THERNAL PRoPERTIES Of MATTER

t hanst that tlas rn mu

body du t belve
anehu
tperatune diherene
the Ones huat bo it
hausherusl t a

pat LnlianalL enega

ecmws a

the
Calone It e dahind a the
heat
CGS unit d
t Aaise Hhe zperclunu 7 7
heat
ena nepuiveo

waln
dhvouph
ST ntheat i Jad
Calode = y:186JT7 hu
h umalL
dhenm

TEMPERATURE:- Tep m
be dpind a

decidss he dineciom lou

whicw
Atali a bod anoh shen
to
4 haat
hat ennd bodbody cojh each

Placud
dheumalL
cmtet
Cmtaet

hg
ohen that deale
THERMO NETRY: h
bvanch
Phyoies
coidw dh
mua naumnl t emperalini

wseol to mea h
desia
THERMo METERi4 A
nperatu 4 a bod hu
make
d hm
unoo
neeb
lna
A
RINCIPLE of A THER
THERMO NETER
mesounakla
J 0inear)oumsie
pruplz (
hermose
Propna)
opert)
Amu

a'Aubolancr
shich
char ineon
LeaPeralne
Conahuuet a tu.
A
TENP. SCALE To
ON
Po/ NTS hL ompn
finED Onc ne: ixes
a chesew
.
Aca Two u d polns he sizL h unit
h
ohu a mel at
H oCal
and
ice mllh
att whics puu
,h tuf. chosen
H rla
Atati) é
(ce-uguld- Ho epeslibri
indnma Prur
 alave hed Point. H aup. t whuel
waten boils a t alaospherie eure Gpuid-Ho
Vanpor epilhbrum t h ) chosen as PP d Pont
dhno eme ecaluy
oc
a) CELSIUS SCALE: ne lwe ud Pointce pt) is

loic. Llst val btuer

P a Pt (olia pt) i eceh pat
dividhd nb loo epua Pals
he two
callud l' he lurn hud Pt+
On dhin ocak
b) FAHRENHEIT ScALE e Zulsival beth tu o
212f
a t 32f upRer at
and each p a t
i diidd nls 1B eual Pat
P a
Callo
t dk and upp
SCALe:
h ann ud t
c)REAUNER hem
ividhd ii
divicdhd zials
ulivall betwun he
at 8R h R
aud enehast pra
88o eual Pats iaat 213 15K
t 213ISK
anol
amed
SCALE-he
lavrn Pod
fuo for
dKeLVIN o divded
divided
h ialaval bet he
373 1Sk.
Ppen I
caeh bat aprrn
n l eo equa a t
Onu
eau tt aneheL
Convens iom
ohun oCals
- lawa rudP
e oun ud Pt* T on

Te- 215-15
T-O -32 33-1S-2131S

(o-O
212-3 2 Bo-o
I - 273 1S
Te-32 Te-
80
 solutt
solut Ziro and
absolutcale lPeraliuei
Au Chann la V and V, a volues at te and
te aud
mam aga at Corstat Prenuve Hu
V-V, 213 1S
vl at -tc VV[-t
213 1S
duceape L mean

Graphicall Grr4h beth ol

afainst Laap enalun at cCaslaut

olum
naph e a

rt . e
raytF
i et meto th
2
aus t -213-1Sse
-3-2 -|
413 513
-33 13 23 313

Teuup
vlunu at 213s So Te belaw
Zemo -

e a oc
cupie
D wnld be e u
inPos sibl
'"
Jhin i a
Laninglem
lavet Cupenaln d-213-1Se
at ohieh a as
The
vol un and
2emo |enun
aupfo sed h a v e
amd at whie
nin moleeulav wohon tops

Callud th absolu Z 1
" Aleolido, i d , fas
HERNAL EXPAN SIoN
ne iz
heahin h
epand on

callus hemal aupauslan

whn ik matid
All sordo Cmsisl
seltd Cmsis
hma oupaustar ( n Solids);-
Cau hes
olacules At a
alos and
 ann
euilibrun diitane
and
wweu held a t
aichenn When asid i heatd
atomo and wuwuls
mdseulus
aplituoda d uihvahi d
h
uemaro e
inlinaloie
aaparab'an iueuas
aena
nag
epaun'an Ha Aolid
his vepulb h heumal
Alid d
a
awen

