12/7/23, 11:26 PM Bono state - Wikipedia

Bono state
Bono State (or Bonoman) was a trading state created by the
Bono people, located in what is now southern Ghana. Bono State
Bonoman was a medieval Akan kingdom in what is now Bono, Bonoman
Bono East and Ahafo region respectively named after the
(Bono and Ahafo) and Eastern Ivory Coast.[1] It is generally 11th century–20th century
accepted as the origin of the subgroups of the Akan people who Capital Bono
migrated out of the state at various times to create new Akan Manso
states in search of gold. The gold trade, which started to boom
in Bonoman as early in the 12th century, was the genesis of Common languages Bono Twi
Akan power and wealth in the region, beginning in the Middle Religion Bono
Ages.[2] Ancestral
worship
and
Origin spirituality

Government Monarchy
The origin of the Akan people of Bonoman was said to be
further north in what is now called the Sahel or the then History
Ghana Empire when Bono natives wanted to remain with their • Established 11th
traditional form of Bono ancestral worship and spirituality, century
those Akans that disagreed and fought wars against Islam, • Renamed Brong- 1957
migrated south of the Sahara, in present-day Ghana.[2][3] Ahafo
• Dissolved into 20th
Trading centers used by state Ghana century
Currency Gold dust,
cowries
and
Bono Mansa (Salt,
copper)
Bono Mansa (literally "on the state of Bono") sometimes
known as Bono Manso or Mansu was a trading area in the Succeeded by
medieval state of Bonoman, and a major trading centre in what
is now predominantly Bono East region. Located just south of Techiman
the Black Volta river at the transitional zone between savanna Denkyira
and forest, the town was frequented by caravans from Djenné Akwamu
and Timbuktu as part of the Trans-Saharan trade. Goods
traded included kola nuts, salt, leather, and gold; gold was the most important trading good of the
area, starting in the mid-14th century.[2][4][5][6]

Begho

Begho (also Bighu or Bitu; called Bew and Nsokɔ by the Akan)[7] was a medieval trading town
located just south of the Black Volta at the transitional zone between the forest and savanna north-
western Brong-Ahafo. The town, like Bono-Manso, was of considerable importance as an entrepot
frequented by northern caravans from Mali Empire from around 1100 AD. Goods traded included
ivory, salt, leather, gold, kola nuts, cloth, and copper alloys.[5][8]

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Excavations have laid bare walled structures dated between 1350 and 1750 AD, as well as pottery of
all kinds, smoking pipes, and evidence of iron smelting. With a probable population of over 10
000, Begho was one of the largest towns in the southern part of West Africa at the time of the
arrival of the Portuguese in 1471.[8]

The Malian king occupied Bighu in the mid-sixteenth century as a "perceived failure of the Bighu
Juula to maintain supplies of gold," according to Bakewell. "As a result of the occupation of Bighu
it seems clear that the Malian king gained access for a time to that part of the Akan gold trade
which the Wangara were able to control." Bakewell also notes, "the site of the abandoned town of
Bighu, or Bitu, in the present-day Ghana...lies near the present village of Hani."[9]18,30–31

Bonduku

Bonduku was another trading center within the empire of Bonoman. It gave birth to the state of
Gyaman also spelled Jamang Kingdom which was particularly famous in the production of cotton.
The state existed from 1450 to 1895 and was located in what is now Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire.[4]

Structure of towns of Bonoman

Based on excavations, carbon datings and local oral traditions, Effah-Gyamfi (1985) postulated
three distinct urban phases. According to him, in the early phase (thirteenth to the fifteenth
century) the urban center was relatively small, and the towns were populated by thousands of
people, not all living in the urban center. Buildings were made of daubed wattle. Painted pottery of
this period was found distributed within a radius of 3.3 km.

In the second phase, the 16th to the 17th century, the urban centers were larger, consisting mainly
of evenly distributed houses and a nuclear market center. Many indications of participation in
long-distance trade, such as imported glass beads and mica coated pottery, stem from this
period.[6][2]

Fall of the Bonoman

The fall of Bono state occurred during the rise of more Akan nations, especially the exodus of
various subgroups of Akans from the Bono state. This is where a majority of Akan dialects of Ivory
Coast migrated west of Ghana. Several factors weakened this state, including conflicts among the
leadership, conflicts due to taxation, and no direct access to the coast of Gold Coast, where trade
was helping many Akan states have more influence.[2][4]

Influence on Akan Culture

Various aspects of Akan culture stem from the Bono state, including the umbrella used for the
kings, the swords of the nation, the stools, goldsmithing, blacksmithing, Kente Cloth weaving, the
famous adinkra symbols and goldweighing.[4]

References
1. Anquandah, James (2002). "Ghana: early towns & the development of urban culture: an
archaeological view". In Adande, Alexis B. A.; Arinze, Emmanuel (eds.). Museums & urban
culture in West Africa. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 9–16. ISBN 0-85255-276-9.
2. Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1987). "Archaeology and the study of early African towns: the West
African case, especially Ghana", West African Journal of Archaeology.
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3. "Atlas of the Human Journey" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100207194521/https://genograph

ic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html#). The Genographic Project. Archived from
the original (https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html) on 2010-02-
07. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
4. Crossland, L. B. (1989). “Pottery from the Begho-B2 site, Ghana”. African occasional papers 4.
Calgary: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 0-919813-84-4. Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1985), Bono
Manso: an archaeological investigation into early Akan urbanism (African occasional papers,
no. 2) Calgary: Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary Press. ISBN 0-919813-27-5
5. Crossland, L. B. (1989). Pottery from the Begho-B2 site, Ghana. African occasional papers. 4.
Calgary: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 0-919813-84-4.
6. Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold
Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.
7. Kwasi Konadu, The Akan Diaspora in the Americas (Oxford University Press, 2010;
ISBN 0199889279), p. 51.
8. Goody, Jack (1964). "The Mande and the Akan Hinterland". In Vansina, J.; Mauny, R.; Thomas,
L. V. (eds.). The Historian in Tropical Africa. London: Oxford University. pp. 192–218.
9. Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979), Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African
Studies, University of Ghana.

Further reading
Anquandah, James (2002). "Ghana: early towns & the development of urban culture: an
archaeological view". In Adande, Alexis B. A.; Arinze, Emmanuel (eds.). Museums & urban
culture in West Africa. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 9–16. ISBN 0-85255-276-9.
Crossland, L. B. (1989). Pottery from the Begho-B2 site, Ghana. African occasional papers.
Vol. 4. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 0-919813-84-4.
Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1987). "Archaeology and the study of early African towns: the West
African case, especially Ghana". West African Journal of Archaeology. 17: 229–241.
Goody, Jack (1964). "The Mande and the Akan Hinterland". In Vansina, J.; Mauny, R.; Thomas,
L. V. (eds.). The Historian in Tropical Africa. London: Oxford University. pp. 192–218.
Insoll, Timothy (2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-65702-4.
Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979), Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African
Studies, University of Ghana.
Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold
Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.

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