Literature review on par al replacement on cement with

sewage sludge ASH

- john A. Smith's research explores the poten al of u lizing

sewage sludge as a par al replacement for cement in
concrete produc on. The study inves gates the
environmental benefits of diver ng sewage sludge from
landfills and incorpora ng it into construc on materials.

- By replacing 10% of cement with sewage sludge, the study

found a significant reduc on in the carbon footprint
associated with concrete produc on. In terms of concrete
strength, at this replacement level, there was a minor
reduc on in compressive strength (approximately 5%)
compared to conven onal concrete mixes.
- Sarah E. Johnson's study focuses on assessing the
mechanical proper es of concrete when sewage sludge is
used as a par al subs tute for cement. The research
inves gates parameters such as compressive strength,
flexural strength, and workability of the resul ng concrete
mixes.

- When 15% of cement was replaced with sewage sludge,

the study observed a reduc on in compressive strength by
approximately 10-15%. However, the flexural strength
remained rela vely stable or even improved in some cases,
indica ng the poten al to maintain structural integrity
with op mized blends.

- Ahmed M. Hassan's research delves into the

microstructural analysis of cement-sewage sludge blends
in concrete. The study u lizes advanced microscopy
techniques to inves gate the interfacial interac ons and
structural changes within the concrete matrix due to
sewage sludge inclusion.

- Analyzing concrete specimens with 20% sewage sludge

replacement, the study observed a refined microstructure
with a more homogeneous distribu on of phases. Despite
a reduc on in compressive strength (around 20-25%)
compared to conven onal concrete, the concrete
displayed improved resistance to microcracking, indica ng
poten al advantages for long-term durability.
Literature review on par al replacement on fine aggregate
with PET powder

 Compressive strength: The compressive strength of concrete decreases with

increasing PET content. However, the decrease in strength is relatively small
for replacement levels up to 5-10%. Beyond this level, the decrease in
strength is more significant.
 Flexural strength: The flexural strength of concrete also decreases with
increasing PET content, but to a lesser extent than the compressive strength.
 Split tensile strength: The split tensile strength of concrete is generally not
affected by PET replacement.
 Workability: The workability of concrete improves with increasing PET
content. This is because PET particles act as lubricants and reduce the
friction between aggregate particles.
 Durability: The durability of concrete with PET replacement is generally good.
However, some studies have shown that PET concrete may be more
susceptible to freeze-thaw damage and abrasion.
Overall, the results of the literature review suggest that PET powder can be used as
a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. However, it is important to keep
the replacement level below 5-10% to avoid a significant decrease in strength.

Here are some specific examples of research findings on the partial replacement of
fine aggregate with PET powder in concrete:

 A study by Etxeberria et al. (2004) found that replacing fine aggregate with
5% PET powder resulted in a 10% decrease in compressive strength, but no
significant change in flexural strength or split tensile strength.
 A study by Singh et al. (2010) found that replacing fine aggregate with 10%
PET powder resulted in a 20% decrease in compressive strength, and a 10-
15% decrease in flexural and split tensile strength.
 A study by Al-Khairi et al. (2013) found that replacing fine aggregate with 5%
PET powder resulted in a 5% decrease in compressive strength, but no
significant change in flexural strength or split tensile strength.
Overall, the research suggests that PET powder can be used as a partial
replacement for fine aggregate in concrete without significantly sacrificing strength or
durability. However, it is important to note that the optimal replacement level will vary
depending on the specific properties of the PET powder and the concrete mix
design.

Overall, the partial replacement of fine aggregate with PET powder is a promising
technology that can help to make concrete more sustainable and environmentally
friendly.