MOST EXPECTED

QUESTIONS
FOR
CBSE 2024
CHEMISTRY PART-1

CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST…ENJOY CHEMISTRY

TIPS FOR STUDENTS THAT CAN HELP THEM WITH THEIR REVISION PLAN
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
(Prepare a notebook write & Revise all formulae thoroughly. Practice as many numerical as possible. Do not forget to
write units in the solutions.)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(Prepare a notebook and write all reasoning based questions of d- and f- block elements, lanthanoid contraction &
consequences, Nomenclature, isomerism, VBT and CFT theories of coordination compounds)

Very Important Note: Do all NCERT examples, Intext & exercise questions.

MAHENDRA KALRA
PRINCIPAL
K.V.NO 2 BELAGAVI CANTT

MAHENDRA KALRA 1
 UNIT: 1:- SOLUTIONS QUICK REVISION AND QUESTION BANK (7 MARKS)
1. Mole-fraction (x). It is ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of all the
components.
2. Molarity (M). It is expressed as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution..
3. Molality (m). It is defined as number of moles of solute per 1000 g or 1 kg of solvent.
4. Henry’s law.(Statements) : The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. Or “The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” p=KH . x where ‘x’ is mole fraction of gas in
1
solution. Gas solubility 
KH
5. Applications of Henry’s law (a)Production of carbonated beverages:(b)In the deep sea diving
6. Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions (Raoult’s law for a solution of volatile liquids): “In solution of
volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction.” Ptotal = PA + PB  Ptotal = PA  A + PB  B
7. Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids: In the solution, the surface has both solute and solvent
molecules; thereby the fraction of the surface covered by the solvent molecules gets reduced. Consequently, the
number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface is correspondingly reduced, thus, the vapour pressure is
also reduced.
8. Ideal Solutions : (i) Solutions which obey Raoult’s law at all the temperatures. (ii) A – B interaction is same as
A – A and B – B. attractions.(iii) ΔH mixing = 0 (iv) ΔV mixing = 0 Examples : Benzene + Toluene & n-Hexane +
n-Heptane
9. Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Positive Deviation from Rault’s Law : (i) PA + PB >P oA xA + P Bo xB (ii) ΔH mix and
ΔV mix are +ve. (iii) A – B interaction is weaker than A – A and B – B interactions .Example: C2H5OH + Water
10. Non-ideal Solutions Showing Negative Deviation from Rault’s Law:(i) PA + PB < P oA xA + P Bo xB (ii) ΔH mix and
ΔV mix are – ve (iii) A – B interaction is stronger than A – A and B – B interaction Example :HNO3 & Water
11. Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant
temperature. In such cases, it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
12. Types of azeotropes : (i)Minimum boiling azeotrope : The solutions which show a large positive deviation
from Raoult’s law form minimum boiling azeotrope For example, ethanol-water mixture (ii)Maximum boiling
azeotrope. : The solutions that show large negative deviation from Raoult’s law form maximum boiling
azeotrope at a specific composition. Nitric acid and water is an example of this class of azeotrope..
14. Colligative properties. Those properties which depend on the number of solute and solvent particles (molecule
or ions) but not on the nature of solute, e.g., (i) relative lowering of vapour pressure, (ii) the elevation in
boiling point, (iii) the depression in freezing point, and (iv) the osmotic pressure.
15. Raoult’s Law for solution of Non-volatile Solute. The relative lowering of vapour pressure for a solution is
equal t the mole-fraction of solute when solvent alone is volatile.

PSolvent  PSolution nSolute
16. Relative lowering of vapour pressure. 
 ,In case of dilute solution nSolvent >>
PSolvent nSolute  nSolvent

PSolvent  PSolution Wsolute M Solvent
nSolute 
= 
PSolvent Msolute WSolvent .

17. Elevation in Boiling point:. (ΔTb) is directly proportional to the molality. i.e..  Tb = Kb  m
Wsolute 1000
Tb  K b   Tob be the boiling point of pure solvent and Tb be the boiling point of
Msolute WSolvent in grams.

solution. The increase in the boiling point ΔTb = Tb − Tob is known as elevation of boiling point.
18. Ebullioscopic Constant or Molal Boiling Point Constant.( K b) is defined as elevation of boiling point when
one mole of solute is dissolved in One kg of solvent.

MAHENDRA KALRA 2
19. Depression of Freezing point: (ΔTf) is directly proportional to the molality.  Tf = Kf  m
Wsolute 1000
T f  K f    Tof be the freezing point of pure solvent and Tf be the freezing
Msolute WSolvent in grams.
point of solution. The decrease in freezing point ΔTf = Tof − Tf is known as Depression of Freezing point.
20. Molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant.( Kf) is defined as depression of Freezing point. when one mole
of solute is dissolved in One kg of solvent
21. Osmosis. The process of flow of solvent molecules from solvent to the solution through SPM is called osmosis.
Or The process of flow of solvent molecules from less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
through SPM is called osmosis.
22. Osmotic pressure:The minimum extra pressure that has to be applied on the solution to prevent the entry of the
solvent in to solution through semipermeable membrane.
23. The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure measurement is around the room
temperature and the molarity of the solution is used instead of molality.
24. Isotonic solution. Two solutions are said to be isotonic when they exert the same osmotic pressure because they
have same molar concentration. i.e. 1  2 All intraveinous injections must be isotonic with body fluids.
25. Hyper tonic If 1  2 Ist solution is hypertonic solution w.r.t. 2nd solution. The solution, whose concentration is
higher than the red blood corpuscles, is called hypertonic. When R.B.C. is placed in the solution, R.B.C. is
placed in the solution, R.B.C. shrinks due to plasmolysis
26. Hypotonic 2nd solution is hypotonic w.r.t. Ist solution. The solution, whose concentration is lower than the red
blood corpuscles, is called hypotonic. When R.B.C. is placed in this solution, they swell and even burst due
to inflow of water due to osmosis.
27. Reverse Osmosis: If the pressure applied on the solution side is more than osmotic pressure of the solution then
the solvent particles will move from solution to solvent side. This process is reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is
used in desalination of sea water.
Wsolute 1000
28. Osmotic pressure.  = CRT where ‘C’ is molarity  =  RT,
Msolute Volume of solution (ml).
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 Mol-1 T is temperature in Kelvin.,
28. When i < 1, association occurs and theoretical molecular mass is less than calculated from collgative
property.
When i > 1, dissociation occurs and theoretical molecular mass is more than calculated from colligative
property

