghly, and emergence of new ports like Bombay land Calcutta, This change was an indication of the growth of new colonial power. Situation of Weavers In 1760s, the Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Burope. So, the East India Company was keen on expanding textile exports from India. In 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company faced problems in geting a regular supply of goods for expon. ‘This is because it faced competition from the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders After the Company established its political power ie dleveloped a system of management and control. By this system, it started to eliminate its competitors and tried to assert a monopoly over right to trade. Gomasthas ‘+ The East India Company stared appointing gomasthas ie. paid servant to supervise weavers, collect supplies and ‘examine the quality ofthe cloth. + The new gomasthas, having no social links with the villages, acted arrogantly and punished the weavers for delay in supplies. ‘+ They marched into villages with sepoys"® and peons and often punished the weavers by beating with stick. The company adopred a system of loans to the weavers to prevent them dealing with other buyers. In many places of Bengal and Carnatic, weavers left villages and. ‘migrated to different villages. Sometimes, they even, revolted against the Company and refused to take loans. Manchester Comes to India In 1811-12, the share of cotton textile industry was 33 per cent of India’s export and by 1850-51, it was just 3 per cent. In the 19th century, textile industries in England developed. “The industrialists pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles, so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any ‘competition, At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets. By 1870s, cotton import from England was over 50 per cent of the value of Indian imports. 9 Spinning Jenny Ths machine was devised by Jomes Hargreaves in 1764, which speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turing one singe whecl, « worker could set in motion a numberof spindles and spin several threads atthe same time. 10 Sepay This show the Bish pronounced the word sipahi, meaning an Indian soldier in the service ofthe British.eed © Op ech By c™ The Age of industriaisation 75 Problems Faced by Indian Weavers Indian weavers faced following two problems a that time () Indian expore market collapsed. (G0) The local market was filled with Manchester good (goods imported from Britain). These imported cotton goods were so cheap that Indian weavers could not easily compete with them. (ii) As cotton exporss from India increased due to the Civil War in USA, weavers in India dil not get sufficient and good quality cotton and they were forced to buy raw cotton from Britain at higher prices. [check point 01 } 1 ou usualy help industrialist to get new recruits in thei industries 2 The abundance of labour in the market affected the Ives of 2 Who were the competitors of the East India Company in ‘etl industry in eighteenth century? 4 Which products in india dominated the fntemational market before the age of machine industries? Factories Come Up Cotton and jute mills were the first to be established in India. The first cotton ml was et up in 1854 in Bombay and the first ute mill was set up in 1855 in Bengal In North India Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in 1860s and a year later, first cotton mill was setup in Ahmedabad. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of ‘Madras began production. Most of these industries were setup by Indian entrepreneurs. The Early Entrepreneurs From the late 18th century, the British in India began ‘exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indian businessmen were involved in this trade. ‘Some famous industrialists of 19th century were Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nuserwanjee Tata, Shiv Narayan Birla (Grandfather of GD Birla), Seth Hukumchand, etc. Dwarkanath Tagore set up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. JN Tata set up first iron and steel works in India at Jamshedpur in 1912. Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian jute mill in ‘Calcutta in 1917. Colonial Limitations Over Indian Merchants + As colonial power gained control over Indian trade, the scope of business for Indian merchants became limited. + Indian merchants were not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured goods. + Indian merchants were allowed to export only raw materials and foodgrains lke cotton, opium, wheat and indigo which were requited by the British. + European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries tl the First World War. Some of them ‘were Bitd Heiglers & Co. Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co, + In most cases Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decision. Migration of Workers in Search of Jobs With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of ‘work, Many workers travelled distant places in the hope ‘of work in the mills. For example, from the United. Provinces, they even went to work in Bombay or Calcutta. ‘The problems faced by workers were * Getting job was not easy. + Number of workers were more as compared to jobs. + Entryto the mills was restricted. + Industrialists employed a jobber to get new recruits. Jobber was an old and trusted worker, Jobber got people ‘rom his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. + The Jobber became a person with some authority and power. He controlled the lives of workers and demanded ‘money and gift for hs favour, The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth The European industrialists were mainly interested in industrial products which they could export. These products were not for sale in India, Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late 19th century and by the first decade of the 20h century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industialisation.Allimone Soci Science Clo, 76 These were + Asswadeshi movement became stronger, the nationalist leaders urged the people to boycott foreign goods ‘+ Industrials in India started cotton cloth production and the British mills became busy to produce goods forthe army as the Fist World War started. + India began shifting from yarn to cloth production, as India’s yarn export to China has declined duet production of Chinese and Japanese mills which flooded chinese marker «+ New factories were set up during the war to supply war needs and Indian industrial production inereased. + Aer the war, Manchester could never caprure its old position and the economy of Britain was collapsed Small-Scale Industries Predominate Large industries were mainly located in Bengal and Bombay and formed only a small segment of the economy. (Over the rest of the country, smallscale production continued to predominate. Handierafts production ‘actually expanded in the 20th century by adopting new technology like looms with a fly shuttle". ‘Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while ‘others wove finer qualities. The coarse cloth was purchased by the poor. Its demand fluctuated due to bad harvests or famines ‘The finer varieties were bought by the rich. Famines did not affect the sale of fine varieties such as Baluchari and Banarasi saris. Mills could not imitate the intricate’? designs of the weavers. Market for Goods ‘Advertisement, labelling and calendars were used to popularise products by both British and Indian manufactures. Advertisement through newspapers, ‘magazines and hoardings were used by the producers to ‘expand their market. Advertisement ‘makes products appear desirable and necessary. It played a very significant role from the very beginning of the industrial age, for developing a new consumer culture. Initial Stages of Advertising in India + When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles “MADE IN MANCHESTER’. Sometimes, the images of Indian Gods, 12 Intricate It the thing which is very complicated and detailed. ness eg: Kishi, Sara) Were gg labels. + By the late dsihvesret E us eo poplarise their pret as calendy & Fy people who could not read," manufacturers wer € Dini cal used even Penis, the images of Gous figures of importane penne emperors ane nawabs were used in inlvertsements and cal “Achertisements sometimes became a medium of, romalist message of Swadesh which guarantee} quality of the product. Conclusion “The age of industries has meant major technolog changes, growth of factories and the making fay snfustrial labour force. Smallscale production ang Trand technology also played key role in the indus] landscape. Gna 1 Dwarkanath Tagore set up si» 2 The fist cotton mill was set pin 5, Name some famous Indian industrialists of 19th centun, 4s Name the Indian Gods and Goddesses which were gene, ‘used by the foreign manufacturers. Timeline) Important Events in the 1830s nding, V7thand Age of proto-industritstion. ath Century 17305 Earliest foctries startin England. 1764 James Hargreaves invents the Spinning Snr, wn Richard Arkwright creates the ist eaton mi 178 ames Wat patents the steam engine. 1854 Fist cotton mils setup in Bombay. 1855 Fist jute mil comes up in Benga. 1856 First cotton mil in India starts production in Bombay, 1863 London underground rallway stats operation. 1878 Fist spinning and weaving mil of Madras ss rodution 1912 LIN Tata setup the fist ron and steel wots of India in Jamshedpur 1917 Fist jute mil owned by an indian setup i Calcutta, 11 Py Shuttle it 2 mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pulls. It is sed by weavers to operate lage om