AT ad s n a l nyk
fernlnu
heatud thru ha
ha
E ieuctall
i inkial yk - ) .
nd Hst
i - R AT
aud Ci) A

u A AT
o
nl LAT
LCoefheu enpausien

nau Ao) i
the
9tvau dpmd up

tK AT) AT AT

it °ork
melal
w lal shet
e
expauien
kt a
upricial Lperalui
s
heatud dno h
becrme s
iikal

AT and
ids ial A
S-S S
n S-S AT ano

SAT a s-S-P SAT

S-S
er sS[ItB4T

and B SS AS
SAT SAT
 eupanaim ut a o li
elke blac
block
Cupiead
Ceeffer
Latperaliu
l volue V heatd a
hia
hal
voww o V
AT and i a l
an y-v «0T
ane
V v « VAT
TV-v=YV4T
uwtcerk
AV
y47 VAT

Vaiahar Yoih t e l s
nevease

valu becom
Tf amol hn
hjh tiP-Cabve
Cntant

2So Se

TW
Coeficnt ubieal evupausien Vaviahn 1s )
idal a t
Cowstat
a a

ressue f a

PV nRT w rt
Ow t T
nbt O
dleunkat
Coatant
erure d
At
PelnR

viede o P

ad
Cnoider
a cube
Relaha
L.16 aizjnal
 hualiol hat
B-PPa
s h Cubu
ad oill
T. zk erch

become

AC14*oT)
a4bt3a'b
f 3b

+34T«73
V C1t3 «AT
nd
do the ts Contam
Amal
n g e et o l . h e n
Can be

V v ( 1+3 d0T)
v(ItS«4T) -V.3 «
VAT VAT VAT
Whn Ho at
ExPANSIloN of ATER
ANONA LOUS ils ls densia
volm a e veara
o i heatiol hu
Abeve 42
nches 4e
uema
untill k lp. So wali
den
and.. h demh
von pue eases
4e ha he max dunsit
at fIG havss dh

vo
1.04343 yaiah
Vaiahmn
waun as
tpel
dhe tpealn

love
1.00013k
1.00000
T
5 10 100

Temperature (°C) 1.00000

(a) FlG haws h
0.99995
0.99990 Vaniahi d u s t
walu ith
0.99985
Thermal expunston of wuter..
0.99980 p e n a l reoc t
0.99975
0.99970LLL

Temperature (°C)
(b)
 hrat mnunt ht rpuree

dh tzperatiw mele thu ubs lanu thvh

deee 7f het neded to at lznfaralu
7
dhen mela
3 nmous
mou a otanet
Aubo dhroh AT.

peeipi het C

unit Cal mo!

S unit

CAPAITy
Zt é dafind a

THERNAL_
HEAT CAPACITY OR pud t vase hu limperalin
heat
the Amaut

dhroih dpraa
hut

dtst cpauij
= Nan x Spepe
unit cale

J
ANOMALoUS ExPNSION
ZMPOR TA NCE of
PRACTICAL puatié
of H Zt h
Lavownabe effetmaxa t 42 Ao
walin
dunsi e m a l ns t42
bottn he Jaru
at he did net
o eupru. zf Ho
at to
t waldl
anol Pends
have thio pg weuld
desy u nlue
H
oollomn
whe
ant ml ano
plant je
wheho
whic
mam
9
epuivalunt- t Tuied
Oatur aueut
heat
Aerue he me Se

Srew
dh
x Shea h u t

J mc ut m
 ht deals
toRIMET1RY- hu braue Phpies
ht
dh minlmu)

ht the
h
h ea
t t
auneo
he
tu het
col
Lo
6o
bu
Zt t he heat lost
ual wih
must be
enchay
het
prou'd d hne

Ammound np
Het aind =
Hat lost/
k oaer
uSubo aaer

-
The ransibion
ransihom

CHANGe of STATE callid

anohe

alat
solic
a ) Melirj4 Rae
H a a t

LI8uiD
SouD

To 4s uldi Het
VAPOUR
bVAPoRIZA

VAPOUR coL

fuzinj Luid
LIGUID SoLI?

