MEL AYANAMBAKKAM

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT REPORT

In partial fulfilment of AISSCE 2023-2024

physics project

A PROJECT REPORT ON THE TOPIC: -

TO INVESTGATE THE RELEATION BETWEEN THE RATIO
OF (i)OUTPUT AND INPUT VOLTAGE AND (ii) NUMBER OF
TURNS IN THE SECONDARY COIL AND PRIMARY COIL OF
A SELF DESIGNES CONDUCTOR

MADE BY
A.S. TEJESHWAR
CLASS XII-G

VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA
MELAYANAMBAKKAM
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that A.S. TEJESHWAR a student of class XII has

successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Ms. Ajitha Wilson during the year 2023-2024 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical conducted by AISSCE as per CBSE

PHYSICS TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my physics teacher

Ms. Ajitha Wilson, as well as our senior principal, Ms.Selvanayagi and Vice
principal Ms.Madhuranthaki for providing me with the opportunity to work
on this beautiful project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me to
finish this project within the limited time frame.

Finally, I would like to thank everyone without whose help I could not have
completed my project successfully.
 INDEX
Aim
Introduction
Types Of Transformers
Theory And Mathematical Derivations
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
Uses of Transformers
Bibliography

****
 AIM

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

Input and output voltage.
Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
made transformer

****
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing

the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones.

****
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

STEPUP TRANSFORMERS: A transformer which increases

the voltages.

STEPDOWN TRANSFORMERS: A transformer which

decreases the A.C. voltages.
THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this

instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt
(1)
and

Es = -Ns dф/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the

applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp E –
Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence

equation 3 can be written as Es /

Ep = Es / E

❖ output e.m.f / input e.m.f

❖ Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAMES
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMES
FOR STEP UP TRANSFORMERS:

WORKING:

In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary

winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers.
Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high voltage-
low current. In other words, the voltage has been stepped up.

You can find step-up transformers located near power plants

that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires
about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a
small step-up transformer to operate.
FOR STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS:

WORKING:

In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are the

fewer than the primary windings. In other words,
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage, low-
current power into a low-voltage, high current power and it is mainly
used in domestic consumption.

A common case of step-down application is in the case of door

bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower
voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts

electricity to the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment.
APPARATUS USED TO MAKE OUR OWN
TRANSFORMERS
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Hot Wire Ammeter
 Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE:

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and
s2.
 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
 Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

Conditioner, etc.

 A Step down transformer is used for welding purpose

 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.

 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Raysand

NEON advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances:

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric bells etc.
BIBLIOGRPAHY
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT
 Pradeep’s Physics

****