29. Van’t Hoff Factor (i). The ratio of experimental value of a colligative property to the theoretical value
(calculated on the basis of normal behaviour of solute) is known as Van’t Hoff Factor.
Experiment al determined value of the colligativ e property
i
Calculated value of the same from the formula
Since colligative properties are inversely proportional to molecular mass of solute, therefore, in terms of
molecular mass
Theoretica l molecular weight (from the formula)
i
Molecular mass determined experiment
i 1
30. Degree of dissociation   ‘n’ is no. of ions produced per formula of the compound.
n 1
For dissociation of the solute AB(e.g. NaCl) type n=2 and for the solute AB2(e.g. CaCl2) or A2B type (e.g.
Na2SO4) n = 3
i 1
31. Degree of association  
1
1
n
For association when the molecules of solute forms dimer n=2

MAHENDRA KALRA 3
 UNIT: 1:- SOLUTIONS (IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER)
1. Define: Molality, Molarity, Mass percentage, Volume percentage, Parts per million (ppm), Mole
fraction. Write their formulas also.
2. How does a change in temperature influence values of molarity and molality.
3. State Henry law with its mathematical expressions. What is the significance of Henry’s Law constant
KH? Mention some of important applications Henry law.
4. Why do aquatic species remain more comfortable in lakes in winters than in summers?
5. State Raoults law for a solution of volatile liquids .Give its mathematical relationship.
6. What is an ideal solution? What type of solutions are likely to behave as ideal solutions? Draw the
plot of vapour pressure and mole fraction of an ideal solution at constant temperature.
7. Differentiate between Non ideal solutions exhibiting Positive deviations & Negative deviations
8. What are Azeotropes? Give one example each of minimum boiling and maximum boiling azeotropes.
9. Define.(a)osmosis (b)osmotic pressure (c) reverse osmosis & application(d)colligative properties
10. Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of molecular massesof
macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.Give two reasons.
11. What will happen if RBC are placed in (i)0.5% NaCl Solution (ii)1% NaCl Solution?
12. Define abnormal molecular mass. What is Van’t Hoff’s factor? What is value of Van’t Hoff’s factor
when the solute undergoes (a) association (b) dissociation?
13. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450ml solution.
14. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution.
What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g/ml?
15. Calculate molality of 2.5g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75g of benzene.
16. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6g of ethylene glycol. C 2H4 (OH) 2 and 200g of water.
Calculate molality of solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g/ml then what shall be the
molarity of the solution?
17. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w. What should be the molality and mole fraction of
each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2g/ml, then what shall be the molarity of
the solution?
18. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 298 K, how many millimoles of N 2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of
water .Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar . Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293K is
76.48 bar.
19. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloroform (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm Hg and 415 mm
Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and
40.0 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and (ii) mole fractions of each component in vapour phase.
20. Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535 mm Hg .calculate vapour pressure of water at 293 K when
25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
21. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non volatile solute in 200 g of water .It has a vapour
pressure of 31.84 mm of Hg at 308 K.Calculate the molar mass of the solute.(Vapour pressure of pure
water at 308K is 32 mm of Hg.)
22. 18 g glucose C6H12O6 is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature will solution boil?
Kb for water is 0.512 KKgmol-1.
23. A solution of glycerol(C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of water. This
solution has a boiling point of 100.42°C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make this solution? (Kb
for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1)

MAHENDRA KALRA 4
24. 45g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600g of water .calculate(a)Freezing point depression
(b)Freezing point of the solution. Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1
25. What mass of ethylene glycol(molar mass =62) must be added to 5.50kg of water to lower the freezing
point from 00C to -100C?( Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1
26. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271.15 K. calculate the freezing
point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of water is 273.15 K.
27. At 300 k, 36g of glucose present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the
osmotic pressure of solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be the concentration?
28. A 5 % solution of canesugar is isotonic with 0.877% of substance X.Find the molecular weight of X.
29. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10ml of a solution. If this solution has an
osomotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 250C,what is the molar mass of protein?(R=0.0821Latmmol-1K-1
and 760mmHg=1atm)
30. Calculate the boiling points of solution when 2 gm of Na 2SO4 (molecular mass 142 gm/mol) was dissolved
in 50 gm of water assuming Na2SO4 undergoes complete ionization. Kb for water = 0.512 K
-1
Kg mol
31. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.5g of magnesium bromide in 200g of
water assuming complete dissociation of magnesium bromide .(Molar mass of magnesium bromide=
184 g/mol & Kf for water is 1.86 KKgmol-1.)
32. Calculate the boiling point of solution containing 15.0 g of NaCl in 250g of water.(Molar mass of NaCl
= 58.44 g/mol Kb for water = 0.512 K Kg mol-1.)

UNIT: 2:-ELECTROCHEMISTRY QUICK REVISION & QUESTION BANK (9 MARKS)

1. Electrochemical cell is a device that converts the chemical energy in to electrical energy.
2. Standard cell Potential or electromotive force (emf): The cell potential is the difference between the
electrode potentials of the cathode and anode. E 0 cell  E 0 cathode  E 0 anode
3. Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE): It is assigned a value of zero for it electrode potential and is used as
reference electrode.
0.0591
4. Nernst’s Equation : Ecell  E   log Q
n
5. Salt Bridge connects the solution of two half cells & completes the cell circuit.It prevents the transference
or diffusion of the solutions from one half cell to other .

6.Relation between E0cell and Gibbs Energy:  r G0 =-nF Ecell
E cell  n


7.Relation between E cell and Equilibrium constant Kc : log K c 

0
0.059
l
8. Resistance: R   ( ) Where  resistivity. Unit is ohm-cm
A
9. The Resistivity for a substance is its resistance when it is one metre long and its area of cross section is one
m2.
10. Conductance : The ease with which carried flows through conductor is called its conductance. It is reciprocal
1
of the resistance G  .The SI unit is siemens, represented by the symbol ‘S’ and is equal to ohm–1 .
R
11. Conductivity : of any conductor is the reciprocal of specific resistance and is denoted by  .The SI units of
conductivity are Sm–1 but quite often, κ is expressed in S cm–1.
12. Conductivity of a material in Sm–1 is its conductance when it is 1 m long and its area of cross section is 1 m2.
1 1 l
=     = GG*
 R A
13. Cell constant The quantity l/A is called cell constant denoted by the symbol, G*. It depends on the distance
between the electrodes and their area of cross-section and has the dimension of length–1 and can be calculated
l
if we know l and A. G*(cell constant) =
A

MAHENDRA KALRA 5
14. The conductivity of a solution at any given concentration is the conductance of one unit volume of solution
kept between two platinum electrodes with unit area of cross section and at a distance of unit length.
15. Molar Conductivity : It is defined as the conducting power of all the ions produced by one gram mol of an
  (Sm -1 )
electrolyte in a solution.  m   m (Sm 2 mol -1 ) 
C 1000( Lm 3 )  Molarity (molL1 )
 (Scm -1 )  1000( Lcm 3 )
 m (Scm 2 mol -1 ) 
Molarity (molL1 )
16. Limiting molar conductivity :When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as
limiting molar conductivity and is represented by the symbol  0
17. Conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution because Conductance of a solution is the conductance of
ions present in a unit volume of the solution .
on dilution the number of ions per unit volume decreases.So the conductivity decreases.
18. Variation of molar conductivity with dilution (concentration is decreased)
a) FOR STRONG ELECTROLYTES molar conductivity increases slowly with dilution because in
strong electrolytes the dissociation of the electrolyte in to ions is almost complete however interionic
forces are quite strong. Upon dilution ionic attractions are reduced. This leads to increase in ionic
mobility thus molar conductivity increases with dilution(or decrease in concentration)
b) FOR WEAK ELECTROLYTES molar conductivity increases Steeply with dilution because in
weak electrolytes the dissociation of electrolyte into ions is comparatively less.Dilution helps in
dissociation of electrolyte .As a result more ions are formed and corresponding value of conductivity
also increases .This increase quite large.

