YEAR (2023-24)

ASSIGNMENT – UNIT 5
INSTRUMENTATION & FIELD
VISIT

SUBJECT-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
CODE – BUVCSA2101

INTRODUCTION & SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT (FIELD

VISIT)

SUBMITTED BY - Ritika Varma

SUBMITTED TO - MS. AKANSHA GUPTA

 INDEX
S.NO. Topics
1. PH (Potential of Hydrogen)
2. Conductivity
3. TDS (Total Dissolved Solid)
4. PM10(Particular Matter)
5. PM2.5(Particular Matter)
6. STP (Standard temperature & pressure)
 Potential of Hydrogen(pH)

PH stands for the “Power of hydrogen”. The numerical value of pH is

determined by the molar concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)³. This is done by
taking the negative logarithm of the H+ concentration (-log(H+)). As an
operational definition, an acid is a substance that will decrease pH when added
to pure water. In the same manner, a base is a substance that will increase the
pH of water.

PH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from0-14, with 7
being natural. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than
7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.

TAP WATER RO WATER DISTILLED WATER

----- 1.898
As this diagram shows the pH of water is 7.761 or 23.5 degree Celsius.

If the pH of water is too high or too low, the aquatic organisms living within it
will die. pH can also affect the solubility and toxicity of chemicals and heavy
metals in the water. The majority of aquatic creatures prefer a pH range of 6.5-
9.0, though some can live in water with pH levels outside of this range.

There are many factors that can affect pH in water, both natural and man-
made. Most natural changes occur due to interactions with surrounding rock
(particularly carbonate forms) and other materials. pH can also fluctuate with
precipitation (especially acid rain) and wastewater or mining discharges. In
addition, CO2 concentrations can influence pH levels

CONDUCTIVITY
The conductivity of water is a measure of the capability of water to pass
electrical flow. This ability directly depends on the concentration of conductive
ions in the water. These conductive ions originated due to inorganic materials
such as chlorides, alkalis, carbonate and sulphide compounds
and dissolved salts.
Compounds that dissolve into ions are also known as electrolytes. The more
ions that are present, the higher the conductivity of water. Likewise, the fewer
ions that are in the water, the less conductive it is. Distilled or deionized
water can act as an insulator due to its very low (if not negligible) conductivity
value. Sea water, on the other hand, has a very high conductivity.

TAP WATER RO WATER DISTILLED WATER

6.21 mS 626 82.2

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID
(TDS)
TDS stands for Total Dissolved Solids and refers to the total concentration of
dissolved substances in drinking water including soluble hydrogen carbonate
ions, chloride salts, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,
volatile solids and non-volatile solids. Its concentration will affect the taste of
drinking water. A way to measure it is to filter the water sample (0.45μm), dry
the solution at the temperature of 103℃ to 105℃ and then weigh the
remaining residuals. Total dissolved solids (TDS) combine the sum of all ion
particles that are smaller than 2 microns (0.0002 cm). This includes all of the
disassociated electrolytes that make up salinity concentrations, as well as
other compounds such as dissolved organic matter. In “clean” water, TDS is
approximately equal to salinity. In wastewater or polluted areas, TDS can
include organic solutes (such as hydrocarbons and urea) in addition to the salt
ions.
TAP WATER RO WATER DISTILLED WATER

3.10 ppt 310 ppm

 Pm 2.5
(PARTICULATE MATTER)
Particulate Matter (PM) is not a single pollutant, but rather is a mixture of
many chemical species. It is a complex mixture of solids and aerosols
composed of small droplets of liquid, dry solid fragments, and solid cores with
liquid coatings. Particles vary widely in size, shape and chemical composition,
and may contain inorganic ions, metallic compounds, elemental carbon,
organic compounds, and compounds from the earth’s crust. Particles are
defined by their diameter for air quality regulatory purposes. Those with a
diameter of 10 microns or less (PM10) are inhalable into the lungs and can
induce adverse health effects. Fine particulate matter is defined as particles
that are 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5). Therefore, PM2.5 comprises a
portion of PM10.The purpose of this protocol is to provide guidelines for
monitoring and analysis of Particulate Matter PM 2.5 in ambient air
Pm 10 (PARTICULATE
MATTER )

 Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in
air many of which are hazardous. This complex mixture includes both
organic and inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and
liquid droplets. These particles vary greatly in size, composition, and origin.
The purpose of this protocol is to provide guidelines for monitoring and
analysis of Particulate Matter PM in ambient air.
 Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and through a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8
X 10 in) filter at a flow rate, which is typically 1132 L/min. Particles with
aerodynamic diameter less than the cut-point of the inlet are collected, by
the filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the difference in
filter weights prior to and after sampling. The concentration of PM in the
designated size range is calculated by dividing the weight 10 gain of the
filter by the volume of air sampled
 sewage treatment plant (stp)
 INTRODUCTION
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater,
primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological
processes to remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safe
treated wastewater (or treated effluent).

Sewage treatment plant uses chemical, physical, and biological processes to

cleanse sewage in order to protect the environment and public health.

 OBJECTIVES
 Removal of floatable and postponed particles
 Removal of BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand)
 Removal of micro-organic which may be the cause of dangerous diseases

 STEPS OF TREATMENT

 PRELIMINARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The objective is to remove the large materials like coarse solids which
are being frequently seen in wastewater preliminary treatment
procedure usually contain grit removal, coarse screening, and
communication of large objects. This process decreases the
wastewater BOD, by approximately 15 to 30% and the devices which
are being used during this treatment are grit chamber and
communicator.

 PRIMARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

In this treatment, the main objective is to remove the solid particle by
sedimentation. In solids component such as phosphorous
These waste which is collected from sedimentation process known as
Primary effluent.
In this Primary treatment, devices are used such as sedimentation tank
and clarifiers and Anaerobic Digester.
  SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
This treatment used after the primary treatment which completes the
cleansing process. In this treatment removal biodegradable, colloidal
or organic matter and aerobic biological Secondary treatment process
will decompose organic matter by bacteria. In some time, bacteria act
as a treatment reactor and may consist of oxidation ponds, aerated
tanks, rotating biological contactors and trickling filters.

 TERTIARY TREATMENT OR ADVANCED WASTEWATER

TREATMENT

In this treatment, the main objective is to remove constitutes particle

which cannot remove by secondary treatment. Tertiary treatment
removes such as Toxic substance, Organic substance, and solid
particles.

Below mentioned here is the diagram showing the steps of water

waste management: -
THANK YOU!