Modern African Nationalism

1935 to Present

N samba Gonzaga Baker

B.A EDDe (HONS) M.D.K
M.A Soc. M.U.K

HEAD OF HISTORY DEPARMENT

LUBIRI HIGH SCHOOL
P. 0 BOX ~7237, KAMPALA
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MOB. 0712-880459,0753-880459,0752-501741.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHAPTERl: AFRICAN NATIONALISM

~ Definition of Mrican Nationalism 1

~ Factors ofthe growth of African nationalism 1
~ Characteristics of African Nationalism 7
~ Colonial policies 11
~ The Italo-Ethiopian crisis 14
~ The Second World War '" '" 26
~ Super powers/cold war politics 31
~ The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O) 35
~ The role of Asian Nationalism '" '" 38
~ The role of India 41

2. CHAPTER2 : PAN AFRICANISM 44

~ Definition ofPan Africanism '" '" '" 44

~ Objectives ofPan Africanism '" '" '" 44
~ The little impact ofPan Africanism by 1945 '" '" '" .45
~ The 1945 Manchester Conference '" '" '" 46
~ The 1958 Accra Congress _ '" .48
~ Obstacles to Pan Africanism '" '" '" '" 50
~ Achievements ofPan Africanism '" 52
~ Weaknesses ofPan Africanism '" '" 53
~ Factors for the growth ofPan Africanism 54

3. CHAPTER3 : THE NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) 55

~ Origins ofNon alignment '" '" 55
~ The Bandung Conference .56
~ Aims and objectives ofthe NAM '" '" .57
~ Achievements of the NAM .59
~ Problems, Weaknesses and failures ofNAM '" 62
~ The Lusaka Declaration '" '" 65

4. CHAPTER4 : THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY 67

~ Objectives ofthe O.AU 67

~ Principles and organs ofthe O.AU '" '" 68
~ Achievements ofthe O.A.U 69
~ Failures ofthe O.A.U '" '" '" '" 71
~ Problems encountered by the O.A.U '" '" '" 73
5. CHAPTER5 : THE EAST AFRICAN FEDERATION 74

~ Reasons forthe cJoser union ofEast Africa 74

~ Reasons for the failure of the E. A. F 76

6. CHAPTER6 : REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 79

~ THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (E.AC) 79

~ Aims, objectives and structure of the E.A. C 81
~ Achievements ofthe EAC 82
~ The collapse ofthe East African Community 84
~ Effects ofthe collapse ofthe EAC '" 88
~ THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES 89
~ Aims and objectives of the ECOW AS 91
~ Achievements of the ECOWAS 92
~ Challenges, problems and failures ofthe ECOWAS '" 95
~ THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION
CONFERENCE '" '" 98
~ Aims, objectives and problems ofthe SADCC '" 98
~ THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY '" 100
~ Achievements and challenges ofthe SADC 101

7. CHAPTER 7 : AFRICAN CULTURE 103

~ European interference in African culture '" 103

~ Positive aspects ofEuropean culture 105
~ Attempts to preserve African culture 106
~ Problems in reviving African culture 108
~ The role of African Writers. " 108

8. CHAPTER 8 : NEO COLONIALISM IN AFRICA 111

~ Manifestations ofNeo-colonialism '" 111

~ Consequences ofNeo-colonialism 114

9. CHAPER 9 THE 1952 EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION 117

~ Its causes/failures ofKing Farouk , 117

~ King Farouk' s Achievements 122
~ Its impact on African Nationalism 127
> The Nationalisation ofthe Suez Canal 132
~ the success oftheEgyptian Revolution 134
 » Problems encountered '... . . .. ... ... ... . .. .. . ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... . .. 136
~ Gamel Abdel Nasser '" 138
» The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 140
10. CHAPTER 10 : THE 1959 RWANDA REVOLUTION 145

» Its causes and effects. .. ... ... ... ... . .. . .. ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... . .. ... . .145-150
» The 1990 invasion ofRwanda '" '" 151
» Effects ofthe 1990-94 Rwanda crisis 152

