CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Attendance taking is vital to the management of any organization to keep track of who is present

and who is absent from work (Olasupo et al., 2022). It can be said to be a method used by

employers of labour to track dutifulness of employees. The operation of any institution or

organization is based on the contribution of staff either from executive level or operational level.

Hence, attendance is an important factor in many institutions and organizations that needs to be

followed by people. Staff attendance management is a common practice in almost if not all

workplaces and is highly important for any organization in order to maintain their performance

standards, discipline, ensure payroll accuracy and enhance overall efficiency.

There are many methods of recording attendance such as using punch cards, fingerprint systems,

barcodes and also Radio Frequency Identification RFID. Each method has its advantages and

reasons why it’s chosen by the management of an organization. Traditional methods of

attendance tracking such as manual sign-in sheets and time clocks have long been the norm.

However, the advent of digital technology has ushered in innovative and efficient alternatives.

Staff time tracking (attendance) became a challenging task for organizations during the

unexpected and unprecedented pandemic situation in 2020 (Desiree Joy B. Agripa & Susan F.

Astillero, 2022). On March 5, 2020, the Delhi government announced the suspension of

biometric attendance in its office to contain the spread of coronavirus (Deo, 2020). This scenario

happened around the globe affecting many of the academic and economic sectors as well as the

psychological well-being of people.

In light of the conditions that the world is suffering from due to COVID-19 which is still a

pandemic and considering that it continuously poses threats to one’s health, many organizations

took precautionary measures and reverted back to the use of a logbook/attendance sheet to record
the daily attendance of staff. This however, brought again with it the difficulty experienced with

the manual attendance method such as congestion when completing attendance processes, taking

a long time especially when the numbers are large. Also, as a result of the Pandemic situation

and the need to achieve social distancing, and some other disadvantages associated with

biometrics such as possibility of poor-quality image due to residue on the finger like dirt and

body oils (which can build up on the glass plate), as well as eroded fingerprints from scrapes,

years of heavy labour or mutilation. These factors cause congestion when used in completing

attendance processes (Huang, M. C., et al., 2021; Reddy, K. P., et al., 2021; Rajamanogaran, M.,

et al., 2021). It was necessary to have an easy solution that ensures the accuracy and speed of the

processes of attendance and departure of employees while maintaining their safety and saving

time and effort to complete this process (Preethi, K., & Vodithala, S. 2021; Strueva, A. Y., &

Ivanova, E. V. 2021; Sambath, M., et al., 2021). Hence, the reason for embarking on this project-

to develop an easy-to-use application to record attendance for staff.

Hence, these scenarios motivated the development of the touchless attendance scheme without

compromising the daily services and operations of any organization to its clientele. The 2D code

technology, also known as two-dimensional code technology, refers to the use of matrix or 2D

barcodes to store and transmit data in a two-dimensional format. Unlike traditional barcodes that

are one-dimensional and can only store a limited amount of data, 2D codes can store a significant

amount of information, including text, numbers, and even binary data. The most common type of

2D code is the QR code (Quick Response code). The QR Code technology attendance system as

a simple step, allows staff check-in without fear. It eliminates the need to clock-in through a

touch-based communal system thus, lowering the risk of contact-based diseases like coronavirus

spreading in the place of work, and also allows staff to check in faster and in real-time (Fidentity,

2020).
QR Code usage has grown exponentially in today’s contactless world and becoming a more

preferred way of the transaction process. QR codes are frequently used due to their simplicity,

cost-effectiveness and fast-tracking information that can be read easily by a digital device.

Summing up, developing a staff attendance system using QR code for Federal Polytechnic,

Nekede is a possible solution with better goal of efficiency, security and accuracy of results. This

study is a significant initiative by using a contactless attendance system, it prevents the spread of

diseases like COVID-19; promotes and monitors personnel in a very cost-effective and efficient

manner and at the same time can fast-track the generation of reports.

1.2 Background of study

Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, relies on the dedication and efficiency of its administrative staff to

ensure the smooth operation of its administrative processes. Accurate and efficient tracking of

staff attendance is one crucial aspect of managing this workforce effectively. Presently, in

Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, the attendance system being used is Manual Recording for non-

academic staff in different units or departments. Staff records their attendance using the

traditional paper-based method. This entails the use of a book to write their names, time of

arrival, and then sign against their names. This process not only consumes valuable time but is

also prone to human error. Staff may write wrong time, write for a colleague who is yet to arrive

at the office (buddy punching), and the log book may even be misplaced or destroyed. Cheating

also usually occurs when some members of the non-academic staff mark the register on the days

that they had not attended. This system is limited by lack of user authentication and it is a

difficult task to manage the attendance record and avoid “buddy punching”. Thus, there is need

for a more accurate, effective and efficient system to be adopted to salvage these problems and

handle staff attendance. 2D-code technology with its capability to store and retrieve information

efficiently, offers an innovative approach to attendance management. By employing 2D-codes,

each administrative staff member can have a unique digital code associated with their identity.

Every staff is provided with a card containing a unique ID and has to scan their cards in front of
a scanner and the system notes down their attendance as per dates. This system will make the

process of marking attendance seamless and accurate, maximizing and motivating staff

attendance thereby affecting productivity.

1.3 Statement of problem

Federal polytechnic, Nekede, is still operating the traditional system of attendance (log book) to

record its administrative staff attendance. This system is limited in the sense that it lacks user

authentication, and the time arrived by each worker may be falsified. The administrative staff

steals the institution’s productivity without the management even noticing through absenteeism

and buddy punching. More so, the log book may be misplaced or destroyed and all the

information lost. Also, when there is need to retrieve a particular staff’s attendance information,

scanning through the records in the log book is very time consuming and tiring.

1.4 Objectives of the study

The aim of this study is to design and implement a computerized administrative staff attendance

system using 2D-code technology that will ensure staff’s identification/authentication, accurately

record staff’s attendance in real-time and how punctual they are to work.

The specific objectives are:

i. To study the existing attendance system in order to understand how best to improve

administrative staff attendance management through automation.

ii. To develop QR code identification-based attendance system that will generate QR code

using the information of staff such as staff’s name, ID number and staff designation; and

confirm a staff’s identity when signing in and when signing out, thus managing staff’s

attendance in a faster and more convenient way.

 iii. To create a database for administrative staff attendance so that the staff’s necessary

information such as name, sex, Identification number, designation, days present etc are

compiled and stored in the database for easy retrieval and generation of reports.

1.4 Significance of the study

This study will benefit students and researchers undertaking similar topics on the importance of

computerized staff attendance system as it will serve as a relevant material for their research.

Also, the 2D-code technology attendance system will help the school management to monitor her

staff’s attendance and punctuality and will also restrict unauthorized access thus providing strong

security to stored information. Each administrative staff member can have a unique digital code

associated with their identity, making the process of marking attendance seamless and accurate.

More so, because the system provides an effective means to capture, store and retrieve staff

attendance information, the management can be presented with instant reports needed pertaining

to any staff.

1.6 Scope of the study

This research borders solely on the design and implementation of computerized administrative

staff attendance system using 2D-code technology precisely the Quick Response (QR) code

technology for Federal Polytechnic, Nekede to determine the identification and verification of

the staff of the institution, whether or not they come to work, what time they come to work and

when they leave. With some amendments however, other institutions, organizations, businesses

or groups using manual system of attendance, can make use of this application.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

Despite the successes recorded, this research was held back by practical obstacles such as:
 i. Financial Constraint: The financial involvement especially the cost of buying the QR

code scanner was very high considering the limited resources available to the researcher

as a student.

ii. Time constraints: This research work was conducted within a limited time frame, thus the

research was not in-depth.

1.8 Definition of terms

2D code technology: Often represented by QR codes, is a method of encoding and storing data

in a two-dimensional barcode format allowing for the storage of various types of information,

including text, numbers, and binary data.

Attendance: This is the act of presence recognition of a worker in his / her working place.

Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of individuals, ensuring that the person

checking/signing in matches the authorized personnel, and preventing fraudulent attendance.

Buddy punching: This is the practice where staff sign in and out for their colleagues.

Computerized staff attendance system: This is a time system used by an organization to

accurately record the number of days worked by each staff every week.

Employee/Staff: This is an individual who was hired by an employer to do a specific job.

Employer: This is a person or organization that employs people or hires employees and offers

wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the workers’ work or labour.

Identification: The process of uniquely recognizing and verifying the identity of individuals as

they check in or out of the attendance system.

Log book: This is a record booklet, used in writing attendance of workers with columns to write

their names, arrival / departure time, and identification number.

Manual: This can be referred to as in a traditional way of doing something or the act of doing

something with hands without using or applying the use of machines.

Sign- in: to register one’s arrival at work.

Sign- out: to register one’s departure time from work

Signing: This can be seen as a measure to take a particular time exactly to begin / start or to end

/ complete something.

Staff attendance system: This is a structured process or technology, used to record and track the

presence or absence of staff.

System: this is a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an

organized scheme or method.

Technology: This is the set of knowledge, skills, experience and techniques through which

humans change, transform and use our environment in order to create tools, machines, products

and services that meet our needs and desires.