100
ptai

Time (min)

Fig. 11.9 Aplot of temperature versus time showvng

the changes in the state of ice on heating
(noi to scale).
 edhe Chat a t stat ;
a a lome Cubes a beap Nete is p.
Conslat
t
&wl be oc Stat heati
Limf n l a la
mnuu

hat
wal and ice
ShY h i x lne doestit charg
a
does
fem haph
et T the
beaku .
Mm
hut

eEun Solvda)
hu
cnar
Auppueed unHll he
t liuid Go) mai Comlaut

perala
hat
dh Aolid malth
Aeache2
m n u u t

Tes and
sntn
pcaken lnpa l z e l y hi heat
d) Cmbnu heahy beemi

love, whut it wrd tt ehav

pai
Cnalintt
atns

aphlieol t vapan f
liyuid
munt
ltyid
wali entuve and
unhl the Uud
Aulz
So bo n rn n o l eurlibrum
Cmvele
Ctist m
lak ubs loineu
eltirg anol
hoih y fointis
reur
Efiet ON
ON
N ELTINGPT
NELTIN PT
h

FFECT of PRESSURE
epard
r
melta
a)
a) Aubolaues
whieh
n e Yeasd
dhose
M-Pt el)
ene v e a )

Sulphe whie
wan, Aubstans es

C: Pa whil
he HP these
et
Cost i r n ,
bismuh
Cm melhy (g- ice,
Craet
M C r a r
Prrmur
deenai oi P7. of ZcE:-
feeEzINC
PRessvRE ON
of painst
EFFECT pened
ce an

whw and
adared
tw Conlzet A
Hs h
anehu coml et
on
t upa 4
roz at
dha T
 n e veasro dha M-Pt 7 ic
m U r

nnlur
muls hm
at t eoe) m udi'ataly
h o Yme
(
Pheno Tesrzin
Called REELATIO
whrew u mellb whn
Ha Pheno m e n e n
ru aus whew
and
LCYeAreoL

u CalLeo egelahn
emeveel

EXPT

Fig. 11.1o

Tala a Aab ce a ppet

blocKsTake a metalhe2 wire
wwdn
attheh two heay wuzuts Slg) at eseds
and wo he
hat
Put the whe plab It un

hadunl' cut ils thon

ce wlhnt Cuttir t uo 2
piece Tust blm
beln

duu t n e vcast henure huw

mets
cve, ia
hao band, watn abor
we
 hu
Pans
dhe 3hi
olab anol Aab dues nt Aplit
Callcd
egelathi'on U801);
ON THE
BolLINC PoiNT of A
eFFECT_oF PRE SSURE

9 -

Fig. 11.11 Boiling process.

bottomed flask anol

4) Tar
Spprt t ov
halh wlh
han and aa liam
humo mati

anal nuek h
nnn w
the
Co tthol
anttit dhrugh

wal
ama
As dh ip 3
6) Mat lark lo o hueu se
h botto
at rfau At
bwbblu H
qnd sCape
troyh H sttam
7 7 8c bubbho wsbleo liau i
hun
botlo
cold qs walen whu
t dh Pf novse
nappen duay peculan
Conduw amd
h vemd
Caled
 As dh
Tf whes

pliam dhe bubbu

becem

lou h bubbu 3

t mm apid
OMd
boili
As dh lua mu t
i Aaid t OCcUY

it
Condmro a druplit 7 1o,
the tlask ,

bpcanence.

a
ontlt
e pnt cdosed
llaw and

flask
nsiee he heatzd t a

be
ha 2an So
boilin adops H boil
make
t
hehr t p to w C Y r a d .

h
wl
6pt aw Ho to
Coul

n n
Al

hemno m e l i and
lcam
em
e)las
he Cork
abat 8oc Rmre win aiy g
h k
otut. C lese upptd
tuunnd vaseurs
vaseus
h flask Ho
f) cold
c Ho ncducng
old
o
onn

Paun icu Cmdnse Rrnun

r pur
lanel a , nw at

task bugin tboi

8:Pt+ oleenat

So
wrn lnfenatn

iw Penu mnuu la ne
ta t
u u

decna
i a rffiult
diffrnlt
lnb
APPLICATIoNS1)Coot he
plaim a
att Plai
a
han
Btn. P
ilower
e ower
u c w
owu
at a p.
baliy & m e rnased
Corvkiu
Cevki
mstle ha |emun
n) he P allnsin dha lu w
not
ahw
ati P hy
 sCope hi dhe b:pt. pelsbh
Co R i
CevKeol micle
phrir im

LATENT HEAT he amant huat epuived

ubslaucn at
cha the atu uut mas

anol femuru dhu

Cmtant Canperatu
and
ameualt heat epuinl h ce
Aubstance
mas

m
ST unit ' t ^ J
CS

heat nepuireddL
LATENT HEAT Of FusioN, he
he a m a t

Aili unit mas a Aubslau

he
t cha at M-Pt and es
Called laut
alid to leuid
heat sjon malig (4)
hu amont h e t
amou
neptuird
LATENTHEAT of VAPDRSATION
a Acbslan
mas
lai unit
dhe heat
tchat callhd latt
Veban ti B:Pt and
ki uid to
uperisako or boiliy )
ho at alin mu
kemy
ard hat
Cqaph set" tp:

22.6 x 10 J/kg
(540kcal/kg)
Boltng Phuse Gas phase
-100 L. steam)
3.33 x 10' J/kg
(80kcal/kg)
Melttng LAquid phase
ootrt (waler)

Solld phase
(ICe

Heat (energy)

Plg. 11.12 Temperature versus heat Jor water at

i atm pressure (not to scale).
 (19
tron the
, hen heat eo addd heunovra
dunng O
chan stali ,
ha letmnparatiu
Camant
lenes au
not all h
() Alope th Phae
not Yual
aki ae hot
Speee heals he aueu
3.33XjoT hent
au

et cteav that
hat
tce at oc and 22616 J 1
neded tmelt
1 1 waln atea tloo
nedd t cmat
heat
22 6xl6J| n
S
olea Camie (at lorbe)
lam an

e oh bunun
duns
dhan waln at levc
han hase tro boiliy
oDESof_TRANSFER_o HEAT he heat i

1HELNAL CoNDUc7oAl A pr bodyt aneh

a)
thawnustted w pact mo leltar collisn
znpenaluu
at a nwen
l matte
wihat milal
enel
hen
HechaiS - hot end wralu
Meleeulan molecules
at
KE
healeo . So have
aupli'ude
molecsle
fealkr niptber
collude wih dh
moleeul
mywbau
7 o leeulis

lamen KE So he KE
Lucmaay }is
tiaueer t k Placuu fon
hir locahon So
wihait he molucides lenvi
omn Calder
hat e Paned
oand
end

VAPIBLE STATE Cld

A T
 idn metal aed heatid at nd A et

os t ttoB
B. dy Comdechn Zn hi

each nosS A c h n 3 h red Necuey huot

th adaant Choss- Aehon he hatt i d . So

dhe ol
Seehm
tan 2NE
. cvss- od e ad t b
time.
ue reair Conduehn.
heat
Vauablu ptati od a Coveud
dh dto
Suffpse hutt
heat
STEADy STATE maluual do h a tt ne
e

eusulahn
ide t he
Runaincdeugs Au
ist th eachd cwhen

Ame ime aliady

Comalant
CroSS- u e h o n hecom tacperaln
whm
dha Cnolaat
and

s ee
becmnes
he n od
n0dl
he Pat
4
C S s c e h n absophm hnt
a
ha no uufhu
Altad
Callud
n u y olindy otah ioethemal
i a
ann

he
h e 0
A od
dl
chm
thans vetse

d idifeut
an fert
tha Aed
heAed

2 itfeut Pasl+ Rasa ins Comataat

6Fhe tup g
Cach Pat ay rrn hu
ha tn eve
m a N d

c) h tnp dieca

e ee.
dhvuh evey
het nd
heat s y
d) h uauh
Condant
C h o s se h o n enpraline sih dilauu

Aali e hat calleol

tu dire Har fa
dient
Teun radut T
 Crnduebiui It dnd hat hu ameut

hot t Cold nd
/4 heat that tnvs r
Alindy stati
dunrg

A C7A)t
CSs eebanal
whuu A
T Ten dihfeuner
mattial

hiehie knen h h
heat lnws
hune whueh
t
8 KA-E
9t6
96 valu duferdy
vauu cdapened
Conduehuity.

K Coefftelet d hma
wntwal.
ha malins hn
8
8:k
k
t * =l
If A , 7-1-1, Canduebui
atiial
henna ia
anH aeffieiut d dhet ows e
it
het s 7pposik
h wnliwal when