Molar conductivity versus c1/2 for acetic acid (weak electrolyte) & KCl (Strong electrolyte) in
aqueous solution
19. Kohlrausch’s Law : The law states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as
the sum of the individual contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte.
(i)  CaCl2   (Ca 2  )  2  (Cl ) (ii)   Al 2 ( SO 4 ) 3  2 ( Al 3 )  3 ( SO 4 ) 2
20. Application of Kohlrausch’s Law 1.Calculation of limiting molar conductivity 2. Calculation of degree of
dissociation : Degree of Dissociation is ratio of molar conductivity at a specific concentration ‘C’ to limiting
c
molar conductivity. It is denoted by    0m 3. Calculation of dissociation constant Ka =
m
c 2 c2
  
(1  )  (  )
21. FARADAY’S FIRST LAW: The amount of substance deposited or liberated at the electrode during
electrolysis is directly proportional to quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte. mathematically
w=ZIt ,where w=amount of substance deposited It = quantity of electricity , I is in ampere and t is in second
Z= electrochemical equivalent W= ZIt
Eq.Wt Eq.WtxIxt mol.WtxIxt
Z= therefore w = w=
96500 96500 nx96500
22. Quantity of electricity carried by n moles of electrons=nF (1F = 96500 coulombs)
23. Second Law:When same quantity of electricity is passed through different electrolytes, the amount of
different substances librated at the electrode is directly proportional to their chemical equivalent
w E
weights.(Atomic Mass of Metal ÷ Number of electrons required to reduce the cation) 1 = 1
w2 E 2
24. Primary Cell : In the primary batteries, the reaction occurs only once and after use over a period of time
battery becomes dead and cannot be reused againThe most familiar example of this type is the dry cell
25. Dry Cell : The cell consists of a zinc container that also acts as anode and the cathode is a carbon
(graphite) rod surrounded by powdered manganese dioxide and carbon . The space between the electrodes is
filled by a moist paste of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The electrode reactions are
complex, but they can be written approximately as follows :
MAHENDRA KALRA 6
 Anode Zn(s) → Zn2++2e- Cathode MnO2 + NH4+ + e-  MnO(OH) +NH3 It is used commonly in
our transistors and clocks. Ammonia produced in the reaction forms a complex with Zn2+ to give
[Zn(NH3)4]2+.
26. Mercury Cell : It consists zinc-mercury amalgam as anode and a paste of HgO and carbon as the
cathode. The electrolyte is a paste of KOH & ZnO.
Cathode: HgO  H 2O  2e   Hg (1)  2OH  Anode: Zn( Hg )  2OH   ZnO( s )  H 2O  2e 
Overall reaction Zn(Hg) +HgO(s)ZnO +Hg(l) Zn Mercury cell suitable for low current devices
like hearing aids, watches, etc
27. Secondary Batteries A secondary cell after use can be recharged by passing current through it in the opposite
direction so that it can be used again. e.g. lead storage batteries, Nickel – cadmium storage batteries.
28. Lead Storage Battery :It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide (PbO2 ) as
cathode. A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte
Anode Pb(s) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4(s)+2e-
Cathode PbO2(S) + SO42- + 4H+(aq) +2e-  PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Overall Reaction Pb(s)+ PbO2(S)+2 H2SO4(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
On charging the battery the reaction is reversed and PbSO4(s) on anode and cathode is converted into Pb
and PbO2, respectively. 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)  Pb(s)+ PbO2(S)+2 H2SO4(aq)
29. Nickel cadmium cell is a secondary cell which has longer life than the lead storage cell but more expensive
to manufacture.The overall reaction during discharge is: Cd(s)+2Ni(OH) 3(s)CdO(s)+2Ni(OH)2(s)+H2O(l)
30. Fuel Cell : Chemical energy of fossil fuels (coal, gas or oil) is first used for converting water into high
pressure steam. This is then used to run turbine to produce electricity. To convert the energy of combustion
of fuels like methane directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells e.g. Hydrogen with oxygen to
form water. In the cell, hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon electrodes into concentrated
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Catalysts like finely divided platinum or palladium metal are
incorporated into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reactions. Cathode :
O2 ( g )  2 H 2O(l )  4e   4OH  (aq) Anode : 2 H 2  4OH   4 H 2O  4e 
Overall Reaction 2 H 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 H 2O(l ) Fuel cells are pollution free.
31. Corrosion : The slow process of eating away of metals when exposed to the atmosphere is called corrosion. It
is electro-chemical phenomenon in which metal is oxidized by loss of electrons to form metal oxide.
Mechanism of Corrosion :Oxidn :Fe Fe2+ + 2e- Redn: O2 ( g )  4 H  (ag )  4e   2 H 2O(l )
Atmospheric Oxidation 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)+1/2O2  Fe2O3(s)+4H+(aq)
32. Rusting : Corrosion of iron is called rusting formula of rust Fe2O3. xH2O
33. Prevention of Corrosion : (1). Barrier Protection, (2). Sacrificial Protection (Zn & Mg are used for the
purpose), (3). Electrical Protection, (4). Using anti-rust solution.
34. PRODUCTS OF ELECTROLYSIS
S.No Electrolysis of CATHODE ANODE
1 Aqueous solution of AgNO3 with Ag metal(Ag+ are discharged Ag+ions(Ag electrode being
silver electrodes o
compared to H+as its E red is reactive dissolves to produce
higher) Ag+ions)
2 Aqueous solution of AgNO3 with Ag metal(Ag+ are discharged O2 gas(OH- discharged
platinum electrodes o
compared to H+as its E red is o
compared to NO3-as its E red is
higher) lower)
3 Aqueous solution of CuCl2 with Copper metal Cl2 gas
platinum electrodes
4 Aqueous solution of CuCl2 with Cu Copper metal Cu2+ions
electrodes
4 Molten NaCl Sodium metal Cl2 gas
5 Aqueous sodium chloride solution H2 gas Cl2 gas
6 Dilute Sulphuric acid with Pt H2 gas O2 gas
electrodes
7 Copper sulphate using inert Copper metal O2 gas
electrodes (Pt)
8 Aqueous sodium bromide H2 gas Br2 gas