 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter introduces one to the basic concepts of Automatic Identification and Data Capture

(AIDC) technologies and the use of QR code method for authenticating employees with a unique

QR-code that represents their unique id. This is of importance in public domains today. A survey

of two popular and commonly applied AIDC technologies which are QR codes and fingerprints

currently in use across a range of environments was presented. This chapter also reviews some

related literature and existing works as it concerns this work thereby looking at what was done,

how it has been done, the techniques and tools used and the result of the system.

Depending upon the application context, the identity of a person can be resolved in two ways:

verification and identification. In the former, a person to be identified submits a claim; which is

either accepted or rejected. In the latter, a person is identified without a person claiming to be

identified. Human verification has traditionally been carried out by using a password and/or ID

cards. The term "Automatic Identification and Data Capture" (AIDC) refers to a collection of

technologies that enable direct data entry into a computer without the use of a keyboard. The

time needed for data collection, identification, and labeling can be attributed to AIDC

technologies (Elaskari, S., et al., 2021). The three main parts of almost all AIDC technologies

are the data encoder, machine reader or scanner, and data decoder. Barcodes, radio frequency

identification (RFID), magnetic stripes, optical character recognition, biometrics, and machine

vision are important AIDC technologies. Two popular and commonly applied AIDC

technologies are QR-codes and fingerprints (Singha, S. C. and Verma, M. K., 2019).

2.1.1 Staff attendance management

Staff attendance refers to staff being at their assigned workplace during the necessary hours.

Staff attendance in the retail industry refers to an employee reporting for and completing their
assigned shift for the day. Among the various importance of staff attendance, time theft should

be considered. By keeping proper attendance records, time theft can be prevented, which occurs

when employees are paid for hours they didn't actually work. Since hourly workers can fake their

time clock figures, time theft is more prevalent among them. Time theft does also occur among

salaried workers. It is technically theft when salaried staff browse the internet for personal

reasons while at work. Although time theft may not be a problem if productivity is constant, it

may not be the case if employees establish their own hours or are paid a flat wage regardless of

how long their task takes.

In addition to attendance, absenteeism should also be taken into account. Monitoring employee

attendance may indicate patterns of conduct, such as some employees who fail to report for duty

(Havik, T., et al., 2015). Absenteeism is the term for this pattern of repeatedly skipping shifts,

and it can have a significant effect on your income. Your crew may become overworked as a

result of a recurring absentee, which will lower the quality of your services. Absenteeism can

develop into time theft in an organization, if absent employees are unintentionally still paid.

2.1.2 Staff attendance management system

In the human resources division, the staff attendance system is a crucial procedure. For the

dependability and success of the business, it is essential to monitor staff attendance (Ardebili, A.,

et al., 2022). Companies utilize a variety of techniques to monitor employee work hours,

including biometric systems, timesheets, and old punch card systems. By documenting the clock-

in and clock-out times of each employee each day, this procedure's primary goal is to maintain

track of the employees' work hours. There are many different kinds of attendance management

systems, but not all of them yield the same outcomes. A good attendance management system is

required for the efficient operation of the human resources process. The biometric system of

attendance has proven to be efficient and reliable in detecting impersonation and track records of

staff present in the organization within a period of time (Elijah, J., et al., 2015). This technique
of identification is favoured for a number of reasons, including the requirement that the subject

of the identification be physically present. The use of biometric identification eliminates the need

to carry a token or memorize a password.

2.1.3 Fingerprint biometrics

Biometric is derived from two Greek roots “bios” meaning life and “metrics” meaning

measurement. Biometric recognition implies "life measurement," but the phrase is connected to

the use of quantifiable specific physiological and biological traits to identify an individual.

Biometric characteristics are unique to an individual. It has the capability to reliably distinguish

between an authorized person and an imposter (Menotti et al., 2015). A biometrics system is a

recognition system which operates by acquiring biometric data from an individual, extracting

feature sets and comparing it with the template set in the database. Among the various biometric

techniques, there are nine main biometric techniques which are widely used. These include

fingerprint, face, hand vein, hand geometry, iris, retinal pattern, voice print, signature, and facial

thermograms (Hitesh, et al., 2016). Fingerprint authentication has been in use for the longest

time and bears more advantages than other biometrics. Human fingerprint has been discovered

on a large number of archaeological artifacts and historical items. It is widely accepted by the

public and law enforcement agencies as a reliable means of human identification and

verification. The biometric device requires each user to place a finger on a plate for the print to

be read. Fingerprint biometric currently has three main application areas: large-scale Automated

Finger Imaging Systems (AFIS) generally used for law enforcement purposes; fraud prevention

in entitlement programs; and physical and computer access. A major advantage of finger imaging

is the long-term use of fingerprints and its wide acceptance by the public and law enforcement

communities as a reliable means of human recognition. Some disadvantages however, include

the need for physical contact with the optical scanner, possibility of poor-quality image due to
residue on the finger such as dirt and body oils (which can build up on the glass plate), as well as

eroded fingerprints from scrapes, years of heavy labour or mutilation.

2.1.4 Barcodes

A barcode is a machine-readable representation of data in a visual, linear, or two-dimensional

format. Barcodes are used for the automatic identification and tracking of products, assets or

information. They are composed of a series of bars (lines) and spaces of varying widths that

represent different characters or data. The majority of products and materials now employ codes.

The simplicity of use, low cost, and widespread application of barcode technology in both goods

and services are its main advantages. To read data like numbers, letters, photos, and locations,

optical scanners are used.

2.1.5 Linear Barcodes

These are one-dimensional barcodes and consist of a single row of bars and spaces. They are

commonly used for product labeling and inventory management. Black rectangle bars known as

barcodes are the one-dimensional code's commonly used version.

2.1.6 2D code technology (2D barcodes)

These are two-dimensional barcodes that encode data in both horizontal and vertical directions,

forming a grid or dots or matrix of black squares on a white background. 2D barcodes such as

QR codes and Data Matrix codes can store more data and are used for various applications

beyond product labeling. 2D code technology refers to the use of matrix or 2D barcodes to store

and transmit data in a two-dimensional format. It can also be said to be a method of encoding

and storing data in a two-dimensional barcode format. This matrix format allows them to store a

significant amount of data. Unlike traditional barcodes that are one-dimensional and can only

store a limited amount of data, 2D codes allows for the storage of various types or a significant

amount of information, including text, numbers, and even binary data. The most common type
of 2D code is the QR code (Quick Response code). Hence 2D codes are often represented by QR

codes. But there are other formats such as Data Matrix and PDF417.

2.1.7 QR code

A QR code, which stands for "Quick Response code" is a two-dimensional matrix barcode that

stores information in a format that can be quickly read and decoded by a QR code scanner or a

smartphone camera. The rapid response code technology is one of those technologies that allow

the user to quick access for its services, which require very little storage memory on

smartphones. This is why its usage has grown exponentially in today’s contactless world and

becoming a more preferred way of the transaction process. QR codes have become widely

popular and frequently used due to their simplicity, versatility, cost-effectiveness and

importantly, fast-tracking information that can be read easily by a digital device. Lopiccolo

(2021) proves this and asserted that QR codes are rising in popularity in 2021 and utilized in

directing traffic, business cards and brochures, providing coupons or discounts for products and

services, for sharing digital menus for catering services, to name a few. From the overview of

QR code security based on the study of QR code generators in 2020, QR codes are secured and

can’t be hacked because these are built using a square matrix with pixelated dots and can only be

changed by access to the user account who created the QR code.

QR code was designed first by Denso (Lee, E., & Jang, J. 2021; Shirley, D. R. A., et al., 2021), a

subsidiary of Toyota, to facilitate tracking cars during the manufacturing cycle, then spreading in

all areas due to the advantages it provides and the volume of data that it can store (Moro, A., &

Virgillito, M. E. 2021; Bhattacheryay, S. 2021). The QR code consists of black units arranged in

a specific shape on a white square background, scanning them reveals the data that they

symbolize. As previously mentioned, the QR code can be employed in almost all fields (Reddy,

K. R. K., 2021), and thus found present in the automotive industry, commercial tracking of

goods, transportation tickets, and product price definition, and it is also used extensively by
companies as a practical and fast way to access their websites. Through the mobile tag feature, it

suffices to indicate that the month of June 2011 witnessed the use of 14 million rapid response

codes in the United States of America alone (Team, A. S. Q. R, et al., 2021), so that we realize

the importance of this new technology and the extent of its penetration in our daily lives. Version

40 of the QR code can store 7089 numbers or 4296 between numbers and letters (Kim, H., et al.,

2021), which in practice means the ability to contain relatively large data in a small area of no

more than a few square centimeters, and it is the feature that enables saving paper and ink, which

makes QR Code technology environmentally friendly.

On the other hand, QR code technology provides instant access to links, without having to

rewrite them on the mobile browser (Stockwell, G., 2022; Yan, L. Y., et al., 2021; Raijada, D., et

al., 2021; Vakaliuk, T. A., & Pochtoviuk, S. I. 2021). This promising technology can also be

used in encrypting personal information, and converting it into codes on cards that can be read

using a mobile phone camera, in addition to this, the QR code is characterized by the ability to be

read using a mobile phone that contains a camera and an application that allows reading this type

of code, They are widespread tools in our time, which promises a prosperous future for this

technology.