11. CHAPER 11 : mE 1964 ZANZmAR REVOLUTION 155

» Its causes and effects '" 155-158

» Reasons for its success 160
.~
12. CHAPTER 12'< : mE 1969 LmYAN REVOLUTION 163
» Its causes andeffects '" ; 163-196
» Factors for its success................................................................ 169

13. CHAPTER 13 : THE GBANAIAN REVOLUTION 171

» Reasons for the early independence of Ghana , 171

» Obstacles in Ghana's independence struggle '" '" '" '" 173
» Stages in Ghana's search for independence '" 175
~ The role of political parties 177
» Ghana's independence and African Nationalism 180
)0>
Nkrumah's role '" 182
)0>
The down fall ofNkrumah/1966 coup 185
}Io
The 1972 coup in Ghana 189
» Nkrumah as a Pan Africanist '" '" '" 190

14. CHAPTERI4: NATIONALISM IN ETBIOPIA 191

}Io
Achievements ofEmperor Haille Sellasie _................ 191
~ Failures ofHaille SellasieIThe 1974 coup in Ethiopia '" 193
» The impact ofthe 1974 coup '" 196

15. CHAPTER 15: mE ERITREAN WAR OF SECESSION 200

» Causes, '" , '" 200
» Obstacles to the Eritrean Liberation war 203
)0>
Factors for its success 204
» Effects ofthe Eritrean War ofsecession 206
» Instabilities in the horn of Africa 207
16. CHAPTER16: BELGIAN CONGO AN D TUE KATANGA
SECESSION 171

~ Reasons for delayed Nationalism in Congo 210

~ Factors forthe rise Nationalism in Congo 212
~ The Katanga secession (its causes & effects) '" 214
~ Reasons why it flopped .217
~ The political crisis in Congo. .. ... .. . . .. .. . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... .... 219

17. CHAPTER17 : NATIONALISMINNIGERIA 221

~ The road to independence in Nigeria 221

~ The role of the NCNC 222
~ Dr. Namdi Azikiwe's role '" 223
~ Obstacles to Nigeria's search for independence 224
~ Political instabilities in Nigeria 226
» The Biafran war ofsecession '" 229
» Its causes, effects and why if failed .. , 229-234

18. CHAPTER18 : THE ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

1954-1962 235

» Its causes and effects '" '" '" 235-243

» Factors forits success 243
» Obstacles to the Algerian war ofliberation 245
» Ben Bella's achievements and failures (1965 coup) 247-249

19. CHAPTER19 : NATIONALISM IN KENYA 250

» Factors forthe rise ofKenyan Nationalism , '" 250

» The Mau Mau rebellion of 1952 (causes & effects) 254-261
» The Mau Mau as a Nationalism rebellion '" '" 262
» The defeat ofthe Mau Mau '" 263
» Stages in Kenya's path to independence '" .265
» The role of political parties " 268
» Problems in Kenya's independence struggle _ 270
» lomo Kenyatta's career 271

20. CHAPTER20 : NATIONALISM IN PORTUGUESE

COLONIES 274

» Delayed Nationalism in Portuguese colonies 274-278

21. CHAPTER 21: NATIONALISM IN ANGOLA 279

~ Causes ofthe Liberation war in Angola 279

~ Its course 282
~ The role ofthe MPLA '" '" '" '" 285
~ The role of Augostinho Neto 286
~ Factors forthe sucress ofthewar 286
~ ObstacJes encountered , '" , 288

22. CBAPTER 22 : THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR 289

~ Its causes and effects 272 - 276

23. CBAPTER 23 NATIONALISM IN MOZAMBIQUE 294

~ Causes of the Mozambican war of independence " 294

~ The course of the war 297
~ The role ofFRELIMO 299
): Factors forthe success ofthe war '" 300
~ ObstacJes encountered '" ., '" 203
~ Effects of the Mozambican liberation war .303
~ The Mozambican civil war (1977-94) .305
~ Problems in post independent Mozambique 307

