UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Centre of Diploma Studies

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HIDRAULIK
HYDRAULIC

LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT
Kod & Nama Kursus
DAC 21003 HYDRAULIC
Course Name & Code
Tajuk Ujikaji Flow Over Weir
Title of Experiment
Seksyen 07
Section
Kumpulan A6
Group
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar Puan Suhaila Binti Sahat
Lecturer/Instructor’s Name

Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian (%)

Group Members Matric No. Assessment (%)
AA191946 Teori, Objektif & Prosedur
1. Mohammad Zahir Bin Abdul Theory, Objectives & Procedures
10
Rauf
AA190565 Data
2. Muhammad Akma Bin Mohd 25
Data
Rashidan

3. Muhammad Hazim Bin

AA191916 Analisis & Keputusan 25
Analysis & Result
Badrul Din
Perbincangan
4. Discussion
15

5. Kesimpulan & Cadangan 15

Conclusion & Recommendation

6. Penyertaan 5
Participation
Tarikh Ujikaji 04 Mei 2021 Rujukan 5
Date of Experiment References
Tarikh Hantar 03 Jun 2021 JUMLAH
100
Date of Submission TOTAL

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) DAC 21003 - HYDRAULIC Test Title:

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Theory, • Theory and other information • Theory and other information • Theory and other information • Theory and other information • Theory and other information
objective, regarding the laboratory is not regarding the laboratory is regarding the laboratory is partly regarding the laboratory is regarding the laboratory is well
2
procedure presented presented minimally presented presented with some mistakes presented
(10%)
Data • Data is not represented or is not • Data lacks precision • Good representation of the • Accurate representation of the • Accurate representation of the data
(25%) accurate • Greater than 20% difference data using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs using tables and/or graphs
with accepted values • Less than 15% difference with • Data is fairly precise • Graphs and tables are labeled and
5
accepted values • Less than 10% difference with titled
• Precision is acceptable accepted values • Data is precise with less than 5%
difference with accepted values
Analysis / Result • Trends / patterns are not • Trends / patterns are not • Trends / patterns are logically • Trends / patterns are logically • Trends / patterns are logically
(25%) analyzed analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
• Analysis is not relevant • Analysis is inconsistent • Questions are answered in • Questions are answered in • Questions are answered thoroughly 5
complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
• Analysis is general • Analysis is thoughtful • Analysis is insightful
Discussion • No discussion was included or • A statement of the results is • A statement of the results of • Accurate statement of the • Accurate statement of the results of
(15%) shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection the lab indicates whether results results of the lab indicates lab indicates whether results support
on the lab on the lab support the hypothesis whether results support the hypothesis
3
hypothesis • Possible sources of error and what
• Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
Conclusion & • Conclusion & recommendation • Conclusion & recommendation • Conclusion & recommendation • Conclusion & recommendation • Conclusion & recommendation was
Recommendation was not presented was minimally presented was presented somewhat was presented accurately and presented accurately and relevant to
(15%) accurate and relevant to result relevant to result obtain from the result obtain from the laboratory work 3
obtain from the laboratory work laboratory work with minor
mistakes
Participation • Student was hostile about • Participation was minimal • Did the job but did not appear • Used time pretty well. Stayed • Showed interest, used time very well,
(during participating to be very interested. Focus lost focused on the experiment most guide other students and very focused
experiment) on several occasion of the time on experiment 1
(5%)
Reference • Reference was not presented in • Reference was minimally • Reference was partly • Reference was presented in • Reference was presented in proper
(5%) the report presented in the report presented in somewhat proper proper format and relevant to format and relevant to the laboratory
format and relevant to the the laboratory work with some work
laboratory work minor mistakes 1

NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 100

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES

We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our own effort. We also admit not to
receive any help from any third party during the preparation of this report and pledge that
everything mentioned in the report is true.

HAZIM
Student Signature (Group Representative)

Muhammad Hazim Bin Badrul Din

Name : …………………………………………
AA191916
Matric No. : …………………………………………
02 JUNE 2021
Date : …………………………………………
1. OBJECTIVE
To study the relation between flowrate and total head above the cress level of the rectangular
notch and V notch.

2. LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
1. Calculate the flowrate in difference notch.
2. Identify the relationship between flowrate and total head.
3. Identify the velocity and the magnitude of the flowrate in notch.

3. THEORY
The notch is similar to that observed at a sharp edged orifice, and has the same effect of reducing
the discharge rate. A notch may be defined as an opening in one side of a tank or a reservoir,
like a large orifice, with the upstream liquid level below the top edge of the opening. A notch
is, usually made of a metallic plate and is used to measure the discharge of liquids.