2.1.8 Key features and applications of QR codes

1. Data Encoding: QR codes can encode various types of data, including alphanumeric

characters, binary data, and special characters. This flexibility makes them suitable for a

wide range of applications where more information needs to be encoded.

2. Data Capacity: QR codes come in different sizes, with larger codes capable of storing a

larger amount of data compared to 1D barcodes. The amount of data a QR code can hold

depends on its version and error correction level.

3. Versatility: QR codes can encode various types of data, including website URLs, contact

information (vCards), plain text, Wi-Fi network credentials and even images. This
 versatility makes them useful in various fields including marketing, logistics, and

information sharing.

4. High-Speed Scanning: QR codes can be scanned quickly and accurately using QR code

readers, dedicated scanners, or smartphone cameras. This speed is advantageous for

applications like mobile payments, mobile ticketing, inventory management and

attendance tracking.

5. Error Correction: QR codes often include error correction mechanisms/algorithms,

allowing them to remain readable even if the code is partially damaged or obscured. This

robustness ensures data integrity in less-than-ideal scanning conditions.

6. Mobile Integration: The widespread use of smartphones with built-in cameras has made it

easy for people to scan QR codes. This has led to their adoption in marketing campaigns,

advertisements, and as a means of linking physical objects to digital content.

7. Inventory and Asset Management: 2D codes are employed in industries like logistics and

manufacturing for tracking products, managing inventory, and identifying assets. They

can store serial numbers, part numbers, and other essential data.

8. Authentication and Security: In applications where security is crucial, such as product

authentication or access control, QR codes can be used to verify the authenticity of items

or grant access privileges. For instance, they are used in two-factor authentication (2FA)

apps to enhance security.

9. Healthcare: In the healthcare sector, QR codes are used for patient identification,

accessing medical records, and medication tracking- found on medication packaging to

provide detailed information about the drug, including dosage instructions and expiration

dates.

10. Accessibility: QR codes can be generated and printed on physical materials, displayed on

screens, or shared digitally via email or messaging apps. This makes them accessible to a
 wide audience allowing individuals to gain entry to secured areas by scanning their

unique QR code.

11. Contactless Transactions: QR codes have gained popularity in contactless payment

systems, allowing users to make payments by scanning a code displayed on a merchant's

device.

12. Attendance Tracking: QR codes can be used for personnel attendance tracking in

educational institutions and workplaces. Each individual can have a unique QR code that

is scanned to record attendance.

2.1.9 QR code-based attendance system and how it is employed in staff attendance

management

QR code-based attendance systems offer a user-friendly and efficient method for capturing and

managing staff attendance data. They have the advantage of providing accurate and real-time

records while enhancing the overall efficiency of attendance management processes.

Additionally, they align with the mobile and digital trends in today's workforce, allowing for

greater flexibility and remote work capabilities. In the QR code-based attendance system,

identification refers to the process of uniquely recognizing and verifying the identity of

individuals as they check in or out of the attendance system. This identification process is a

fundamental component of the proposed system and involves the following aspects:

1. Individual Identification: The system should uniquely identify each staff to ensure that

attendance records are associated with the correct individuals. This can be achieved by

assigning each person a unique identifier or code within the system.

2. Individual QR Code Generation: Each staff member is assigned a unique QR code that

contains their identification information. This QR code can be generated using

specialized software or attendance management systems.

 3. QR Code Printing or Digital Display: The QR code can be printed on an ID card, a

badge, or a sticker, which is then provided to the staff member. Alternatively, in digital

systems, employees can access their QR codes via a mobile app or a web portal.

4. Attendance Recording: When an employee arrives at or leaves their workplace or a

designated attendance checkpoint, their unique QR codes are scanned using appropriate

devices, such as smartphones with a camera or dedicated barcode scanners. The system

must recognize and decode these QR codes to identify the person associated with the

code.

5. Data Capture and Validation: The QR code is scanned, and the data encoded within it is

captured. This data typically includes the employee's ID or a unique identifier. The

attendance system validates the scanned data to ensure that it matches an active employee

in the organization's database. If the code is valid, attendance is recorded.

6. Real-Time Recording: The attendance system performs identification and authentication

in real-time, updating attendance records instantly, marking the employee as present at

the specific time and location of the QR code scan. This enables the institution to monitor

attendance as it happens and respond promptly to any irregularities.

7. Data Storage and Integration: Attendance data is securely stored in a centralized

database. This data can be integrated with other systems, such as human resource

management, payroll, and reporting tools.

8. Accessibility and Reporting: Authorized personnel, including HR and management, can

access the attendance data, generate reports quickly, and analyze attendance patterns. The

system provides insights into employee attendance behavior.

2.2 Body of the work

Many attempts have been made by researchers on the development of a computerized attendance

system. The systems that were created were primarily focused on improving technical solutions
that address issues and challenges in the recording, monitoring, positioning, and tracking of

employees as opposed to traditional systems that required duplication of work and effort and

increased demands on human resources. . In this research work, the summaries of some of the

most recent related works of the attendance system have been presented in a nutshell.

El-Mawla, A., et al., (2022) proposed a Smart Attendance System using QR-code,

fingerprint and face recognition. The system used the IEEE 2413 standard for an Architecture

Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT), which is an Internet of Things (IoT)-based

attendance system (Face recognition - Fingerprint - QR code). The system focused on the student

and employee attendance system but do not consider report generation.

Singh, K., et al., (2022) proposed an online attendance monitoring system using face detection

and QR code. The software takes attendance electronically via QR code or face detection. The

system takes or captures all the face points like lips, chin, for this process. Basically, the QR

code was used for face detection. The system only considered attendance taken for students only,

but not employees.

Sai, E. C., et al., (2021) in their study “Student Attendance Monitoring System Using Face

Recognition” proposed face recognition (Haar Cascade Classifier and Local Binary Pattern

Histogram (LBPH). In computer vision, face identification is a challenging problem. The faults

include poor lighting, awkward stance, scale inconsistency, poor image capture accuracy, and

partially obscured faces. The system also made use of deep learning and face detection for face

recognition. The system however, sometimes fails to recognize students from distance, as a

processing limitation.

According to Nuhi, A., et al., (2020), smart attendance system using QR-code was developed.

The system focused on the use of QR-code for attendance taking during lectures by the lecturer

to monitor and track record. Its limitation is that it can’t track impersonation in lecture hall and

could not detect student taking attendance for others.

Hendry, M. R. M., et al., (2017) developed a Smart Attendance System applying QR code

technology. Though the method used does not completely eliminate the risk of impersonation,

but it does offer a simplified, low-cost embedded computer-based system solution to the

management of attendance problem in poor countries.

Kumar and Kareemulla (2017); Sengupta, I., et al., (2020); Amirulloh, I., et al., (2020) in their

study, found that using QR Code for attendance is easy to use and it is a time saver.

Also, Ahmad & Adli (2020) reported that QR Code Attendance System is very practical,

accessible, and accurate based on staff attendance and could generate a quick report using google

sheets thus monitoring is effective and easier to control.

Furthermore, Maleriado & Carreon (2019) proved that QR code as an attendance monitoring

system is highly reliable, efficient, accurate, usable and highly acceptable in terms of security

and confidentiality. While several studies conducted on QR code attendance monitoring systems

focused on the utilization of an internet connection to be able to generate data together with the

fingerprinting for authentication, the present study on the other hand focuses on the QR code

which can be generated even without internet connection (generation of the report can be

accessed via pdf files, thus it is low cost but very efficient, effective, secured and confidential).

According to Kadu, et al., (2017) developing an Employee Attendance and Management System

using Quick Response (QR) code for Sorsogon State University, Castilla Campus (SorSU CC) is

a possible solution to prevent the spread of COVID-19 with the same or better goal of efficiency,

security and accuracy of results. The Quick Response (QR) code is highly secured as all the

delicate data put away and transmitted is encoded, easy to utilize and cost-efficient management

system. Utilizing this QR code could track information that can be read easily by a digital device

and can store information quickly and safely.

The system proposed by Abdelhafez. H., et al. (2019) uses the QR code as the subject register.

There are different QR codes for each course or subject that the students should take in the

semester. Each faculty member gives students a QR code to scan for evidence of attendance at

each learning session. The proposed system was developed using Android studio, PHP to

connect with MySQL database, XAMPP, and Java SE Development Kit (JDK).

Wei. X., et al., (2017) successfully developed the applications for generating the QR Code by

entering the student details and for taking the attendance, lecturers need to scan the QR code of

the student in order to confirm their attendance. This system used Smartphone running in

Android OS, SQLite Database and Android Studio. The advantages of using QR Code

Attendance System are to provide an efficient and automated method to track attendance for staff

using QR Code. The system is easy to maintain and very cost-effective as it reduces paper usage.

This system can also be used for recording the attendance of staff for other purposes such as

attendance of meetings, seminars and others.

