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1.2.1.Introduction
1.2. AGGREGATE Range of Particle Sizes

Concrete
Lecture 2

Concrete Technology by Daniel T.

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Aggregate (cont’d) 1.2.2. Classification of aggregates

 The principal requirements for an aggregate to be suitable for
 Aggregates are the filler materials which make up a large portion
concrete are strong, durable and inert.
usually 65-75% of the concrete volume (70% to 85% by mass).
 The aggregate can be classified in to many ways based on;
 Considerable care should be taken to provide the best aggregates
available.
 They can be obtained from various sources; natural or
manufactured.
 Natural aggregates are taken from natural deposits without change in
their nature during production, with the exception of crushing, sizing
grading, or during production.
 In this group, crushed stone, gravel, and sand are the most common.
 Manufactured aggregates include blast furnace slag and
lightweight aggregates.
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• Based on their Grain size

1. Fine Aggregate 2.Coarse Aggregate

• Sand and/or  Gravel and

crushed stone crushed stone
  5 mm (0.2 in.)
• < 5 mm (0.2 in.)
 typically
• F.A. content usually between 9.5
35% to 45% by and 37.5 mm
mass or volume of (3/8 and 1½ in.)
total aggregate

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Based on their shape con’t… 1.2.3. properties of Aggregate

1.Moisture content & absorption
2. Voids
3. Bulk density
4. Porosity
5. Modulus of elasticity
6. Compressive strength
7. Gradation & fineness modulus
8. Shrinkage
9. Chemical reactivity
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1.Moisture Content and Moisture Content and

Absorption Absorption
Four Moisture Condition
Oven-dry (OD)/ (bone dry)
Aggregate have the ability to absorb All moisture is driven out of the pores by
water based on its porosity. drying aggregate at 110°C.
A Air dry (AD)
Thus, it may have internal moisture b m The amount of moisture in the
and external surface moisture. s o particles is less than the saturated
o i surface dry condition but more than
Absorption of aggregate is important r s oven dry condition. (Internal pores
in concrete and asphalt concrete. b t partially full)
e u Saturated surface-dry (SSD)
d r All pores in the particles are filled
e with water. No moisture exists on the
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outside surface.

Moisture Content and Moisture Content and

Absorption Absorption

S m Absorbed moisture
u
o Wet Weight of water absorbed by dry aggregate particles in
i
r s Excess moisture reaching the saturated surface dry condition. No water on the
f surface of a particle but all the pores are filled with water.
a
t
u
remains on the
c r surface of particles. Surface moisture
e e The moisture that is in excess of absorbed moisture.

Total moisture content

The total amount of water present on the external and
internal surfaces of aggregates.
= Surface moisture + absorbed moisture

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2. Void 3. Bulk Density

(Also known as bulk unit weight/dry-rodded weight)

Represents the • Weight of aggregate that would fill

amount of air space a unit volume.
between individual • The aggregate is filled up in a
particles in a mass container in 3 layers and each layer
of coarse or fine is rodded with 25 strokes of tamping
aggregates. rod.
• For finding
. % of voids in
aggregate.
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4. Porosity 5. Modulus of Elasticity /

The ratio of the
volume of the pores
(small holes in
aggregate through
which water can go
inside) in a particle
to its total volume.
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Young’s Modulus
E = stress/strain (below the proportional
limit.)
E= s / 
The modulus of elasticity indicates the
stiffness or resistance to movement of a
material.
The modulus elasticity of concrete increases
with the increase in the modulus of
aggregate.

6. Compressive Strength 7. Grading of aggregates

Depends on the compressive

strength of the original rock. Good
Grading refers to the process that determines the
stones have a compressive particle size distribution of a sample of aggregate.
strength of 1000 to 14000 kg/cm2
Load

25 mm stone cube
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Grading of aggregates 8. Fineness modulus

Well graded Uniform graded Gap graded A value that indicates the average size of
fine or coarse aggregate.

It is determined by adding the cumulative

retained on sieves and dividing it by 100.

Typical value for fine aggregate: 2.25 – 3.25

The range of size Most particles Most particles
are approximately are of the same are of large or
in equal amounts size small size
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Sieve Analysis and FM of Sand quiz#1 (5%)

 Sieve Analysis Data for 500g fine aggregates is given below.
Percentage of Percentage Cumulative Calculate the Fineness Modulus of the fine aggregate by showing
individual fraction passing, percentage re-
Sieve size retained, by mass by mass tained, by mass all the necessary steps. Also, calculate the percentage passing on
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 0 100 0 each sieve. Try to plot the grading chart and say something about
4.75 mm (No. 4) 2 98 2 the grade of this aggregate.
2.36 mm (No. 8) 13 85 15 Sieve Size Weight retained
1.18 mm (No. 16) 20 65 35
4.75mm 10
600 µm (No. 30) 20 45 55
2.36mm 60
300 µm (No. 50) 24 21 79
150 µm (No. 100) 18 3 97 1.18mm 70
Pan 3 0 — 600 m 100
Total 100 283 300 m 140
150 m 80
Fineness modulus = 283 ÷ 100 = 2.83 Pan 40
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9. Chemical Reactivity Alkali-aggregate reaction

