Chapter 12

Radiation Heat Transfer

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Radiation Heat Transfer
• Heat transfer by Conduction and Convection requires the presence of
medium
• In contrast, heat transfer by thermal radiation requires no medium
• Thermal radiation is electromagnetic waves are emitted due to the
surface temperature only.

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FIGURE
Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

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• It is the intermediate portion of the spectrum, which extends from
approximately 0.1 to 100 μm (1 micrometre = 1e-6 m)
• It includes a portion of the UV and all of the visible and infrared (IR),
• That is termed thermal radiation because it is both caused by and
affects the thermal state or temperature of matter.
• For this reason, thermal radiation is pertinent to heat transfer.

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Idealized Radiation Heat Transfer Calculations
• There are certain fundamentals that we must know before
beginning an analysis:
1. Stefan-Boltzmann law and the black body
2. Basic radiation properties of surfaces
3. Shape factors and their relationships
• From No.1, it can calculate the energy radiated by a blakbody.
• From No.2 & No.3, it can calculate the net radiant heat transfer
from the surfaces under somewhat idealized conditions.

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-1-Stefan-Boltzmann law and the blackbody, and the Emissive
Power
• Any body with T>0 K emits thermal radiation
• Solids, liquids and some gases (especially water vapor, hydrocarbons) emit
thermal radiation due to their temperature.
• An ideal emitter “blackbody” emits thermal radiation according to the Stefan-
Boltzmann equation:
• eb = σ T4
• eb is the emissive power of black body, the total energy emitted per unit area and
time
• σ = 5.67*10-8 W/m2·K4, is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant and
• T is the absolute temperature of the surface in K

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• Emissive power of blackbody at any T is the max emissive power.
• blackbody absorbs all incident radiation without reflecting or
transmitting
• For non black surface (real or gray)
• The emissive power of real surface is
• e =  σ T4
•  is the emissivity of the surface
• = 0 : 1

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-2- Basic Radiation Properties

• When radiation is incident upon a semitransparent

medium, portions of the irradiation may be reflected,
absorbed, and transmitted
• From energy balance:
• Energy coming in = energy leaving + energy absorbed
G = G + G + G
1 =  + +  8
 1 =  + + 

For opaque materials

 =0
1 =  +
Most Gasses(exc ept H2O, sulfur dioxide, Amonia, hydrocarbo ns)
 = 0,  = 0
 =1
Black body
 = 1,  = 0, = 0
Kirchhoff ' s law
 (T ) =  (T )
The absorptivity of body is equal emissivity if the temperatures of
the source of the incident radiation and the body are the same. 9
3. Shape factors and their relationships
• summation rule

FIGURE Radiation exchange in an enclosure

The term Fij appearing in this summation represents the fraction of the radiation that leaves surface i
and is directly intercepted by j. If the surface is concave, it sees itself and Fij is nonzero.
However, for a plane or convex surface, Fij = 0 11
• Therefore, the sum of the view factors from surface i of an
enclosure to all surfaces of the enclosure, including to itself,
must equal unity.
• This is known as the summation rule for an enclosure

• For example, applying the summation rule to surface 1 of a

three-surface enclosure yields

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FIGURE 11.4 View factor for aligned parallel rectangles.

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FIGURE 11.5 View factor for coaxial parallel disks.

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2. The Reciprocity Relation

A1 F1-2 = A2 F2-1

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3. Additive Relation
or Superposition Rule
or Shape Factor Algebra

Figure Sketch showing some relations between shape factors

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An expression for the shape factor F1−4 is desired
in terms of known shape factors for perpendicular
rectangles with a common edge

Both F1,2−3,4 and F2−3,4 can be obtained from

Figures. and F1−3,4 may be expressed

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4. The Symmetry Rule
• the symmetry rule can be
expressed as two (or more)
surfaces that possess symmetry
about a third surface will have
identical view factors from that
surface

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From Fig. 12.4

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Radiant Heat Transfer Between Two Blackbodies
Forming An Enclosure
A2,T2,
eb1 eb2
q12
A1,T1,

q12=q1=A1 F12 (eb1- eb2)= - q21= - q2

=A1 F12 σ (T14- T24)=
=(eb1- eb2)/(1/A1 F12)
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 Radiant Heat Transfer Between Two Graybodies Forming
An Enclosure
A2,T2,2

q12= q1 A1,T1,1

eb1 J1 J2 eb2 q21= q2

R1 R12 R2

q12=q1= - q21= - q2
=(eb1- J1)/(1-1/A11) =(J1-J2)/(1/A1 F12)
=(eb2- J2)/(1-2/A22)= (eb1-eb2)/(R1+R12+R2)

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q12

q12

q12

q12

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Example 12–7

FIGURE The two parallel plates

q12/A =

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Electrical Network for Three Graybodies

q1
q2

q3

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The three endpoint potentials eb1, eb2,and eb3 are considered known, since
the surface temperatures are specified.
Then all we need to find are the radiosities J1, J2, and J3.
The three equations for the determination of these three unknowns are
obtained from the requirement that the algebraic sum of the currents
(net radiation heat transfer) at each node must equal zero. That is,

eb1

eb2

eb3

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Ra
Rb
J
Rc

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q1 q2

q3
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 R12  R13 R12  R23 R13  R23
Ra = , Rb = , Rc =
R12 + R13 + R23 R12 + R13 + R23 R12 + R13 + R23
at node J
e b1 - J e b2 - J e b3 - J
+ + =0
R1 + Ra R2 + Rb R3 + Rc
e b1 - J e -J e -J
q1 = , q2 = b2 , q3 = b3
R1 + Ra R2 + Rb R3 + Rc
q1 + q2 + q3 = 0
e b1 - J1
q1 =  J1 = known
R1
e b2 - J 2
q2 =  J 2 = known
R2
e b3 - J 3
q3 =  J 3 = known
R3
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Special Case
a) If black body (=1) Rsurface =0, eb =J=σ T4
b) If A3=infinite, Rsurface =0, eb =J=σ T4
c) If surface is Adiabatic, q=0 also called
Refractory wall J=G