Nor Faizah Binti Zailani & Amirul Azim Bin Shamsu Adli, (2020) developed QR Attendance

System for Electrical Engineering Department by using QR code, Android OS mobile scanner

module and Google Sheets as a database for this system. This proposed project was a

combination of android applications developed for taking and storing the attendance of staff on a

daily basis working day. The mobile module enables staff to scan QR code to confirm their

attendance. The request is then sent to backend service module for verification. Once the

attendance is verified, the backend service module will update the database on attendance

records.

Almasalha, et al., (2014) in their study “Students Attendance System Using QR Code” proposed

a system that is based on a QR code, which is being displayed for students during or at the

beginning of each lecture. The students would need to scan the code in order to confirm their
attendance. It required a high-level implementation of the proposed system and discussion of

student identity to eliminate false registrations.

Manori Anupam, et al., (2017) in their study “QR Code Based Smart Attendance System” dealt

with the process of attendance management and evaluation of attendance. It emphasized on the

provision of QR code to the students to mark the attendance. The purpose of the paper was to

computerize the traditional way of recording attendance and a smart way of tracking attendance

in the institutions.

Sunil Jadhav, et al., (2018) discussed the elimination of the current problems, while also

promoting a paperless environment at the same time. The aim was to develop an attendance

system that will require minimal hardware cost, setup and maintenance i.e. by having the

application to run on the instructor’s existing Android mobile device.

Md Rizal Md Hendry, et al., (2017) discussed how the system speeds up the process of taking

attendance would save valuable teaching time. It helps students avoid consequences that may

result from poor attendance which will eventually penalize them from sitting their final

examinations as required by the administrators.

Summing up, this study is a significant initiative in preventing the spread of COVID-19 by using

a contactless attendance system. Also, this system promotes and monitors staff in a very cost-

effective and efficient manner. Furthermore, adopting the QR code electronic-based attendance

monitoring system is also essential in simplifying the checking of attendance more efficiently

and at the same time can fast-track the generation of reports.

 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we discussed the mode of operations of the computerized administrative staff

attendance system using 2D-code technology at Federal Polytechnic, Nekede. The research

methodology-which is the systematic way to solve a problem and the methods used in gathering

data were also discussed. We studied and analyzed the existing system and the problems inherent

in the system were identified, as well as the justification for a computerized system.

3.2 Detailed analysis of the existing system

The existing system of administrative staff attendance management at Federal Polytechnic,

Nekede, has been in place for many years, serving as the foundation for tracking the attendance

of non-academic staff to work. This system primarily relies on manual methods and conventional

tools for recording attendance in different units or departments. This entails the use of a book to

write their names, time of arrival, and then sign against their names. This system lacks

automation, making it time-consuming and prone to errors. While it has been a longstanding

method for tracking attendance, it has inherent limitations that can hinder efficiency and

accuracy. The move towards automation and the adoption of technology, such as the QR Code-

based system, represents a significant evolution in attendance management practices.

3.2.1 Problems of the existing system

The problems associated with the existing system include:

1. Human Error: One of the most significant drawbacks of manual attendance systems is the

potential for human error. Staff may forget to sign in or out, there might be mistakes

during data entry, and illegible handwriting can lead to inaccuracies in records.
 2. Lack of Real-Time Data: Manual systems do not provide real-time attendance data. There

is no immediate access to attendance information, making it challenging to respond

promptly to attendance-related issues.

3. Absence Tracking Challenges: Tracking staff absences is challenging. It relies on staff

communicating their permission requests to be absent, which may lead to inconsistencies

or missed requests.

4. Data Storage and Retrieval: Storing and retrieving historical attendance data can be

difficult as well as time and space-consuming. Physical records can degrade over time

and may be susceptible to loss or damage.

5. Inefficiency: Manual attendance systems are inefficient compared to automated solutions.

They require a significant amount of administrative work, which could be better utilized

for more strategic tasks.

6. Environmental Impact: The reliance on paper-based records has an environmental impact

due to the consumption of paper and other resources.

3.3 Research Methodology

This study needed a thorough and deeper analysis of the processes; thus, Rational Unified

Process (RUP) method was used. RUP is a software engineering process that was designed with

the aim of providing real-time analysis of development projects (Desiree Joy B. Agripa & Susan

F. Astillero, 2022). As to the development process, the study utilized four phases commonly

known as inception, elaboration, construction and transition.

1. Inception phase: This is about understanding the project scope and objectives and

gathering enough information to confirm the feasibility of the study. The researcher

conducted an informal interview with some of the unit heads in some departments in

Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, regarding the process and computing the attendance of the
 staff. After collecting the information needed, we conceptualized the manner of

conducting the project taking into consideration its scope and objectives.

2. Elaboration phase: This phase makes the problem domain analysis and the architecture of

the project get its basic form. The researcher analyzed the system needed in order to

develop a better system and plan for the appropriate structure of the proposed system.

UML Diagrams were created to help understand how the system works. This phase

focuses on the development of a Use Case Diagram to identify the different users of the

system as well as flowcharts.

3. Construction phase: This involves system design, programming and testing. Using all the

gathered information, we were able to make a design that is appropriate to the feature of

the system. We gathered all the data needed for the database making and designing of the

graphical user interface.

4. Transition phase: This is the final phase of the RUP which focused on moving the system

from the development community to the user community and making it work in a real

environment. The researcher validated the new system against user expectations and

determined whether the objectives were met. The researcher tested the functionality of

the developed system. After the system passed the needed requirements and acceptability,

the system was implemented and the orientation of all the end users was done.

3.3.1 Methods of Data Collection

The place of this research was Federal Polytechnic, Nekede. The following procedures were used

in collecting the data:

1. Interview: An informal interview was conducted with some of the unit heads in some

departments in Federal Polytechnic, Nekede. Several questions were asked to get the

necessary requirements in the design of this computerized administrative staff attendance

system. And while testing the system, an informal interview was also conducted to

collect data particularly their comments and suggestions.

 2. Observations: Observations were made as the researcher spent some significant amounts

of time observing the existing system processes and data was obtained regarding how the

staff attendance was taken.

3. Library Studies: Literature study was carried out by studying theories, books, articles and

journals related to information systems, research methodology, and programming. The

researcher also collected data from internet sites related to this research.

3.4 Objectives of the new system

1. Generation of QR code using the information of staff such as staff name, staff ID number

and staff designation: The system can manage the basic information of the staff which is

the basis for the generation of the staff’s QR code. Information embedded in the QR code

was limited to the staff’s name, ID number and staff designation. The staff’s QR code can

easily be regenerated when there are changes in the information or in cases of loss or

misplacement. The system is also flexible in the generation of QR codes which can be in

bulk and individual type of generating and printing of QR codes and doesn’t need an

internet connection in generating the QR code which is more useful and convenient.

2. Development of a system that automatically identifies staff’s unique QR code and

confirms a staff’s identity when signing in and when signing out, thus managing staff’s

attendance in a faster and more convenient way. Hence, no room for buddy punching.

3. Development of a system that automatically generates reports: Based on the attendance

database, the system can generate and reduce the amount of time in generating reports

such as staff’s basic information, work schedule, attendance reports like daily and

monthly attendance. The generation of reports is flexible. This means that the content of

reports can be modified. Reports can be printed directly with a connected printer or can

be downloaded as a PDF file.

3.5 Feasibility study

The purpose of the feasibility study is to assess the viability of introducing a computerized

administrative staff attendance system at Federal Polytechnic, Nekede. The system will aim to

ensure staff’s identification/authentication, accurately record staff’s attendance and how punctual

they are to work. The study will focus on technical feasibility, operational feasibility, and

economic feasibility.

3.5.1 Technical feasibility

The computerized administrative staff attendance system requires a reliable and secure

infrastructure to function properly. It is feasible to implement the system at Federal Polytechnic,

Nekede as the institution already has a reliable ICT unit in place that can support the system. The

system will require minimal hardware and software upgrades which are financially feasible.

3.5.2 Operational feasibility

The computerized administrative staff attendance system is feasible to implement as the

administrative staff at Federal Polytechnic, Nekede are tech-savvy and willing to learn. The

implementation process will require proper planning, communication, and training to ensure a

smooth transition.

3.5.3 Economic feasibility

The cost of implementing the computerized administrative staff attendance system will initially

involve expenses for the hardware that is, the barcode scanner; software, installation, and

training. However, the long-term benefits of the system will outweigh the initial investment. The

system is cost effective as it will save paper and ink. Overall, this system will save time, reduce

human error, and ensure user authentication.

 3.6 New system structure (program structure)

3.6.1 Flowchart of the new system

Flowchart as shown in Figure 1 is a simple diagram that maps out a process and can be easily

understood. This flowchart helped identify the essential steps and simultaneously offer the bigger

picture of the process. Figure 1 illustrated the flow chart diagram of the computerized

administrative staff attendance system utilized in this study.

Start

Admin Login

Is login data No
correct?