MAHENDRA KALRA 7
 UNIT: 2:- ELECTROCHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER
1. Write the Nernst equation and emf of the following cells at 298K
(i)Sn/Sn2+(0.050M)//H+(0.020M)/H2(g)/Pt(s) EoSn2+/Sn= - 0.13V
(ii)Zn/Zn2+(0.1M)//Cd2+(0.01)/Cd; EoZn2+/Zn = -0.76V , EoCd2+/Cd = -0.40V
2. Calculate emf of the cell Ni(s) + 2Ag+ (0.002M) Ni+2(0.160M) + 2Ag(s), Eocell =1.05 V
3. The following chemical reaction is occurring in an electrochemical cell Mg(s) +2Ag+ (0.0001 M)
Mg2+(0.10M) + 2 Ag(s) The electrode values are Mg2+ / Mg = – 2. 36 V Ag+ / Ag = 0.81 V. For this cell
calculate / write (a) (i) E0 value for the electrode 2 Ag+ / Ag (ii) Standard cell potential E0cell. (b) Cell
potential (E)cell (c) (i) Symbolic representation of the above cell. (ii) Will the above cell reaction
bespontaneous?
4. A Copper –silver is set up.The copper ion concentration in its is 0.10M.The concentration of silver is not
known.The cell potential measured 0.422V.Determine the concentration of silver ion in the cell. EoAg+/Ag = +
0.80V, EoCu2+/Cu = +0.34V).
5. A voltaic cell is set up at 250C With the following half cells :Al(s)/Al3+(0.001M) and Ni2+(0.50)/Ni(s) ,Write
the equation for the cell reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric current and determine the cell
potential E oNi2+/Ni = -0.25V, Eo Al3+/Al(=-1.66V)
6. Calculate the potential for half cell containing .10M K2Cr2O7(aq),0.20MCr3+(aq) and 1.0x 10-4 H+ (aq) ,The
half cell reaction is Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+ (aq) + 6e- 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) and the Standard cell potential
E0cell = 1.33V
7. In the button cell widely used in watches and devices the following reaction takes place: Zn (s)+ Ag 2O(s) +
H2O(l) Zn (aq) + 2 Ag(s) + 2OH (aq) Determine ΔrG &E for the reaction. E Zn /Zn = -0.76V, EoAg+/Ag =
2+ - 0 0 o 2+

+ 0.80V
8. 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+  2Cr3+ + 3Cd(s) EoCr3+/Cr= - 0.74V , EoCd2+/Cd= - 0.40V .Find ΔrG0 and Kc.
9. Define conductivity,molar conductivity &. limiting molar conductivity
10. Express the relation among the cell constant ,the resistance of the solution in the cell and the conductivity of
the solution .How is the conductivity of a solution relted to its molar conductivity.
11. Resistance of conductivity cell filled with 0.1molL -1 KCl solution is 100 ohm. If the resistance of the same
cell when filled with 0.02molL-1 KCl solution is 520 ohm. Calculate the conductivity & molar conductivity of
0.02molL-1 KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 molL -1 solution of KCl is 1.29Sm-1.
12. State Kohlrausch law and its application. Limiting molar conductivity of NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4,
425.9 &91 SCm2 mol-1.Calculate Limiting molar conductivity of HAc.
13. Conductivity of 0.00241M acetic acid is 7.896 X 10-6 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity. If Λ0 for
acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol-1. What is its dissociation constant?
14. How do you account for conductivity of strong and weak electrolyte with concentration? Plot the graphs also.
15. How much charge is required for following reduction: 1 mol of MnO 4 - to Mn2+
16. How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce 40g of Al from molten AlCl3
17. How much electricity in terms of Coulomb is required for the oxidation of (i) 1 mol of H 2O to O2 (ii) 1 mol of
FeO to Fe2O3
18. A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed using a current of 1.5 amperes for 10 minutes. What mass of Cu is
deposited at the cathode?
19. Three electrolytic cells A,B,C containing solutions ZnSO4,AgNO3,and CuSO4 respectively are connected in
series .A steady current of 1.5 amperes was passed though them until 1.45g of silver deposited at the cathode
of cell B.How long did the current flow? What mass of copper and zinc were deposited?
20. Classify Primary Cell or Secondary cell: Dry Cell ,Mercury Cell ,Lead Storage Battery Nickel cadmium cell
.
21. Write the reaction involved in the Lead Storage Battery. What happens when Lead Storage Battery is
recharged?
22. What is Nickel-Cadmium cell.State its one advantage & disadvantage over Lead Storage Battery.
23. What is Fuel Cell? Explain with diagram & reaction involved in the following cell.
24. Define Corrosion. How it is prevented.
25. Rusting of iron is said to be an electrochemical phenomenon. Explain using reactions.
26. Predict the products of electrolysis: (a) An aq. Solution of AgNO 3 with silver electrodes. (b) An aq. Solution
of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes. (c). An aq. Solution of H 2SO4 with platinum electrodes. (d). An aq.
Solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes.

MAHENDRA KALRA 8
 UNIT: 3:- CHEMICAL KINETICS QUICK REVISION & QUESTION BANK (7 MARKS)
1. Rate of Reaction: The rate of a reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product
in unit time.
2. Consider a reaction: aA + bB  cC + dD
1 [ A] 1 [ B ] 1 [C ] 1 [ D ]
Average Rate of reaction = - =- =+ =
a t b t c t d t
1 d [ A] 1 d [ B] 1 d [C ] 1 d [ D ]
Instantaneous Rate of reaction RIns = - =- =+ =
a dt b dt c dt d dt
3. Units of rate of a reaction: mol L s . However, in gaseous reactions, atms–1
-1 –1