Cube 4
dhy a
t

l dgrae
at tup. diffune
Jau kpt
Uis m K SS

JSmk"

whieh heat u s
vce at
CoNVEC11O N - ia lawertnp
tznp tu
high natua
Panttcles.
Partelu
th
novemeut
q
h aclual
thio oees
ohc
bu
heaid b flud
lid a lant ole h a

npor botto
and ui pla hot porkan at
b ,
h
hea rw
i
 2
di nensnlem
a Iis beto and
pands and becomy
uop
corhn riseup. d eoldn luid
tahas b plau moung down and So CmncHon
Cunnt aet te fhuid
matu alt moves duL to
Nalnal Cwehon If ha
au'seo due t ntfua heah
dusiIt
heacol aud un deuse
amo wre

eplaad hCoole
flwd anu

ponb
Pants hi te Cmveehn

alnospheu-
wind
Affeuct
atinal Jorrd tt
tor Ce unp a blawe
a

b allud Jrrad Conree h'an

heat tianote
he Cem
Ac, Cennl haahiy lemo
e
6aed an Cnnebon a
aclo
et
Phenomene tleat
? -'' ' Heat
human body
bod
ulaluiy Toup dhnphdfrert Pa6
s
odifrert
a) w

hat civculatio
blood
lood hvyh
c oa
nw
C ee
e eh
bim
n
pub
by tud
a
a

heat
e
eaah
r
Liaafhirg #
dh bo, Thu Aeunfaa
ain t i a d oinds heat
h atd
_ z
bd naan
hu eualay
thu an
an
akove it
and
a ud
au epands
the Sun hio
an
mve-
Aepln
coldiv
acr r Pola wwand wi
epsands.
the epualoy, dhis pducs
w
oiands Aoutruandl

nhnn
henyaphe
t hotaHaw e a n h
Bat duu
souhin humuephun au close to de
Last
he
t Kenb
6
epual has an
eastivanel ua q
close t Blea
ohul t
 2
E diensanle»

08
hL aelual diveehan wind

henurphun nerd tast andd Bouhn

onols e Calleol
hmaphau,Anth west.his
time the adus
had winds ' je auent
we dhin wind to ind e direcHon
dircHo

dhair Aailing boat

hest Ho
kaud amo Sea bret - Ape
aud ain above et
So Land
Sp het ceil tine
Lw
Aumun
duu day
i heatd Jast ahoe lane eupand
A e a . h u
ea
hu aiY
alY
abr dhe
dhan a th coldev
i taken up y
use and ib plaa
and Calual brez
lana and i
Aea ti
a w
han water'
Cooled gao
h
lane e ea aud eo
t nigt lamd las5
Colder
ar frem
So
Caled Janel bree shueh heit io AManonited

RADIA TIOn
ha proce cothat hetiny h
anodh
rew ona plac
medt um
n tovenury m
modliia
ath en
io n

he elscm magrelus
THERNAL RADIA noA ils
odu t
esttol b hody
hn ua
adiashn
Nadiant ne
Callea u d hit im oY ght
2stteo
Radi Har
Aaoihan
Hhma
ilamantlap tvlw
a wawe haviny |uatr
em
heo

)
Mavel
a d afrrebhon
a)Phy laws eklueha
 2
at ensmlen

(19
Phenonann i n u dihpnetha
PoLanisahn
5) ht Aadiahono mdluce huat uhw

absrbd bod
slalis that atu
NEWTONS LA of CooLIN - It
tthe
dinceyPmporh'onal
covling
Covling a booi he boo a
npenat enu beoeo
Cnpenatu
dineuwce
pmuded dho
neudurgo ,

Annnll.
a lp. T Ket T &e be
at a ody
hot
eprniom h kaug

Aumeuudirgs Au
stwan he bod
hent Tep d ne

Kat loss Aunnenneins

d8 t-1
dt
depenol, n

i tim d t
falo d7
,
dhe t
d2 c
R t l e ss het

medT = LC1-1)
at
K (7-T.
me

dt KCT T.)
-kdt

T-To

J
 2
E ai ensanles
ln.

- 1 ) = -ut te
- 2 2
c T-To e

C-t
T T.+e
C t C a
as tant
T To t
ailzraho
- Ce
e a dithaut
Cooli
t
RatCodi i high uihal
a h
aund Hun deeneas

tnaluM he bod alls

Tie (n)
ad b t
Grah be* loge)

olvaut
Sledpe-k 9t has -ve
elope2 -K
im
C
amol iuláeapt en y auus

t
Coo'n 291 CNCERT)

body
Blac
boo
 2

2
ABsoRPTIVE
PowER-Zt e dekind a the
Aatio amout heat eng absorbed a
Cuta time t total
heat
he pne ncidet n
et dhe Aaue ma othin cLnit
waveleng
an amund he wavelenth A:
naciet eney
7f d8
dhen a = Heat absorbe Heat absodmdiaut)
en iudut

nadiait enega absrhd Oyd8

aruit 4
ensinle
t
PouEL:He
enissie pavn g
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