Yes
Display Dashboard

Staff Entry Staff Exit Add New View

Staff Attendance
Report

Does ID No ID Not Was Entry No Please, Do

Found Sign In First Input Staff View View All
exist? Made?
Details Individual Staff
Staff Record Records
Yes Yes
Mark Attendance/Sign Database Sign Out Submit (Unique ID number and
In (Write date & time) (Write date & a QR Code Embedded ID Card
time) is Generated Automatically)

End

Figure 1: Flowchart of the new system

3.6.2 Modularity

This refers to the extent to which the system is divided into smaller modules. The modules are

divided based on their functionality. The various modules in the new system and their functions

are described as follows:

1. Administrator Module: The “Administrator Module” is a critical component of the staff

attendance system. This module empowers administrators with the tools and

functionalities necessary to efficiently manage staff registrations, attendance records, and

system settings. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring the system operates smoothly and

securely. This module allows the admin to monitor attendance trends and individual staff

attendance records. Administrators can access attendance data, view attendance logs,

generate and download attendance reports, and print ID cards for staff. Real-time

attendance status helps in tracking staff punctuality and attendance compliance. The

“Administrator Module” is an indispensable part of the system, providing administrators

with the tools and insights they need to manage staff data and attendance efficiently. It

promotes transparency, security, and data accuracy while facilitating the smooth

operation of the entire attendance management system.

2. Staff registration and authentication module: This module is a fundamental component of

the staff attendance system. It focuses on the initial registration of new staff and the

subsequent authentication process that ensures only authorized individuals gain access to

the system. The admin adds or registers new staff by providing their essential details,

including their full name, email ID, contact number, designation, a recent photograph,

etc. This information forms the basis for their user profile within the system. The system

then generates a unique ID number and a QR code embedded ID card that can be printed

for each staff.

3. Staff entry/exit module: The staff entry/exit module is the “QR Code Verification

Module”. Using the staff entry/exit module, the attendance of staff can be marked. This
 module provides the capability to scan QR codes presented by staff for attendance

marking. It uses a QR code scanner to read the encoded information. When a staff

presents their ID card with an integrated QR code, the system scans and interprets the QR

code’s data, capturing attendance information. Once the QR code is scanned, the module

verifies the data against the staff’s record in the system. It checks the authenticity of the

QR code and the associated staff details. The module compares the scanned QR code data

with the registered staff data, ensuring that the attendance record is attributed to the

correct staff. This module is responsible for real-time attendance recording. Upon

successful verification of the QR code, attendance is marked and logged immediately.

Attendance records are updated in real-time, providing administrators with up-to-the-

minute attendance data. To ensure the reliability of attendance data, the module includes

error handling mechanisms. It identifies and handles issues such as invalid QR codes or

data discrepancies like a staff trying to sign out without having signed in. This module is

a crucial part of the attendance management system, responsible for ensuring the

accuracy and reliability of attendance records. It plays a pivotal role in real-time

attendance tracking and helps maintain data integrity by verifying the authenticity of QR

code data.

3.7. System design/menu specifications

3.7.1 Use case diagram for the new system

A use case diagram is a dynamic or behavior diagram in UML. Use case diagrams model the

functionality of a system using actors and use cases. Use cases are a set of actions, services, and

functions that the system needs to perform. In the use case diagram shown in figure 2, there are

only two actors which are the admin and staff. The admin manages all the system information

including staff records management, attendance management, etc as can be seen from the

diagram while the staff only scans QR code to sign in / out.

 Login

Scan QR Code

<<Include>> Generation of
Admin Manage Staff _ _ _ __
Records Unique ID Number
and QR Code
Embedded ID Card Staff

Print ID card

Staff
Attendance
Report

Figure 2: Use case diagram of the new system

3.7.2 Input design specification

The input interface for the new system typically includes the following components:

1. Login: This is a security feature that ensures only authorized personnel can access the

system. It is for user authentication. It is used by the admin to log into the system in

which he has to provide the email address and password.

2. Dashboard: Upon logging in, the user is directed to a dashboard that displays information

having to do with attendance management and record management.

3. Add new staff: In this module, the data of the new staff to register is collected and

recorded and the system generates a unique ID number as well as a QR code embedded

ID card that can be printed.

 4. Staff entry/exit: This module allows the staff to pass their ID cards close to the QR-code

reader/scanner for scanning. The scanner reads the QR-code connected with the

presenting staff and sends it to the application software, which then displays the staff's

details on the screen. The system will then record the time of attendance in the database.

A staff can only sign/out once a day.

3.7.3 Output design specification

This module contains records of the staff after processing the input which is essential for the

generation of attendance reports. The output displays the information saved in the database.

Also, this module outputs a message of welcome/goodbye if the QR code is scanned and is

matched with the stored data of any staff, else it outputs another message stating the ID does not

exist. This module also generates and displays individual staff attendance record and group

records i.e. view all staff attendance records. Some of the common outputs generated by the new

system are shown in the appendix. The output also includes the print out of the staff identity card

with the QR-code as shown in figure 3 which will be issued to each staff by the school

management.
 Figure 3: Identity card of staff with QR-code

3.7.4 File/database design specification

3.7.4.1 Database Dictionary

Table 3.1: Attendance

Field Description Type Length

Sno Serial number Int 11

Empid Emolyee ID Int 15

Todate Today’s date Date 15

Timein Time in Time 15

Timeout Time out Time 15

Table 3.2: Admin

Field Description Type Length

Sno Serial number Int 11

Fullname Full name Varchar 200

username Username Varchar 50

Password Password Varchar 200

Role Role Enum 200

Table 3.3: Employee_personal_info

Field Description Type Length

Sno Serial number Int 11

Firstname First name Varchar 50

Lastname Last name Varchar 50

Dob Date of birth Date 15

Gender Gender Enum 11

Address Address Varchar 255

Phone Phone Varchar 15

Email Email Varchar 100

Empid Employee ID Varchar 20

Position Position Varchar 100

passport_photo Passport photo Text 255

 CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This is the software development stage. The details of the structure of any system designed are

explained in the implementation phase of such system. The purpose of the software part of the

staff attendance system is to store necessary staff attendance data. Besides this, it also provides a

way to identify using the QR code scanner output, the actual member of staff of Federal

Polytechnic, Nekede. The admin can check all the information about the entrance time and the

leaving time of the staff. In this chapter, the implementation of the administrative staff

attendance system will be presented stating the implementation approaches/details, software

development tools, as well as the justification of the choice of programming language / tools

used for the development of the system are discussed, and the reason for using them are also

highlighted. The requirements of the new system, results and the discussion of the result will all

be discussed.

4.2 Software development tools and justification

The software development tools used in this project include: PHP at the back end, jQuery and

JavaScript at the front end, TCPDF library and MySQL for the database. Using PHP, you have

unlimited control over your web server. Whether you need to modify HTML on the fly, process a

credit card, add user details to a database, or fetch information from a third-party website, you

can do it all from within the same PHP files in which the HTML itself resides. JQuery is a

javascript library. It greatly simplifies javascript programming and is easy to learn. JavaScript,

was used to enable scripting access to all the elements of the HTML document. It provides a

means for dynamic user interaction such as checking email address validity in input forms and
displaying prompts. TCPDF library is a library in PHP or a PHP plug-in that generates the QR

code in a printable PDF format. MySQL is a fast and powerful yet easy-to-use database system

that offers just about anything a website might need in order to find and serve up data to

browsers.

4.3 System requirements

4.3.1 Software requirements

The software requirements include the necessary software components and applications needed

to run and support the system. Here are the key software requirements for the computerized

administrative staff attendance system:

i. Operating system- Windows 10 and later versions of windows, MacOS, Linux.

ii. Database: MySQL

iii. Web Browsers- Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox etc.

iv. PHP, jQuery and JavaScript

v. TCPDF library

4.3.2 Hardware requirements

i. System : Pentium i3 Processor or equivalent

ii. QR code scanner

iii. RAM: Minimum of 4GB RAM is required but 8GB or more is recommended.

iv. HDD: 500 GB

v. Laser Jet Printer

vi. Monitor: 15’’ LED.

vii. Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse.

4.4 System testing

The testing of the new system is required to ensure that the system is workable and to also ensure

compatibility with the hardware components. Here, the new system or program is subjected to
trial with some life data and the behaviour, manipulation and the output generated are compared

with old system output. In the course of this design, the development was done in modules. Each

module was implemented separately and tested. The modules tested include the modules

discussed earlier in the previous chapters. Each of these modules was tested with some test data.

Every stage entails debugging, which was done and all errors fixed. After each debugging stage,

the module was integrated into the main system. The entire system was then integrated by

joining each module to work with the main system. At the end of the integration, the entire

system was tested and confirmed ok. The system met the requirements and did not deviate from

the design specification.

4.5 End user training and manual

This involves the programmer producing a piece of written, printed or electronic matter

providing information about the work done during the production of a finished program.

Documentation manual helps users or other programmers understand what the program does and

how it accomplishes its purpose. Documentation is very important in the development of any

system because it makes system to be open to all users. If a system is not well documented, it

becomes difficult in its usage, maintenance and review. Without it, if a key programmer or user

leaves, the knowledge of how to use the program or how it is designed may be lost.