4.Rate law is the expression in which reaction rate is given in terms of molar concentration of reactants with each
term raised to some power, which may or may not be same as the stoichiometric coefficient of the reacting
species in a balanced chemical equation aA + bB  cC + dD Rate = K[A]x[B]y
5. Rate constant may be defined as the rate of reaction when the concentration of each reactant in the reaction
is unity.
6.Order of Reaction: The sum of powers of the concentration of the reactants in the rate law expression..Order
of Reaction= x + y ,Order of a reaction can be 0, 1, 2, 3 and even a fraction
7. Elementary reactions: The reactions taking place in one step are called elementary reactions.
8. When a sequence of elementary reactions gives us the products, the reactions are called complex reactions.
9.Units of rate constant (K) = units of k = (mol L-1 )1-n s-1 where n is order of reaction. K =molL -1s-1 (Zero order
of reaction) K=Sec-1 First order of reaction, K= mol- 1 L Sec-1 (Second order of reaction)
10. Molecularity of a Reaction: The number of reacting species (atoms, ions or molecules) taking part in an
elementary reaction, which must collide simultaneously in order to bring about a chemical reaction is called
molecularity of a reaction.The molecularity greater than three is not observed. Because the probability that
more than three molecules can collide and react simultaneously is very small. Molecularity cannot be zero
or a non integer.
11. Rate determining step.:The overall rate of the reaction is controlled by the slowest step in a reaction called
the rate determining step.
12. The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. If the concentration of x is increased to
three times, how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
13. A reaction is first order in A and second order in B. (a)How is the rate affected when concentration of B is
tripled? (b) How is the rate affected when the concentration of both A and B is doubled?
[R] 0  [ R] [ R]
14. Zero Order Reaction:  K = Half life period for a zero order reaction : t1 / 2 
t 2K
15. If we plot [R] against t, with slope = –k and intercept equal to [R]0
2.303 [R ] 0
16. First order reaction : k = log
t [ R]
0.693
17. Half life period for a First order reaction : t1 / 2 
K

2.303 [ P] i
18. Integrated rate equation for a gaseous system: k = log
t [2Pi  Pt ]
19. Factors affecting the rate of Chemical Reaction
 Nature of reactants  Temperature
 Concentration of reactants  Catalyst
 Surface area of reactants  Radiation
20. Pseudo First Order Reaction : The reaction which is bimolecular but order is one is known as Pseudo first
order reaction. In this type of reaction one of the reactant is present in large excess EXAMPLE : Hydrolysis

of ester CH3COOC2H5 + H2O 
H
CH3COOH + C2H5OH ,Rate = K[CH3COOC2H5]

Inversion of cane sugar C12H22O11 + H2O 
H
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Rate = K[C12H22O11]

MAHENDRA KALRA 9
 Ea Ea K  Ea  1 1 
21. Arrhenius equation. k  Ae RT
, log k = log A - log  2      If rate of
2.303RT  K1  2.303R  T1 T2 
K2 K
reaction doubles = 2, If it triples 2 =3
K1 K1
22. Threshold Energy : Minimum amount of energy required for reacting species to form activated complex.
23. Activated Complex : Transition state of Reactant and product Or Unstable intermediate formed between
reacting molecule which in highly unstable and readily changes into product.
24. Activation Energy: It is extra energy which must be supplied to the reactants from outside so that the
colliding particles must produce effective collision i.e.have total energy equal to the threshold energy.
25. The energy required to form this intermediate, called activated complex is known as activation energy (Ea).
26. Effect of Catalyst: It is believed that the catalyst provides an alternate pathway or reaction mechanism by
reducing the activation energy between reactants and products and hence lowering the potential energy
barrier.
27. Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions: It is based on kinetic theory of gases. in collision theory
activation energy and proper orientation of the molecules together determine the criteria for an
effective collision and hence the rate of a chemical reaction.
UNIT: 3:- CHEMICAL KINETICS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER
1. Define the terms: Rate of reaction, Rate law & rate constant.
2. Explain the difference between average rate & Instantaneous rate of reaction
3. Express the rate of the following reaction in terms of disappearance of hydrogen & formation of ammonia in
the reaction : 3H2 + N22NH3
4. In a reaction2AProducts, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5mol L -1 to 0.4 mol L-1 in 10 minutes.
Calculate the rate during this interval?
5. Define Order of reaction.
6. Give the units of rate constant for zero, first & second order reaction.
7. Calculate the overall order of a reaction which has the rate expression (a) Rate =
k [A] 1/2 [B] 3/2 (b) Rate = k [A] 3/2 [B] -1
8. The decomposition reaction of ammonia gas on platinum surface has a rate constant = 2.5 x 10 -4 mol L-1 S-1.
What is the order of the reaction?
9. Identify the reaction order from each of the following rate constants. (i) k = 2.3 x 10-5 L mol-1s-1 (ii) k = 3
x10-4 s-1 (iii) k = 3.3 x 10-7 L-1 mol s-1
10. The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. If the concentration of x is increased to
three times, how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
11. A reaction is first order in A and second order in B. (i) Write differential rate equation. (ii) How is the rate
affected when concentration of B is tripled? (iii) How is the rate affected when the concentration of both A
and B is doubled?
12. A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration
of the reactant is(i) doubled (ii) reduced to half ?
13. For the reaction A B the rate becomes 27 times when the concentration of A is increased 3 times. What is
the order of reaction?
14. The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction. What are the rates of production of N 2
and H2 if k = 2.5 x 10-4 mol L-1 S-1?
15. Explain the tem Molecularity with example
16. Define Rate determining step, Elementary reaction & Complex reactions
17. Distinguish between order of reaction & Molecularity.
18. Derive the Integrated rate equation for Zero order reaction. Find half life period and plot the graph associated
to it.
19. The rate constant for a reaction of zero order reaction in A is 0.0030molL -1s-1.How long will it take for the
intial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075M?
20. Derive the Integrated rate equation for first order reaction. Find half life period and plot the graph associated
to it.
21. A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 x 10-3 s-1. How long will 5 g of this reactant take to reduce to 3
g?

MAHENDRA KALRA 10
22. The thermal decomposition of HCOOH is a first order reaction with a rate constant of 2.4 x 10-3s-1 at a
certain temperature .Calculate how long it will take for the three-fourths of initial quantity of HCOOH to
decompose.
23. A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant. k = 5.5 x 10-4 s-1 . Find the half-life of the reaction.
24. Show that in a first order reaction, time required for completion of 99.9% is 10 times of half-life (t1/2) of the
reaction.
25. For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required for the
completion of 90% of reaction.
26. The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archaeological artifact containing wood had only
80% of the 14C found in a living tree.Estimate the age of the sample.
27. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s–1. How much time will it take to reduce the initial
concentration of the reactant to its 1/10th value?
28. A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2for this reaction. (Given log
1.428=0.1548)
29. A first order reaction has a rate constant 0.0051min-1 .If we begin with 0.10 M concentration of the reactant
,what concentration of the reactant will be left after 3 hours.
30. Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first Order rate law, with
t1/2 = 3.00 hours. What fraction of sample of sucrose remains after 8 hours?
31. The decomposition of phosphine PH3 proceeds according to the following equation: 4PH3→P4 + 6H2 ,It is
found that the reaction follows rate reaction rate=K[PH 3] The half life of PH3 is 37.9 secondsat 120oC.
(i)How much time is required for 3/4th of PH3 to decompose? (ii)What fraction of the original sample of PH 3
remains behind after 1 minute?
32. For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543k, the following data were obtained.
Calculate the rate constant.
t (sec) P(mm of Hg)
0 35.0
360 54.0
720 63.0