• Chemical reactions involving aggregate can lead • Certain forms of silica and
to serious deterioration problems in concrete. siliceous material in aggregate
• Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) (e.g. chert) interact with alkalis
• Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR) released during the hydration of
portland cement. chert

• This produces a gel like material which

increases in volume in the presence of water
causing expansion and cracking of concrete.
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Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR ) Difference b/n ASR & ACR

Good things about  Bad things about  ASR  ACR
Alkalis Alkalis  Alkalis +silica  Alkalis +carbonates
 Increase pH  Increase pH  It is very common or  It is very rare
 Decrease Corrosion  They eat certain rocks everywhere  It happens 1 -2 years
 Decrease Carbonation  It happens 10 -20 years  We can’t design our
 Increase early strength  We can design our concrete to stop ACR
 Increase admixture concrete to stop ASR  We have ways to test for
efficiency  We have ways to test for ACR
ASR

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ASR(Cont’d…)
 Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is govern by three
things;

• Siliceous aggregates or
aggregates with SiO2
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)

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ASR(Cont’d…)
ASR(Cont’d…)

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ASR(Cont’d…) Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)

How do you stop ASR in new concrete?
 Use non reactive aggregates
 Decrease alkali loading or use low alkali cement
 Use SCMs
 Use admixtures
 Decrease the permeability of concrete
 Using low w/cm ratio
 Good curing
 Good consolidation
 Use SCMs
Crack Popouts
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Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Reading Assignment #2

• Visual Symptoms
– Network of cracks
– Closed or spalled joints
– Relative displacements
 What if the structure has ASR?
 Managing structures with
ASR are challenging but
the biggest concern is the
cracks causing other
problems!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Carbonation

Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR)

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Carbonation (cont’d…) Carbonation (cont’d…)

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Carbonation (cont’d…)
Carbonation (cont’d…)

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How do you measure carbonation? How do you stop Carbonation?

 Reduce W/CM Ratio
 Good Compaction
 Good Curing
 Reduce Cracking

 In Make good Concrete!!!!!!!!!

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Aggregate production and

Reading assignment#3 storage in Ethiopia: an over view!
 Coarse aggregate production
 Prepare a written document on quality tests of aggregate
 There will be presentation.  Sand (natural and manufactured)
 Is possible environmental effect
studied?
 Are there alternative sources of
aggregates? (eg. Recycled
aggregate? Slag?....)

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Is this suitable for concrete?

What are they doing?

Ready for sale at

5/19/2021
Kality!

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Washing silty sand reduces harmful substances, cement

demand will be reduced and improves compressive 1.3. ADMIXTURE
strength.

Daniel Tekalign, October 2019 5/19/2021 56

1.3.1. INT’N TO ADMIXTURE 1.3.2. TYPES OF ADMIXTURES

What?
• Chemical admixtures: Chemical added in a
Admixture is a material added to plastic (fresh) concrete
or mortar before or during mixing.
very small amount to concrete mixture.
Why?
 Mineral / Pozzolanic admixtures
To change one or more properties of fresh or hardened
concrete.
When to use admixture?
When the desired modification of properties of fresh or
hardened concrete cannot be achieved by changing the
composition of the mix proportion or by using different
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types of cement.

MINERAL ADMIXTURES
TYPES OF ADMIXTURES (cont’d)
(SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIAL)
 Air-entraining admixtures
Water-reducing admixtures

• Sources:
 Plasticizers
Natural pozzolanic materials or industrial
 Accelerating admixtures
 Retarding admixtures
by-products
 Hydration-control admixtures • Added in relatively large quantities in
 Corrosion inhibitors comparison with chemical admixtures.
 Shrinkage reducers • Replace part of the cement content
 ASR inhibitors • Can be added during concrete mixing
Coloring admixtures

process or grind together with cement
 Miscellaneous admixtures
(pozzolan cement / blended cement)
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Effect of pozzolanic admixtures on

Pozzolanic admixtures cont...
concrete
• Lower early strength but higher ultimate Example of pozzolanic admixtures
strength  Fly Ash
• Lower heat of hydration  Slag
• More durable – less sulfate attack and  Silica Fume
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)  Rice Husk Ash
• Less permeable  Palm Oil Fuel Ash
• Reduce cost & increase workability
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1.4.WATER
WATER (cont’d…)
 Water serves two purposes in making concrete
 it triggers the hydration of cement
 it makes the mix fluid and workable. • Water that is safe
 Clean water is important, any impurities present will affect to drink is safe to
bond strength between the paste and aggregate.
 Almost any water that is drinkable may be used to make
use in concrete
concrete.

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Water cont... Efflorescence

 Impurities in mixing water may cause any one or all of the
following:
1. Abnormal setting time
2.Decreased strength
3.Volume changes
4.Efflorescence
5.Corrosion of reinforcement

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Corrosion of reinforcement Questions?

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Thank You

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