V notch weir is simply a 'v notch' in a plate that is placed so that it obstructs an open channel
flow, causing the water to flow over the v notch. It is used to meter flow of water in the channel,
by measuring the head of water over the v notch crest.

The rectangular notch weir is a common device used to regulate and measure discharge in
irrigation projects. The results obtained from this research indicate that the relationship between
the discharge coefficient and the upstream water depth is a power function.

Trapezoidal notch is a combination of a rectangular notch and two triangular notches as shown
in figure. It is, thus obvious that the discharge over such a notch will be the sum of the discharge
over the rectangular and triangular notches.

Laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular
paths, in contrast to turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and
mixing. Turbulent flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular
fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow, in which the fluid moves in smooth paths
or layers. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes
in both magnitude and direction.
Cross sectional area = BD
Wetted perimeter = B + 2D
Hydraulic mean depth = BD / (B + 2D)

The criterion for the type of flow in channel will be:

Laminar flow: ρv(4m) / µ < 2000

Turbulent: ρv(4m) / µ > 2000

For a pipe of diameter running full, A = (π/4)d2 and P = πd so that m = d/4. Replacing m by
d/4 in Reynolds number, the formula above will be get.

The continuity, momentum and energy equations can be applied can be applied to channel flow
in the same way as for pipe flow.

Q = B1d1v1 = B2d2v2

Where v1 and v2 are the mean velocities at the two sections for wide channels of approximately
rectangular section it is sometimes convenient to consider the flow per unit width, q:
q1 = Q / B1 = v1d1 and
q2 = Q / B2 = v2d2

In travelling from section 1 to section 2 there will be change of momentum per second of the
liquid corresponding to the change of velocity:
Rate of change of momentum = mass per second X change of velocity = ρQ(v2 – v1)

This change is produced by the difference in the hydrostatic forces at sections 1 and 2.
Force in direction of motion at section 1 = ρgA1 X 1
Force opposing motion at section 2 = ρgA2 X 2

Where X1 and X2 are the depth from the free surface to the centroids of the cross sections.
By using Newton’s second law:
Force = rate of change of mometum
ρg(A1x1 – A2x2) = ρQ(v2 – v1)
(A1x1 – A2x2) = Q(v2 – v1) / g
The steady flow energy equation, Bernoulli’s equation with a term for loss of energy can be
used, since the fluid flowing in the channel can be assumed to be incompressible. Considering
conditions at a point on any streamline at depth x below the free surface.

Total energy per unit weight, H = (P / ρg) + (v2/ 2g) + (d – x)

Now P is the hydrostatic pressure at a depth s below the free surface, therefore P / ρg = x and

Total energy at any point per unit weight, H = d + (v2/ 2g)

Applying Bernoulli’s equation to section 1 and section 2 including the head loss, h:
d1 + (v12/ 2g) = d2 + (v22/ 2g) + h

V shaped notch in a vertical thin plate which is placed perpendicular to the sides and bottom of
a straight channel is defined as a V-notch sharp crested weir. The line which bisects the angle
of the notch should be vertical and the same distance from both sides of the channel. The V
notch sharp crested weir is one of the most precise discharge measuring divices suitable for a
wide range of flow. In international literature, the V-notch sharp crested weir is frequently
referred to as the “Thomson weir”.

The basic head discharge equation for V-notch weir is:

where,
Qt = theoretical flow rate
Co = coefficient of discharge
ϴ = degree of V-notch (90°)
h1 = elevation head
g = 9.81 m/s2
 The basic head discharge equation for rectangular notch weir is:

where,
Qt = theoretical flow rate
Ce = coefficient of discharge
h1 = elevation head
g = 9.81 m/s2
b = breadth of weir (60 mm)
B1 = bench width (230 mm)

4. EQUIPMENT
1. Weir apparatus with hydraulic bench
2. Stopwatch
 Legend:
A. Filter slot
B. 90° opening V-notch weir
C. Rectangular weir plate
D. Weir test section
E. 30° opening V-notch weir
F. Cap screw
G. Hydraulic bench
H. Point gauge with scale

Specification of weirs:
5. PROCEDURE
1. Fill in the water into three sump tanks to ¾ height.

2. Open all the valve before starts the experiment.

3. Switch on the mains switch on control box.
4. Switch on the pump, and now regulate to the desire flow without placing any weirs.
5. Slowly place in the weir which need to be test into the test section and tighten it with the
screws provided.
 6. Allow the water passing through the weir about 2 minutes, then measure the height by using
point gauge.