Documentation will aid the maintenance of a program during its lifetime. Some information

about this research work as comprised in this documentation includes:

a. Statement of the problem

b. Technical details

c. Instruction for the user i.e. User manual etc.

4.6 Changeover procedure

For any system to output result, the users must be able to use the system effectively. This

administrative staff attendance system is user friendly, menu-driven, flexible and interactive. The
users are trained on how to use the web-based system. Once the training is done, the system is

implemented and the manual system has to be replaced. The change over procedure used in this

study is the pilot approach. In this approach, the change over begins with the selection of all the

areas involved in using the application. The system is first tested in an area/department so that if

the user specification is in line with that of the program specification of the new system, then all

other departments will be converted. If there is any amendment to be made, it is done easily and

the specifications are met, the new system takes over automatically.

4.7 System Maintenance

Good and efficient program maintenance depends greatly on the documentation prepared when

the programs were developed. Thus, the general procedure taken in the development of this

system and a final report is generated and documented. Depending on the deployment plan, this

report contains the final and comprehensive presentation of the new system’s result(s) and the

program documentation. Once the new system is implemented and in full operation, it is

examined or observed to see if it has met the objectives set out in the original specification. This

stage thus involves cross-checking of the outputs from the newly developed system to detect and

correct any errors or problems noticed in the course of using the program. Hence, the new system

should be subject to maintenance from time to time; as this will eliminate or reduce the problems

of hardware and software breakdown and consequently prevent operational delays in the system.

The following maintenance practice should be adhered to strictly:

1. Proper use of the system: In this case, the system should be started and shutdown in the

right manner to avoid system hanging or file data corruption.

2. Periodic servicing of the computer hardware or peripherals to prevent unforeseen

breakdown.
3. Regular back-up of the files on the hard disk to external storage device to recover most of

the data or all of them in the event or hard disk failure.

4. When updates are to be implemented to the system, attention should be given to various

aspects like the user, the kind of work that will be done, and how long it will take to be

completed.

However, for proper maintenance of this system, the software should be restricted to only

authorized users.

4.6 Results

The aim of this study is to design and implement a computerized administrative staff attendance

system using 2D-code (QR code) technology that will ensure staff’s identification/authentication

and accurately record staff’s attendance in real-time. The existing system at the Federal

Polytechnic, Nekede, was studied and some problems associated with the existing system were

identified. The design of a computerized administrative staff attendance system that is capable of

managing staff attendance using 2D code technology, i.e. the use of QR codes to uniquely

identify each staff was implemented at Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, to ensure that attendance

records are associated with the correct individuals. The new system was found to be effective in

real-time management of staff attendance, in data capture and validation. The QR code once

scanned, the data encoded within it is captured. This data typically includes the staff's ID or a

unique identifier. The attendance system validates the scanned data to ensure that it matches an

active staff in the database. If the code is valid, attendance is recorded. The attendance system

performs identification and authentication in real-time, updating attendance records instantly,

marking a staff as present at the specific time of the QR code scan. The marking of attendance

process is repeated daily. The report of the attendance for each staff is viewed by clicking the

“View Attendance report” button as shown in the implementation screenshots in the appendix.

The summary of the attendance for all staff is also shown and with this attendance summary, a
descriptive analysis can be done. This analysis can be used at the end of every month to appraise

each staff with regards to the number of times a staff was present. The system also allows the

attendance reporting form in a printable PDF file to be downloaded built into the system thus can

be sent via email for instant report submission to the management.

4.9 Discussion

The developed system uses QR-code method for authenticating staff with a unique QR-code that

represents their unique id. QR codes are unique so it differs from one staff to other. A QR code

can be embedded anywhere, here it is embedded on the ID card. Every staff is provided with a

card that contains the QR-code. Information embedded in the QR code was limited to the staff’s

name, ID number and position/designation. The system can manage the basic information of the

employee which is the basis for the generation of the employee’s QR code. The QR code is used

instead of manual login. The QR code is scanned using a QR code Scanner. Staff pass their ID

cards close to the QR-code reader/scanner for scanning. The scanner reads the QR-code

connected with the presenting staff and sends it to the application software, which then displays

the staff's details on the screen. The system will then record the time of attendance in the

database. A staff can only sign/out once a day. The system stores the entire staff’ attendance

records and will generate an overall report in printable PDF. The generation and printing of QR

codes doesn’t need an internet connection which makes the system even useful and convenient.

More so, the system reduces the amount of time in generating reports such as staff’s basic

information, work schedule, attendance reports like daily and monthly attendance. The

generation of reports is flexible. This means that the school management can modify the content

of the reports. Reports can be printed directly with a connected printer or can be downloaded as a

PDF file.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The aim of this research was to design and implement a computerized administrative staff

attendance system using 2D-code (QR code) technology that will ensure staff’s

identification/authentication and accurately record staff’s attendance in real-time. The researcher

used Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, as the case study. The data collected during the process of this

research showed that the various administrative offices in the school still used the traditional

system for attendance recording and management. The traditional paper-based approach to

managing attendance is often prone to time theft and buddy punching, lack of real-time data,

absence tracking challenges, data storage and retrieval issues etc, which affect the quality of

services staff give to their work. Therefore, there has been a significant shift towards a modern

and technologically advanced solution for efficient attendance management. This system aims to

overcome the limitations of manual attendance tracking systems and streamline the process

through the integration of QR code technology. This system can help Federal Polytechnic,

Nekede, to manage administrative staff attendance effectively, generate reports for analysis, and

maintain their performance standards, discipline, ensure payroll accuracy and enhance overall

efficiency.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, the research on the design and implementation of a computerized administrative

staff attendance system using 2D-code (QR code) technology offers numerous advantages,

including enhanced security, efficient registration, real-time tracking, user-friendliness,

transparency, reduced administrative burden, detailed reporting, accessibility, cost-effectiveness,

staff accountability, scalability, environmental benefits, compliance management, and integration

capabilities. These advantages make it a valuable asset for organizations or institutions seeking
to optimize attendance management. Throughout this study, various aspects of the system have

been explored, its functionalities, and its potential impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of

the attendance processes. While the implementation of an attendance system can present a few

challenges, its benefits make it a worthwhile investment for organizations looking to improve

their operations and provide better staff management.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the conclusions, the following were the recommendations:

1. It is recommended that the developed administrative staff attendance system that makes

use of QR-code technology be implemented in Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, for this will

be of great help to the management for attendance monitoring.

2. As an extension of this study, it is hereby recommended that this system be extended to

include the academic staff of the institution as well as to other institutions and

organizations with different working sectors where there is a need to record and to

digitalize the attendance of staff in order to provide an efficient and reliable attendance

management system.

3. Integration with other technologies: The QR code presence application can be integrated

with other technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), internet of things (IoT), and

blockchain. This allows companies to take advantage of these technologies and create

more efficient and secure attendance systems.

4. Use of biometrics: The use of biometrics such as facial recognition, fingerprints and irises

will become a more popular choice in QR code presence applications. This allows

companies to ensure the validity of attendance data and make attendance processes safer

and easier.
5. Remote access: The QR code presence application will offer remote access, so that staff

can take attendance from anywhere and at any time. This simplifies the attendance

process and helps companies to expand their business scope.

6. The future developer can also add additional features like expanding the system to

support payroll, and could provide other privilege features to other users such as staff

could have the privilege to view their information, make leave applications and travel

orders and the school administrator could also have the privilege to approve the leave and

travel applications using the system.

 References

Abdelhafez, Hoda, Alamri, Maram, Riyof Alomari, Bayader Alzoman, Rfeef BinSheeha, Ayah
Albawardi, Rehab Alzahrani. (2019), Mobile Based Attendance System Using QR Code,
World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT), ISSN: 2221-
0741, Vol. 9, No. 4, 17-21
Ahmad H. & Adli, A. (2020). QR Code attendance system, ResearchGate, Retrieved February
28, 2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346705138_QR_Code_Attendance_System
Almasalha, Fadi & Hirzallah, Nael, (2014). A Students Attendance System Using QR Code,
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
5.10.14569/IJACSA.2014.050310
Amirulloh, I., Iskandar, I., Apriyani, Y., Warnilah, A., Purnia, D. & Surahman, M. (2020).
Teacher attendance monitoring system teaching with QR-Code and Geo Location using the
Android platform, ICAISD Journal of Physics, 1-12. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1641/1/012030/pdf
Ardebili, A., Latifian, A., Aziz, C. F., BinSaeed, R. H., Alizadeh, S. M. & Kostyrin, E. V.
(2022). A comprehensive and systematic literature review on the employee attendance
management systems based on cloud computing, J. Manag. Organ., pp. 1–18, 2022

Bhattacheryay, S. (2021). Multinational working capital management a study on Toyota Motor