33. Mention the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
34. Define Pseudounimolecular reaction with an example,
35. .The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate the energy
of activation of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature. (R=8.314JK -1 mol-1)
36. The rate of reaction increases four times when the temperature changes from 300 K to 320 K. Calculate the
energy of activation of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature.(R=8.314JK -1 mol-1)
37. The rate of chemical reaction doubles for an increase of 10 K in absolute temperature from 298K. Calculate
Ea.
38. The rate constants of a reaction at 650K and 700K are 2.15 x 10-8Lmol-1s–1 and 2.39 x 10-7 Lmol-1s–1
respectively. Calculate the values ofActivation energy.
39. The first order rate constant for the decomposition of ethyl iodide by the reaction C 2H5I(g) → C2H4 (g) +
HI (g) at 600K is 1.60 × 10–5 s–1. Its energy of activation is 209 kJ/mol. Calculate the rate constant of the
reaction at 700K.
40. Define the terms : (i) Threshold Energy (ii) Activated Complex (iii) Activation energy
41. Explain the Effect of Catalyst on activation energy. [CBSE sample paper]
42. Write a note on Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions.
43. For a certain chemical reaction A + 2B  2C + D.The experimentally obtained information is tabulated
below.
Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial rate

1 0.30 0.30 0.096

2 0.60 0.30 0.384
3 0.30 0.60 0.192
4 0.60 0.60 0.768
(i)Derive the order of reaction w.r.t. both the reactants A and B. (ii) write the rate law.(iii) calculate the value
of rate constant k (iv) Write the expression for the rate of reaction in terms of A and C.
MAHENDRA KALRA 11
 UNIT: 4:- THE d- AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS QUICK REVISION (7 MARKS)
1. Zinc, cadmium and mercury are not regarded as transition metals as they have full d10 configuration
in their ground state as well as in their common oxidation.
2. Scandium is a transition element but Zinc is not Sc is a transition because it has incompletely filled d
orbitals in its ground state bu Zn have full d10 in their ground state & +2 oxidation state.
3. Copper atom has completely filled d orbital (3d10) in its ground state, yet it is transition element.
Copper (Z = 29) can exhibit +2 oxidation state wherein it will have incompletely filled d-orbitals (3d),
hence a transition element.
4. Transition metals have high melting and boiling points because they have strong metallic bonding
due to involvement of greater number of electrons from (n-1)d in addition to the ns electron.
5. The transition elements exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization Because of large number of
unpaired electrons in their atoms they have stronger interatomic interaction and hence stronger Metallic
bonding.
6. Members of second(4d) and the third (5d) series in each group of transition elements have similar
radii and shows similar properties because lanthanoid contraction.
7. Zr &Hf and have very similar physical and chemical properties because Zr & Hf belongs to same
group of second(4d) and the third (5d) series ,as a result they have similar radii due to lanthanoid
contraction
8. Although Zr belongs to 4d and Hf belongs to 5d transition series but it is quite difficult to separate
them. due to lanthanoid contraction
9. Ttitanium (22) to copper ( 29) the significant increase in the density may be noted .Decrease in
metallic radius coupled with increase in atomic mass results in a general increase in the density of these
elements.
10. There is an increase in ionisation enthalpy along each series of the transition elements from left to
right due to an increase in nuclear charge which accompanies the fillingof the inner d orbitals
11. The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy difference between (n-1)d
& ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns electrons take part in bond formation.
12. The largest number of oxidation states are exhibited by the elements in the middle of first row of
the transition elements due to maximum unpaired electrons present in (n-1)d& ns
13. Scandium a transition element which does not exhibit variable oxidation states.
14. Mn2+ are compounds more stable than Fe2+towards oxidation to their +3 state. It is because Mn2+
has 3d5 configuration which has extra stability, further loss of electron requires high energy
15. Copper is metal in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently
due to 3d10 configuration.
16. Most of the transition metal ions in solution as well as in solid states are coloured. This is due to the
presence of unpaired electrons in d-orbitals of the transition metal ions. It is because of these d – d
transitions
17. Zn+2 salts are white ,but Cu+2 are blue. Cu+2 are blue due to the unpaired electrons in d-orbitals
18. Cu+ salts are colourless while Cu2+ salts are Coloured. Cu+2 are Coloured due to the presence of
unpaired electrons in d-orbitals
19. Most of the transition metal ions are paramagnetic. Because transition elements contain unpaired
electrons in their (n-1) d sub shells.
20. Mn2+ exhibits paramagnetism. Because Mn2+ contain unpaired electrons in d sub shells.
21. The magnetic moment of a +2 ion in aqueous solution if its at.no is 25. μ = 5(5  2) = 5.92BM
22. The transition metals form a large number of complex compounds. This is due to smaller sizes of
the metal ions, their high ionic charges and the availability of d orbitals for bond formation.
23. Most of the transition metals and their compounds possess catalytic properties is attributed to the
following two reasons: Variable oxidation states & Large surface area so that the reactants.
24. Transition metals form interstitial compounds. compounds because size of C, N, O, and B is similar
to size of interstitial voids of transition metal
25. Most of the transition metals form alloys. Because of similar radii
26. A transition metal exhibit higher oxidation state in oxides and fluorides.Because of small size and
high electronegativity oxygen or fluorine can oxidise the metal to its highest oxidation state