7. Tabulate all the results into table.

8. Repeat the experiment with other weirs.
9. Then, compare all the results from the experiments.

6. RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Volume Time (sec) Flowrate Point gauge distance (mm)
(liters) (m3/s) V-Notch 30° V-Notch 90° Rectangular
opening opening weir
5 19.83 2.52 x 10-4 187 174 163
5 10.71 4.67 x 10-4 194 171 170
-4
5 8.02 6.23 x 10 199 176 178
5 8.54 5.85 x 10-4 197 173 175

7. QUESTIONS
1. What is the different between rectangular weir plate and V-notch weir plate (30° opening
and 90° opening)
• Head of the V-notch is linear and the rectangular notch is parabolic. A triangular notch
gives more accurate results for low discharge than rectangular notch and the same triangular
notch can measure a wide range of flow accurately. Actual discharge of V-notch is better
than the rectangular notch.
2. Compare the calculated result between theoretical flow rate and the experimental flow rate.

• Theoretical flow rate for V-Notch 30° opening ;

Formula ;

g = 9.81 m2/s
Ce = 0.587 (from figure 3.2)

Experimental flow rate Elevation head, h1 (m) Theoretical flow rate

(m2/s) (m2/s)
2.52 x 10-4 0.087 8.30 x 10-4
4.67 x 10-4 0.094 1.01 x 10-4
6.23 x 10-4 0.099 1.15 x 10-4
5.85 x 10-4 0.097 1.09 x 10-4

• Theoretical flow rate for V-Notch 90° opening ;

Formula ;

g = 9.81 m2/s
Ce = 0.579 (from figure 3.2)

Experimental flow rate Elevation head, h1 (m) Theoretical flow rate

(m2/s) (m2/s)
2.52 x 10-4 0.074 2.04 x 10-3
4.67 x 10-4 0.071 1.84 x 10-3
6.23 x 10-4 0.076 2.18 x 10-3
5.85 x 10-4 0.073 1.97 x 10-3

• Theoretical flow rate for Rectangular weir ;

Formula ;
 g = 9.81 m2/s
Ce = 0.579 (from figure 3.2)
b = breadth of weir (60 mm)
B1 = bench width (230 mm)
b/B1 = 60/230 = 0.3
Ce = 0.590 + 0.0020 h1/p1
Ce = 0.590 + 0.0020 h1/(0.1)
Ce = 0.590 + 0.020 h1
Experimental flow Elevation head, h1 Coefficient of Theoretical flow
rate (m2/s) (m) discharge, Ce rate (m2/s)

2.52 x 10-4 0.074 0.59148 2.11 x 10-3

4.67 x 10-4 0.071 0.59142 1.98 x 10-3
6.23 x 10-4 0.076 0.59152 2.20 x 10-3
5.85 x 10-4 0.073 0.59146 2.07 x 10-3

3. Does coefficient of discharge, Ce take effects on the flow rate, how?

• Yes, because the value of coefficient of discharge is from ratio between actual flow
discharge and theoretical flow discharge that can impact to the value of flow rate.

8. DISCUSSION
The first value of Cd of weir we obtained from the experiment for a rectangular weir is
0.59148/0.59, indicating that the weir's efficiency is 59 percent, whereas the first value of Cd
V-Notch 90° opening is 0.579/0.58, indicating that the weir's efficiency is 58 percent. We
discovered that a rectangular weir is more fluid than a V-notch weir as a result of this.

Furthermore, the first value of H for a rectangular weir is 163, while the first value of H for a
V-notch 90° opening weir is 174. The rectangular weir is therefore more sensitive than the V-
notch 90° opening weir.

9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In conclusion, we can get and study about the result total head and the value of flow rate between
theoretical that used specific formula and coefficient and experimental which are the value of
 theoretical flow rate is smaller than value of experimental flow rate by using rectangular and V
notch is 0.587.

10. REFERENCES

1. LABARATORY EXPERIMENT FOR FLOW OVER NOTCH,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWtpbSE4IH0&list=LL&index=3
Date Access : 29 May 2021

2. FLOW OVER WEIRS, ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY-GAZA,

http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment-6-hydraulics-lab-.pdf
Data Access : 29 May 2021

3. FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR EXPERIMENT, CHITTAGONG

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
https://www.slideshare.net/FarhanSadek/flow-over-a-sharp-crested-weir-experiment
Data Access : 30 May 2021