Corporation, International Journal of Finance & Economics
Deo Diska, (May 2020). Covid-19 to give rise to non-contact biometric attendance, Retrieved
from https://Cio.Economictimes.Indiatimes.Com/News/Strategy-AndManagement/Covid-
19-To-Give-Rise-To-Non-Contact-BiometricAttendance/75567452
Desiree Joy B. Agripa, & Susan F. Astillero, (2022). Development of Employee Attendance and
Management System Using Quick Response (QR) Code in Sorsogon State University,
Castilla Campus, Philippines, European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 9 │ Issue
11 │ 2022 310, European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 9 │ Issue 11 │ 2022 311
Elaskari, S., Imran, M., Elaskri, A. & Almasoudi, A. (2021). Using barcode to track student
attendance and assets in higher education institutions, Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 184, pp.
226–233

Elijah, J., Mishra, A., Gana, M. U. (2015). Staff Monitoring System Using Biometric,
International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 6, no. 5, pp.
2144821458
El-Mawla, A., Ismaiel, M., & Team, A. (2022). Smart Attendance System Using QR-Code,
Finger Print and Face Recognition, Nile J. Commun. Comput. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–16

Fidentity (2020). Touchless Attendance Management Feature. Retrieved July 2020 from
https://fidentity.com/blog/touchless-attendance-management-feature/
Havik, T., Bru, E. & Ertesvåg, S. K. (2015). School factors associated with school refusal-and
truancy-related reasons for school non-attendance, Soc. Psychol. Educ., vol. 18, pp. 221–
240

Hitesh Walia & Neelu Jain (2016). Fingerprint Based Attendance Systems- A Review,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03,
Issue: 05, e- ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0073 www.irjet.net

Huang, M. C., Chen, I. P., Huang, H. L., Sung, S. F., & Wang, A. G. (2021). Project Design and
Implementation of Face Recognition, Fever Detection, and Attendance Record Based on
Sensing Technology. Sensors and Materials, 33(6), 1787-1797.
Kadu, L., Marwa, J., Gala, J., Khona, M., & Gala, V. (2017). Mobile Security Application,
Department of Information Technology, Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College,
Chembur, Mumbai, India. Retrieved August 25, 2018 from
http://ijesc.org/upload/63934fe68d2f608148d19b6d683e3626.Mobile%20Security%20App
lication.pdf
Kim, H., Choi, Y., Lee, A. C., Bae, J., Yoon, J., Kim, K., & Park, W. (2021). Ampoule‐Like
Microvolume Containers with Transparent Code for Easy‐to‐Use and Space‐Saving
Storage of Small‐Volume Biospecimens, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2101266
Kumar, B. D. & Kareemulla, S. (2017). Smart mobile system for employees using QR Scanner,
Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST), 1 (5): 35-39, Retrieved in
February 28, 2021 from http://ajast.net/data/uploads/11.pdf
Lee, E., & Jang, J. (2021). Research Trend Analysis for Sustainable QR code use-Focus on Big
Data Analysis, KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 15(9), 3221-
3242
Lopicollo, J. (2021). The unlikely rise of the QR code in 2021. Retrieved from
https://noblestudios.com/the-unlikely-rise-of-the-qr-code-in-2021/
Maleriado, M. C., & Carreon, J. R. (2019). The features of quick response (QR) code as an
attendance monitoring system: Its acceptability and implications to classroom. Retrieved
February 28, 2021 from
 http://ate.net/publication/327551540_the_features_of_QR_code_as_an_attendance_monito
ring_system_its_acceptability_and_implication
Manori Anupam, Devnath Nandgopal, Pasi Nitin & Kumar, Vivek. (2017). QR Code Based
Smart Attendance System, International Journal of Smart Business and Technology. 5.1-
10.10.21742/ijsbt.2017.5.1.01.
Md Rizal Md Hendry, Mohd Noah A. Rahman & Afzaal. H. Seyal, (2017). Smart Attendance
System Applying QR Code, in 12th International Conference on Latest Trends in
Engineering and Technology (ICLTET'2017) May, 2017, pp. 22-24, Kuala Lumpur
(Malaysia)
Menotti, D., Chiachia, G., Pinto, A., Robson, W., Pedrini, H., Falcao, A. X., Rocha, A. (2015).
Deep representations for iris, face, and fingerprint spoofing detection, IEEE Trans. Inf.
Forensics Secur., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 864–879

Moro, A., & Virgillito, M. E. (2021). Towards the factory 4.0: Convergence and divergence of
lean models in Italian automotive plants (No. 2021/38), LEM Working Paper Series.
Nor Faizah Binti Zailani & Amirul Azim Bin Shamsu Adli, (2020). QR Code Attendance
System, Article December 2020, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4310523
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346705138

Nuhi, A., Memeti, A., Imeri, F. & Cico, B. (2020). Smart attendance system using QR code, in
2020, 9th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), 2020, pp. 1–4

Olasupo, O. A., Ademiluyi, O. S., Usman, M. A., Abdullah, K. K. A., Olubanwo, O. O., Ayo, F.
E., Ojumandu, U. H., Salami, E. O., Ibironke, T. E. (2022). Fingerprint Based Students
Attendance Management System for Olabisi Onabanjo University, Fudma J. of Sci., Vol.
6, No. 1, Pp. 253–265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0601-896

Preethi, K., & Vodithala, S. (2021). Automated Smart Attendance System Using Face
Recognition. In 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control
Systems (ICICCS) (pp. 1552-1555). IEEE
Raijada, D., Wac, K., Greisen, E., Rantanen, J., & Genina, N. (2021). Integration of personalized
drug delivery systems into digital health, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 176, 113857
Rajamanogaran, M., Subha, S., Priya, S. B., & Sivasamy, J. (2021). Contactless Attendance
Management System using Artificial Intelligence. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series
(Vol. 1714, No. 1, p. 012006), IOP Publishing.
Reddy, K. P., Latha, R. C., Lohitha, M., Sonia, R., & Usha, A. B. (2021). Smart Attendance
Management System Using Face Recognition.
Reddy, K. R. K., Gunasekaran, A., Kalpana, P., Sreedharan, V. R., & Kumar, S. A. (2021).
Developing a blockchain framework for the automotive supply chain: A systematic review,
Computers & Industrial Engineering, 157, 107334
Sai, E. C., Hussain, S. A., Khaja, S. & Shyam, A. (2021). Student Attendance Monitoring
System Using Face Recognition, Available SSRN 3851056

Sambath, M., Kumar, P. N., Kartheek, U., Sumana, G. S., Joseph, L., & Padmaveni, K. (2021).
Smart Attendance Using Face Recognition. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell
Biology, 1913-1917
Sengupta, I., Jain, N., Shah, S., Jain, H., & Chandrani, A. (2020). Scandence: QR Code based
attendance management system. International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), 7 (4):3823-3833. Retrieved February 28, 2021 from
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i4/IRJET-V7I4745.pdf
Shirley, D. R. A., Amruthavarshni, R. B., Durainathan, A., & Karthika, M. P. (2021). QR-Based
Inventory Management System (QR-IMS) of Passenger Luggage Using Website, in 2021,
5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) (pp.
1180-1185), IEEE
Singh, K., Singh, M. & Kaur, D. (2022). Online Attendance Face Recognition and QR Code
Monitoring, Online Attend. Face Recognit. QR Code Monit. (August 2, 2022)

Singha, S. C. & Verma, M. K. (2019). Integration of AIDC technology in mobile via QR code
for enhancing the library services: a case study of don bosco college central library,
Arunachal Pradesh, Indian J. Inf. Sources Serv., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 44–48.

Stockwell, G. (2022). Mobile assisted language learning: Concepts, contexts and challenges,
Cambridge University Press
Strueva, A. Y., & Ivanova, E. V. (2021). Student Attendance Control System with Face
Recognition Based on Neural Network. In 2021 International Russian Automation
Conference (RusAutoCon) (pp. 929-933), IEEE
Sunil Jadhav, Akash Gagare, Pooja Gunjal, Prof. VidyaJagtap, (2018). Android Based Smart
Attendance System using QR Code, International Journal of Innovative Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2018
Team, A. S. Q. R., Abd El-Mawla, N., & Ismaiel, M. (2021). Smart Attendance Control System
Using GPS & QR-Code
Vakaliuk, T. A., & Pochtoviuk, S. I. (2021). Analysis of tools for the development of augmented
reality technologies, CEUR Workshop Proceedings
Wei, X., Manori, A., Devnath, N., Pasi, N. & Kumar, V. (2017). QR Code Based Smart
Attendance System, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.1-10, http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijsbt.2017.5.1.01
Yan, L. Y., Tan, G. W. H., Loh, X. M., Hew, J. J., & Ooi, K. B. (2021). QR code and mobile
payment: The disruptive forces in retail, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58,
102300
 Appendix 1: Source Code

<?php
session_start();
if (!isset($_SESSION['session_for_admin']))
{
header('location: index.html');
exit;
}

$username = $_SESSION['session_for_admin'];

require_once('mylink.php');

//Get the user

$get_user = "SELECT `fullname` FROM `daccess` WHERE `username` = ?";
$stmt = $dbc->prepare($get_user);
$stmt->bind_param("s", $username);
$stmt->execute();
$stmt->store_result();
$stmt->bind_result($fullname);
$stmt->fetch();

require_once 'admin_header.php';
?>

<section class="bg-dark bg-opacity-50">

<div class="container bg-light bg-opacity-50">
<div class="row">
<div class="mt-5 text-center">
<img class="rounded-circle mt-3" height="150px" width="auto"
<h4 class="text-center text-white bg-success mb-2">ATTENDANCE
MANAGEMENT</h4>
</div>