24. CHAPTER24: THEGUINEABISSAUWAROF

INDEPEDENCE 309

~ Causes ofthe warofliberation , '" '" 309

~ The course ofthe war 311
~ Factors forits sucress .312
~ Effects ofthe Guinea Bissau War 314
~ Amilcar Cabral's career 314

CHAPTER25 : NATIONALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA 316

~ Origins of apartheid .316

~ Apartheid laws and reactions to them 317 - 324
~ Factors for South Africa's independence '" 324
~ ObstacJes to South Africa's independence '" .325
~ The impact of apartheid .327
> Bantustans and their failure '" .329
~ Reasons for increased opposition to apartheid 331
~ The roles ofO.AU and U.N.O in ending apartheid 333 -335
 ~ The roles offrontline states .335
~ The role played by the ANC " '" , .336
~ Nelson Mandela's career '" .338

CHAPTER 26 NATIONALISM IN ZAMBABWE 340

~ Reasons for the u.n.I. " " , 340

~ Tbe delay ofZimbabwean Nationalism '" .343
~ Factors for Zimbabwe's Independence '" '" 345

CHAPTER27 NATIONALISM IN NAMIBIA 347

~ The delay ofNamibia's Independence 347

~ Factors forNamibia's independence '" 349

CBAPTER28 TBE CIVIL WAR IN CHAD 351

~ Its causes and etfects '" 351-335

~ Attempts 10 end the civil war 355
~ Tbe role ofthe O.A.U .357

CHAPTER29 TBE SUDAN CIVIL W ARS 361

~ Its causes and etfects 361-366

~ Etforts to end the Sudanese Civil wars 366
~ Obstac1es to the peace process '" 368
~ Possible solutions 369

CHAPTER30 · NA TIONALISM IN UGANDA 370

~ Reasons for delayed nationalism in Uganda .370

~ Process of nationalism in Uganda '" '" , 372
~ Factors forNationalism in Uganda .375
» Tbe Kabaka crisis (causes & etfects) 376
~ Buganda's secessionist attempts (causes & effects) 379
~ The 1971 coup in Uganda '" '" 382
~ Tbe 1972 economic war in Uganda .385
~ Features of Amin's rule...... 388
~ The down fall ofldi Amin .389
~ Tbe NRM rule in Uganda 390

CHAPTER31 ·· NATIONALISM IN TANGANYIKA 393

~ Political and constitutional developments 393

~ Factors for nationalism in Tanganyika .396
 ~ The early independence ofTanganyika .399
~ The role ofTANU '" '" '" '" 400
~ The role ofJulius Nyerere 402

CHAPTER32 · AFRICAN SOCIALISM 405

. ~ Reasons why African leaders adopted socialism 405

~ Socialism in Tanzania '" 407
> Aims, achievements and weaknesses ofUjaama '" '" ..408

CHAPTER33
·· PROBLEMS IN AFRICAN STATES 412

~ The problem of coup de tats '" 412

» Military rule in Africa (strengths & weaknesses) '" 414
~ Rural urban migration 416
» Poverty in Africa. .. ... ... .. . . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . ...... ... ... . .. ... .. . . .. . .. . ... 417
~ Corruption in Africa 418
~ Political instability in Africa 418
~ Population explosion in Africa " " 419
~ Unemployment in Africa ,420

CHAPTER34 POLITICAL PARTIES & POLITICAL

." ORGANISATION IN AFRICA 422

~ Origins and types ofpolitical parties ..422

» Factors for the emergence of political parties in Africa '" .424
> Mass political parties and the independence struggIe 427
» SINGLE PARTYRULE IN AFRICA .430-35
~ MULTI-PARTYPOLITCS IN AFRICA .437-440
» Reasons for the retum to multipartism in Africa '" 443

CHAPTER35 TUE REFUGEE PROBLEM IN AFRICA 445

» Its causes and effects '" ; .445-447

CHAPTER36 WESTERN SAHARA AN» TUE POLISARIO WAR

OF LIBERATION 1976-2000

~ Its causes and effects .: 450-454

~ Factors that facilitated the POLISARIO 455