Page | 12
27. The highest oxidation state is exhibited in oxoanions of a metal. [Ans: This is due to the high
electronegativity of oxygen]
28. The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic, the highest is amphoteric/acidic. in lower oxidation
states effective nuclear charge is less while those in the higher oxidation states effective nuclear charge
is more
29. Mno is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic in nature. [Ans: same as 28]
30. Of the d4species, Cr2+is strongly reducing while manganese(III)is strongly oxidizing. Ans:Cr2+ is
reducing as its configuration changes from 3d4 to 3d3, the latter having a stable configuration ,half-filled
t2g level. On the other hand, the change from Mn3+ to Mn3+ results in the half-filled (3d5) configuration
which is an extra stable configuration.
31. Cr2+ is reducing and Mn3+oxidising when both have d4configuration. [Ans: same as 30]
32. Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent Fe2+.[[Ans:because change in 3d4→ 3d3 occurs in case of Cr2+ to
Cr3+ But 3d6→ 3d5 occurs in case of Fe2+ to Fe3+ .In a medium (like water) d3is more stable as
compared to d5]
33. Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions.[Ans:Cu+ in aqueous solution underoes disproportionation,
i.e.,2Cu+(aq) →Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) .The E0 value for this is favourable.]
34. Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily
oxidized. .[Ans:Because Co3+ is more stable than Co2+.OR Due to CFSE, which more than compensates
the 3rd IE.]
35. E0value for the Mn3+/Mn2+couple much more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+or
Fe3+/Fe2+[Ans:Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn (where the required change is d5 to d4) is
mainly responsible for this. This also explains why the +3 state of Mn is of little importance.
36. Irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies is mainly attributed to varying degree of stability of
different 3d-configurations (e.g., d0, d5, d10 are exceptionally stable).
37. The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.[Ans: The ion with d1 configuration try to lose the only
electron in order to acquire inert gas configuration
38. For the first row transition metals the Eo (M2+/M) , explain the irregularities in the values.
[Ans:The Eo(M2+/M) values are not regular which can be explained from the irregular variation of
ionisation enthalpies (Δi H1 + Δi H2) and also the sublimation enthalpies]
39. The increasing oxidising power of oxoanions are in the VO 2+<Cr2O72-<MnO4--[Ans:This is due to
the increasing stability of the lower species to which they are reduced].
40. Name the oxometal anions of the first series of the transition metals in which the metal exhibits the
oxidation state equal to its group number. [Ans:MnO4- ,Cr2O72-]
41. Preparation of POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (K2Cr2O7):
a) 4FeCr2O4+ 8Na2CO3 +7O2   8Na2CrO4(yellow solution)+ 2Fe2O3 +8CO2
b) 2Na2CrO4 + 2H  +
 Na2Cr2O7(orange sodium) + 2 Na+ + H2O
c) Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl   K2Cr2O7(Orange crystals)+ 2 NaCl
42. The chromates and dichromates are interconvertible in aqueous solution depending upon pH of the
solution (a)2 CrO42– + 2H+→Cr2O72– + H2O (b) Cr2O72– + 2 OH-→2CrO42– + H2O
43. Uses of Potassium dichromate used in leather industry and as an oxidant for preparation of many azo
compounds. Potassium dichromate is used as a primary standard in volumetric analysis
44. Reactions (a)Cr2O72–+ 6I–+ 14H+→2Cr3+ + 7H2O +3I2 (b)Cr2O72–+3 H2S+ 8H+→2Cr3+ + 7H2O +3S (c)
Cr2O72–+ 3Sn2++ 14H+→2Cr3+ + 7H2O +3Sn4+ (d)Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ →2Cr3+ + 7H2O +6Fe3+
45. Preparation of KMnO4 : (a) 2MnO2 + 4 KOH + O22 K2MnO4 (dark green)+ 2H2O (b)
[Disproportionation] 3 MnO42- +4H+   2MnO4-(Purple)+MnO2 +2H2O
46. When heated KMnO4 decomposes at 513 K. 2KMnO4   K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
47. Uses of KMnO4: used as a oxidant in preparative organic chemistry. Its uses for the bleaching of wool,
cotton, silk fibres and for the decolourisation of oils are also dependent on its strong oxidising power.
48. Reactions of KMnO4 in acidic medium : (a) 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O42   2Mn2+ + 8H2O +10CO2
(b) MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+   Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ (c) 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 10I–   2Mn 2+ + 8H2O
+5I2 (d)5NO2- +2MnO4–+ 6H+   2Mn 2+ + 3H2O +5NO3- (e)5S2- + 2MnO4– +16H+   2Mn2+
8H2O +5S (f)5SO32-+2MnO4– + 6H+   2Mn 2+ + 3H2O +5SO42-

Page | 13
49. Reactions of KMnO4 in acidic medium alkaline or neutral medium: (a) 2 MnO4–+ H2O + I–
2MnO2 + 2OH- + IO3– (b) 8 MnO4– +3 S2O32- + H2O 8MnO2 + 2OH- +6 SO42- (c) 2 MnO4–+3Mn+2+
2H2O 8MnO2+ 4H+
50. Permanganate titrations in presence of hydrochloric acid are unsatisfactory since hydrochloric acid
is oxidised to chlorine
51. lanthanoid contraction: The overall decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium is
due to poor shielding of 4f electrons is known as lanthanoid contraction.
52. Consequence of the lanthanoid contraction : (i) Members of (4d) and the (5d) series in each group of
transition elements have similar radii. The almost identical radii of Zr & Hf a consequence ofthe
lanthanoid contraction, It is difficult to separate lanthanoids in pure state.
53. La3+ and Lu3+do not show any colour in solutions. Neither La3+(f0) nor Lu3+(f 14)ion shows any colour
due to absence of unpaired electrons in f subshell
54. Uses of Lanthanoids: A well known alloy is mischmetall which consists of a lanthanoid metal& iron &
S, C, Ca and Al. A good deal ofmischmetall is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell & lighter
flint.
55. The lanthanoid ions other than f0 type (La3+ and Ce4+) and the f 14 type (Yb2+ and Lu3+) are
paramagnetic
56. The actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the corresponding lanthanoids. due
to the fact that the 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies.
57. Ce4+ in aqueous solution is a good oxidizing agent. But it is a strong oxidant reverting to the +3 state.
58. Actinoids contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction.
Due to poor shielding by 5f electrons.

UNIT: 5:- COORDINATION COMPOUNDS QUICK REVISION & QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)

1. Double salt : Double salts are formed by the combination of two or more stable compounds that
dissociate into simple ions completely when dissolved in water.for example: Mohr’s salt,
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O gives Fe2+, SO4-2, NH4+ ions when dissolved in water
2. Coordination compound: are formed by the combination of two or more stable compounds that does
not dissociate in to constituent ions. A complex always retains its identity even in solution e.g.
[Fe(CN)6]4– of K4[Fe(CN)6], do not dissociate into Fe2+ and CN– ions.
3. Didentate: When ligand can bind through two donor atoms as in H2NCH2CH2NH2 (ethane-1,2-
diamine)(en) or C2O4 2–

4. Polydentate :when several donor atoms are present in a single ligand is said to be polydentate.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4–) is an important hexadentate ligand.
5. Chelate ligand When a di- or polydentate ligand uses its two or more donor atoms to bind a single metal
ion, it is said to be a chelate ligand.
6. Ambidentate ligand: Ligand which can ligate through two different atoms is called ambidentate
ligand. Examples of such ligands are the NO2 – and SCN– ions. NO2 – ion can coordinate either through
nitrogen or through oxygen to a central metal atom/ion. Similarly, SCN– ion can coordinate through the

sulphur or nitrogen atom.