<div class="col-lg-4">
</div>

</div>

<div class="col-lg-3">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>

<script>
function submitForm()
{
if (usernameInput.value.length >= 13)
 {
const inputElement = document.getElementById('usernameInput');
const pattern = /^FPNO\/NAS\/\d{4}$/;

if (pattern.test(inputValue))
{
document.querySelector('form').submit();
}
}

}
</script>
<?php
require_once 'footer.php';
download all attendance
<?php
session_start();
if (!isset($_SESSION['session_for_admin']))
{
header('location: index.html');
exit;
}

$username = $_SESSION['session_for_admin'];

require_once('mylink.php');

//SELECT CONCAT(lastname, ' ', firstname) AS fullname, DAYNAME(todate) AS day, todate

AS date, timein, timeout, TIMEDIFF(timeout, timein) AS hours_spent FROM attendance,
employeepersonalinfo WHERE attendance.empid = employeepersonalinfo.empid;

//Get attendance
$get_all_attendance = "SELECT employeepersonalinfo.empid, CONCAT(lastname, ' ',
firstname) AS fullname, DAYNAME(todate) AS day, todate AS date, timein, timeout,
TIMEDIFF(timeout, timein) AS hours_spent FROM attendance, employeepersonalinfo WHERE
attendance.empid = employeepersonalinfo.empid ORDER BY todate";
$stmt = $dbc->prepare($get_all_attendance);
$stmt->execute();
$stmt->store_result();
$stmt->bind_result($empid, $fullname, $day, $date, $timein, $timeout, $hours_spent);

//We have all the data

require_once('tcpdf/tcpdf.php');

class MYPDF extends TCPDF

{
// Page footer
public function Footer()
{
// Position at 15 mm from bottom
$this->SetY(-8);
 // Set font
//$this->SetFont('helvetica', 'I', 8);

//$this->writeHTML('<hr />');
// Page number

//$this->Cell(0, 2, 'Copyright (c) '.date('Y').'. Labour Party Nigeria', 0, false, 'C', 0, '', 0, false,
'T', 'M');
}
}

// create new PDF document

$pdf = new MYPDF(PDF_PAGE_ORIENTATION, PDF_UNIT, PDF_PAGE_FORMAT, true,
'UTF-8', false);

// set image scale factor

$pdf->setImageScale(PDF_IMAGE_SCALE_RATIO);

// set some language-dependent strings (optional)

if (@file_exists(dirname(__FILE__).'/lang/eng.php')) {

require_once(dirname(__FILE__).'/lang/eng.php');

$pdf->setLanguageArray($l);

</tr>';

while ($stmt->fetch())
{
$sno++;
$output .=
'<tr>
<td style="width:7%; text-align:center">'.$sno.'</td>
<td style="width:13%; text-align:center">'.$empid.'</td>
<td style="width:30%; text-align:left"> '.strtoupper($fullname).'</td>
<td style="width:10%; text-align:left"> '.$day.'</td>
<td style="width:10%; text-align:center">'.$date.'</td>
<td style="width:10%; text-align:center">'.$timein.'</td>
<td style="width:10%; text-align:center">'.$timeout.'</td>
<td style="width:10%; text-align:center">'.$hours_spent.'</td>
</tr>';
}
$output .= '</tbody>
</table>';

$pdf->writeHTML($output, true, false, false, false, '');

$pdf->setPrintFooter(false);
// reset pointer to the last page

$pdf->lastPage();

// ---------------------------------------------------------

//Close and output PDF document

$pdf->Output('Attendance Register', 'D');

//============================================================+

// END OF FILE

//============================================================+
Process entry
<?php
session_start();
if (!isset($_SESSION['session_for_admin']))
{
header('location: index.html');
exit;
}

$username = $_SESSION['session_for_admin'];

require_once('mylink.php');

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
// Retrieve form data
$empid = $_POST["usernameInput"];
$recordtype = $_POST['recordtype'];

$get_staff = "SELECT `firstname`, `lastname`, `passport_photo` FROM

`employeepersonalinfo` WHERE `empid` = ?";
$stmt = $dbc->prepare($get_staff);
$stmt->bind_param("s", $empid);
$stmt->execute();
$stmt->store_result();
$stmt->bind_result($firstname, $lastname, $passport_photo);
$stmt->fetch();
if ($stmt->num_rows() == 1)
{
$name = $firstname.' '.$lastname;
//Generate the current date and time
$date = date('Y-m-d'); // Current date in YYYY-MM-DD format
$time = date('H:i:s'); // Current time in HH:MM:SS format

$date2 = date('l jS F Y'); // Format the date as "Day Date Month Year"
 $time2 = date('g:i a'); // Format the time as "hour:minutes AM/PM"
$sql = "INSERT INTO attendance (empid, todate, timein) VALUES (?, ?,
?)";
$stmt = $dbc->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("sss", $empid, $date, $time);

try
{
$stmt->execute();
if ($stmt->affected_rows == 1)
{
require_once 'admin_header.php';
?>
<section class="bg-dark bg-opacity-50">
<div class="container bg-light bg-opacity-50">
<div class="row">
<div class="mt-5 text-center">
<img class="rounded-circle mt-3"
height="150px" width="auto" src="assets/img/logo.png" alt="..." />
</div>

<div class="card bg-danger mt-3 mb-3">

<p class="text-center text-white mt-5
blockquote">Welcome <?=strtoupper($name)?></p>

</div>

<div class="text-center">
<img src="<?=$passport_photo?>">
</div>

<p class="text-center">Your time of arrival today

<?=$date2?> is <?=$time2?>.</p>

<div class="text-center mt-3 mb-3">

<a href="mark_arrival.php" class="btn btn-

danger">BACK</a>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</section>

<?php
require_once 'footer.php';
}
}
catch(Exception $e)
{
require_once 'admin_header.php';
 ?>
<section class="bg-dark bg-opacity-50">
<div class="container bg-light bg-opacity-50">
<div class="row">
<div class="mt-5 text-center">
<img class="rounded-circle mt-3"
height="150px" width="auto" src="assets/img/logo.png" alt="..." />
</div>

<div class="card bg-danger mt-3 mb-3">

<h4 class="text-center text-white mt-5
blockquote">INVALID ACTION !</h4>
<p class="text-center text-white
">Attendance has been taken earlier or record does not exist.</p>

</div>

<div class="text-center mt-3 mb-3">

<a href="mark_arrival.php" class="btn btn-

danger">BACK</a>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</section>

<?php
require_once 'footer.php';
}
}
}
Process exit
<?php
session_start();
if (!isset($_SESSION['session_for_admin']))
{
header('location: index.html');
exit;
}

$username = $_SESSION['session_for_admin'];
require_once('mylink.php');

</div>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4">
</div>

<div class="col-lg-4">
 <h4 class="text-center text-white bg-success mb-2">INDIVIDUAL STAFF
RECORD</h4>

<div class="mb-3 text-center">

<button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">VIEW</button>
</div>
CREATE TABLE `employeepersonalinfo` (
`sno` int(11) NOT NULL,
`firstname` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
`lastname` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
`dob` date DEFAULT NULL,
`gender` enum('Male','Female') DEFAULT NULL,
`address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`phone` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
`email` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`empid` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`position` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`passport_photo` text NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `employeepersonalinfo`

ALTER TABLE `employeepersonalinfo`
MODIFY `sno` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=6;
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `reg_number_subunit`
ALTER TABLE `reg_number_subunit`
MODIFY `sno` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3301;
COMMIT;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
Appendix 2: Snapshots of output

QR code identity card for staff

Home page
 Admin login

Staff attendance dashboard

Staff entry interface

Add staff form

 Upload passport form

Welcome
elcome interface for successful sign in
Goodbye
oodbye interface for successful sign out

View
iew attendance report interface
Printable
rintable attendance report in PDF format

Individual
ndividual staff attendance record
Interface for error handling mechanism indicating staff must sign in before signing out

Interface for error handling mechanism indicating staff cannot sign in twice
 ABSTRACT

The overall objective of this study was to design and implement a computerized administrative
staff attendance system using 2D-code technology that will ensure staff’s
identification/authentication, accurately record staff’s attendance in real-time and how punctual
they are to work. This research work was motivated by the fact that administrative staff
attendance system in Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, still operates the manual method. Thus, we
made use of 2D code (QR code) technology as an automated method for marking staff
attendance. The research methodology used in the course of this research is Structured System
Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM). Observation, interview and library studies
methods were employed for the collection of data. The software development tools used in
designing the Pharmacy Management System were: PHP at the back end, jQuery and JavaScript
at the front end and MySQL for the database. The result obtained from this study was the design
of an efficient system that ensures staff’s identification/authentication and accurately records
staff’s attendance. Thus, this study met its objectives and revealed that not only does the
proposed system increase productivity, but also improves the punctuality and reduces time theft
among staff.