CHEMISTRY

Class – JEE Topic – BASICS OF MOLE CONCEPT

 Introduction
Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure and properties
of matter.
Matter
 Anything which has mass and occupies space is known as matter.
For example: Air, water, table, pencil, etc.
Classification of Matter:
On the basis of chemical composition of various substances matter can be classified as
follows:

1. Homogeneous mixture: Uniform composition of constituent particles.

2. Heterogeneous mixture: Non uniform composition of constituent particles.
Elements:
 Simplest form of pure substance, which can neither be decomposed into nor built from
simpler substances by ordinary physical and chemical methods.
 Contains only one kind of atoms.
 For example: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, etc.
Compounds:
 A form of matter formed by combining two or more elements in a definite ratio by mass.
 Can be decomposed into its constituent elements by suitable chemical methods
 For example: H2O, O2, NO2, etc.

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Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
Properties of matter can be classified into two categories:
 Physical properties: These are the properties which can be measured or observed without
changing the identity or the composition of the substance. For example: Mass, size, colour,
odour, melting point, boiling point, density etc.
 Chemical properties: These are the properties which can be measured by bringing a
chemical change in the state or identity of a substance. For example: Acidity, basicity,
combustibility etc.
Basic physical quantities and their SI units:

Prefixes used in the SI System:

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Mass:
 It is the amount of matter present in a substance.
 It is a constant quantity.
 Its SI unit is kilogram (Kg).
Weight:
 It is the force exerted by gravity on an object.
 It varies from one place to another due to change in gravity.
 Its SI unit is Newton.
Volume:
 It is the volume of space occupied by a substance.
 Its SI unit is cubic metre (m)3.
 Another common unit is litre (L). 1 Cubic Meter = 1000 Litters (1 m3 = 1000L)
 1 L = 1000 mL, 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
Density:
 It is the amount of mass per unit volume.
 Its SI unit is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
 Another common unit is gram per cubic meter (g/cm3).
Temperature:
 It is the degree of heat present in a substance.
 Its SI unit is Kelvin (K)
 Another common units are: Degree Celsius (°C) and degree Fahrenheit (°F)

Laws of Chemical Combinations

There are 5 basic laws governing combination of elements to form compounds.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass (Antoine Lavoisier in 1789)
This law states that matter (mass) can neither be created nor destroyed.

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2. Law of Definite Proportions (Louis Proust in 1799)
This law states that a chemical compound always consists of the same elements combined
together in the same ratio, irrespective of the method of preparation or the source from
where it is taken.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton in 1803)
This law states that when two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then the
different masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of the other, bear a simple
ratio to one another.
4. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes (Lussac in 1808)
This law states that under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, whenever gases
react together, the volumes of the reacting gases as well as products bear a simple whole
number ratio.
For example: H2 (g) + O2(g) → H2O (g)
100 mL 50 mL 100 mL
Here, the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen which combine together (i.e. 100 mL and 50
mL) bear a simple ratio of 2:1.
5. Avogadro Law (Avogadro in 1811)
According to this law equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure should
contain equal number of molecules.
Dalton's Atomic Theory:
Basic postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory are:
 All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
 Atoms of a given element are identical in properties like shape, size, mass and other
properties.
 Atoms of different elements differ in properties.
 Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical combinations.
 Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed during any physical or chemical change.
 Atoms combine with each other in simple numerical ratios to form compound atoms
called molecules.

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Atom
It is the smallest particle of an element, which may or may not have independent
existence is called an atom. For example, oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), etc.
Molecule
It is the smallest particle of a substance which is capable of independent existence. For
example, H2O, O2, etc.
Atomic and Molecular Masses
Atomic Mass:
 It is the mass of an atom.
 It is represented by atomic mass unit “amu” or unified mass “u”
 One atomic mass unit i.e. amu, is the mass exactly equal to one twelfth the mass of one
carbon -12 atom. And 1 amu = 1.66056 × 10–24 g.
Gram Atomic Mass:
Atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is the gram atomic mass or gram atom
Molecular Mass:
 It is the mass of a molecule of covalent compound.
 It is equal to the sum of atomic masses of all the elements present in the molecule.
Formula Unit Mass:
 It is the mass of a molecule of an ionic compound.
 It is also equal to the sum of atomic masses of all the elements present in the molecule
Mole Concept
Mole:
 It is a unit of amount of substance.
 One mole amount of a substance contains the same number of chemical units (atoms,
molecules, ions or electrons) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon-12.
 A mole represents a collection of 6.022 x1023 (Avogadro's number) chemical units.
Molar mass:
 It is the mass of one mole of a substance in gram.
Molar Volume
 It is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance.

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Percentage Composition:
 It is the mass percentage of each constituent element present in any compound.
Mass of element in amolecule of the compound × 100
Molecular mass of the compound
Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula
Empirical formula:
 It represents the smallest whole number ratio of the constituent atom within the
molecule.
 For example, CH is the empirical formula of benzene.
Molecular formula:
 It represents the actual number of each individual atom in any molecule.
 For example, C6H6 is the molecular formula of benzene.
Relationship between empirical and molecular formulae:
 Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula
Molar mass
where, n =
Empirical formula mass
Chemical Equation:
The representation of a chemical change in terms of symbols and formulae of the substances
involved in the reaction is called chemical equation.
Limiting Reagent:
It is the reactant which gets consumed first or limits the amount of product formed.
For a balanced reaction: A+B→C+D
B would be a limiting reagent if nA /nB > nB/nA
Similarly, A is a limiting reagent if nA /nB < nB/nA
Concentration of the solutions
Mass Percent:
 It is the mass of the solute in grams per 100 grams of the solution.
Mass of the solute
Mass % of the solute = × 100
Mass of the solution

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Volume Percent:
 It is the volume of the solute per 100 units of the volume of solution.
Volume of the solute
Volume % of the solute = × 100
Volume of the solution
Parts per million (ppm):
 It is the amount of the solute in gram per million (106) gram of the solution.
Mass of solute
ppm = × 106
Mass of the solution
Mole fraction:
 It is the ratio of the moles of one component of the solution to the total number of moles
of solution
 Total mole fraction of all the components of a solution is equal to 1.
Molarity (M):
 It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre (dm3) of the solution.
Number ofmoles of solute
M=
Volume of solution in L
Molality (m):
 It is the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent.
Number ofmoles of solute
m=
Weight of solvent in kg

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