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q1
q2

Rsurface =0 q3

eb1 eb3

eb2 eb3
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eb1 eb3

eb2 eb3

eb3 eb3

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 q1
q2

q1
q2

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 eb1 − eb 2
q1 = −q2 =
R
R = R eqv + Rsurface
Rsurface = R1 + R2
R12  ( R13 + R23 )
Reqv =
R12 + R13 + R23

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 eb1 − J1
q1 =  J1 = known
1 − 1
 1 A1
eb 2 − J 2
q2 =  J 2 = known
1− 2
 2 A2
J1 − J 3 J 2 − eb 3
+ = 0  eb 3 = known = T34
R13 R23
eb 3
T3 = 4


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We observe that the view factor from any surface to any other surface in the 43
enclosure is 0.5 because of symmetry
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• Two parallel plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced 0.5 m apart
.One plate is maintained at 1000◦C and the other at 500◦C.
The emissivities of the plates are 0.2 and 0.5, respectively.
The plates are located in a very large room, the walls of
which are maintained at 27◦C. The plates exchange heat
with each other and with the room, but only the plate
surfaces facing each other are to be considered in the
analysis. Find the net transfer to each plate and to the
room.

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• This is a three-body problem, the two plates and the room, so the
radiation network is shown in Figure.
• From the data of the problem

X 1 Y 0.5
= = 2, = =1
L 0.5 L 0.5
From Fig. 12.3,  F21  0.285 = F12
F11 + F12 + F13 = 1, F13 = 1 − 0.285 = 0.715
F21 + F22 + F23 = 1, F23 = 1 − 0.285 = 0.715
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The view factor from the base to the top surface is, from
Figure 12–4, F12 = 0.38. Then the view factor from the base
to the side surface is determined by applying the summation
rule to be

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Now that all the view factors are available, we apply kirchhoff’s law at each node to determine the radiosities:

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Then the net rates of radiation heat transfer at the three surfaces
are determined as follow
q1

q2

q3

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q1+q2+q3

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RADIATION SHIELDS
• Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces can be reduced greatly by inserting a thin, high-
reflectivity (low-emissivity) sheet of material between the two surfaces. Such highly reflective
thin plates or shells are called radiation shields.
• Multilayer radiation shields constructed of about 20 sheets per cm thickness separated by
evacuated space are commonly used in cryogenic and space applications.
• Radiation shields are also used in temperature measurements of fluids to reduce the error caused
by the radiation effect when the temperature sensor is exposed to surfaces that are much hotter
or colder than the fluid itself.
• The role of the radiation shield is to reduce the rate of radiation heat transfer by placing
additional resistances in the path of radiation heat flow.
• The lower the emissivity of the shield, the higher the resistance

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 q12 q12 q12

FIGURE
The radiation shield placed between two parallel plates and the
radiation network associated with it

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 q12,no shield

q12,one shield

simplifies to

q12,one shield

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• The net rate of radiation heat transfer between these two plates without the shield
was determined in last Example 12–7 to be 3625 W/m2.
• Heat transfer in the presence of one shield is determined as follows:

q12/A, with shield

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The system without the shield

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The system with the shield

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Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements

A thermometer used to measure the temperature of a fluid in a channel

When a thermometer (or any other temperature measuring device

such as a thermocouple) is placed in a medium, heat transfer takes place
between the sensor of the thermometer and the medium by convection until
the sensor reaches the temperature of the medium.
But when the sensor is surrounded by surfaces that are at a different
temperature than the fluid, radiation exchange will take place between the
sensor and the surrounding surfaces. 62
• When the heat transfers by convection and radiation balance each other, the sensor will indicate a
temperature that falls between the fluid and surface temperatures.
• Below we develop a procedure to account for the radiation effect and to determine the actual fluid
temperature
• Consider a thermometer that is used to measure the temperature of a fluid flowing through a large
channel whose walls are at a lower temperature than the fluid.
• Equilibrium will be established and the reading of the thermometer will stabilize when heat gain by
convection, as measured by the sensor, equals heat loss by radiation (or vice versa). That is, on a unit
area basis,

• qconv, to sensor= qrad, from sensor

This term in Eq. is due to the radiation effect and represents the radiation
correction.

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Note that the radiation correction term is most
significant when the convection heat transfer
coefficient is small and the emissivity of the surface
of the sensor is large. Therefore, the sensor should
be coated with a material of high reflectivity (low
emissivity) to reduce the radiation effect.
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• The walls of the duct are at a considerably lower temperature
than the air in it, and thus we expect the thermocouple to show a
reading lower than the actual air temperature as a result of the
radiation effect.
• The actual air temperature is determined from Eq. to be

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Multimode Heat Transfer

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Consider the general surface condition of Figure. In
addition to exchanging energy by radiation with other
surfaces of the enclosure, there may be external heat
addition to the surface, as, for example, by electric
heating, and heat transfer from the surface
by convection and conduction.
From a surface energy balance, it follows that

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• where q12 is the net radiation exchange between the tube
and inner surface of the shield, which from Eq. is,

• Using appropriate rate equations for qconv and qrad, the

energy balance is

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