7. Coordination number:The coordination number (CN) of a metal ion in a complex can be defined as the
number of ligand donor atoms to which the metal is directly bonded. For example, in the complex ions,
[PtCl6]2– and [Ni(NH3)4]2+, the coordination number of Pt and Ni are 6 and 4.. Similarly, in the complex
ions, [Fe(C2O4)3]3– and [Co(en)3]3+, the coordination number of both, Fe and Co, is 6 because C2O4 2–
and en are didentate ligands.
8. Homoleptic complexes: Those complexes in which metal or ion is coordinate bonded to only one kind
of donor atoms. For example: [Co(NH3)6]3+
9. Heteroleptic complexes: Those complexes in which metal or ion is coordinate bonded to more than one
kind of donor atoms. For example: [CoCl2(NH3)4]+, [Co(NH3)5Br]2+
EXAMPLES [Cationic & Neutral complexes]

Page | 14
 1 [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3 triamminetriaquachromium(III) chloride
2 [Co(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3]2(SO4)3 tris(ethane-1,2–diammine)cobalt(III) sulphate
3 [Co(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl pentaamminecarbonatocobalt(III) chloride
4 [CoCl2(en)2]Cl dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) chloride
5 [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2 tetraamineaquachloridocobalt(III) chloride
+
6 [CoCl2(en)2] dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) ion
7 [Ni(CO)4] tetracarbonylnickel(0)
9 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride
10 [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3 tetraamminediaquacobalt(III) chloride
EXAMPLES [Anionic complexes]
1 K2[Zn(OH)4] potassium tetrahydroxozincate(II)
2 K3[Al(C2O4)3] potassium trioxalatoaluminate(III)
3 K3[Cr(C2O4)3] potassium trioxalatochromate(III)
4 Hg[Co(SCN)4] mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(III)
5 K2[Ni(CN)4] potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)
6 [Pt(NH3)BrCl(NO2)]– amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)
7 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)
8 K3[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
9 K3[Fe(C2O4)3] potassium trioxalatoferrate(III)
10 K2[PdCl4] potassium tetrachloridopalladate(II)
10. Linkage isomerism: Linkage isomerism arises in a coordination compound containing ambidentate ligand. In the
isomerism, a ligand can form linkage with metal through different atom For example:[Co(NH 3)5ONO]Cl2 (Yellow
form)and [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2(Red form).
11. Ionisation isomerism:Compounds which give different ions in solution although they have same composition are
called Ionisation isomers and the phenomenon is known as Ionization isomerism. This type of isomerism arises from
the exchange of coordination sphere and the ionization sphere. For example is provided by the ionization isomers
[Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4
12. Coordination Isomerism:This type of isomerism occurs in those complex compounds which contain both
cationic & anionic complexes differ with respect to the distribution of ligands in these complexes. For
example:[Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6] & [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6

13. Solvate (Hydrate)Isomerism:Compounds which have same molecular composition but differ in the the number
of Solvent (Water)molecules present as ligands are called Solvate (Hydrate)Isomerism.For example:
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 (violet) and its solvate isomer [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O (grey-green). [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O green)
14. Geometrical isomerism: It arises in heteroleptic complexes due to different possible geometrical arrangements
of ligands.The isomer in which ligands occupy adjacent position are calles as Cis –isomer. The isomer in which
ligands occupy opposite position are calles as trans –isomer.
15. Geometrical isomerism in coordination compounds with 4 (square planar complexes).
(a)[MA2B2]type: e.g.[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (b) [MA2BC]type: e.g.[Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO2)] (c)[MABCD]type: Such
Compounds exist are three geometrical isomers.eg [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)] Important Note: coordination
compounds with 4 having tetrahedral geometry do not show Geometrical isomerism since all the positions
are adjacent to each other.
16. Geometrical isomerism in coordination compounds with 6 (Octahedral Complexes).
(a)[MA4B2]type: [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ (b) [M(AA)2B2]type: [CoCl2(en)2]+
17. Facial(fac-) & meridional(mer-) geometrical isomers in octahedral complexes. [Ma3b3] type like
[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]: If three donor atoms of the same ligands occupy adjacent positions at the corners of an
octahedral face, we have the facial (fac) isomer. When the positions are around the meridian of the octahedron
i.e ligands are the same equatorial plane of the octahedron ,we get the meridional (mer) isomer
18. Optical isomerism : Optical isomers are mirror images that cannot be superimposed on one another. These are
called as enantiomers. The molecules or ions that cannot be superimposed are called chiral. The two forms are
called dextro (d) and laevo (l) depending upon the direction they rotate the plane of polarised light in a
polarimeter (d rotates to the right, l to the left). Optical isomerism is common in octahedral complexes (Cis
form) involving didentate ligands. cis- [PtCl2(en)2]2+

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19. Valence Bond Theory(VBT) : According to this theory, the metal atom or ion under the influence of
ligands can use its (n-1)d, ns, np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridization to yield a set of equivalent orbitals of
definite geometry .
Coordination Type of hybridization Distribution of hybrid orbitals in space
number
4 Sp3 Tetrahedral
4 dsp2 Square planar
3
5 sp d Trigonal bipyramidal
6 sp d [nd orbitals are involved – outer
3 2
Octahedral
orbital complex or high spin complex]
6 d2sp3 [(n-1) d orbitals are involved – Octahedral
inner orbital or low spin or spin paired
complex]
Complex Central Configuration Type of Geometry Unpaired Magnetic
metal of metal ion hybridisation of the e- Behavior
ion complex
[CoF6]3- Co 3+
3d 6 3 2
sp d Octahedral 4 Paramagnetic
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ Cr3+ 3d3 d2sp3 Octahedral 3 Paramagnetic
[Cr(NH3)6]3+ Cr 3+
3d 3 2 3
d sp Octahedral 3 Paramagnetic
[FeF6]3- Fe3+ 3d5 sp3 d2 Octahedral 5 Paramagnetic
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ Fe 3+
3d 5 3 2
sp d Octahedral 5 Paramagnetic
[Fe(CN)6]3- Fe 3+
3d 5 2 3
d sp Octahedral 1 Paramagnetic
[Fe(CN)6]4- Fe3+ 3d6 d2sp3 Octahedral 0 Diamagnetic
[Co(NH3)6]3+ Co 3+
3d 6 2 3
d sp Octahedral 0 Diamagnetic
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ Ni2+ 3d8 sp3 d2 Octahedral 2 Paramagnetic
[NiCl4]2- Ni 2+
3d 8
sp 3
Tetrahedral 2 Paramagnetic
[Ni(CN)4]2- Ni2+ 3d8 dsp2 Square planar 0 Diamagnetic
[Ni(CO)4] Ni 3d8 4s2 sp3 Tetrahedral 0 Diamagnetic

20. Crystal field splitting in octahedral coordination complexes

 This splitting of the degenerate levels due to the presence of ligands in a definite geometry is termed as
crystal field splitting . The energy of the two eg orbitals will increase by (3/5) Δo and that of the three t2g will
decrease by (2/5) Δo.
 The crystal field splitting, Δo, depends upon the field produced by the ligand and charge on the metal ion.
Some ligands are able to produce strong fields in which case, the splitting will be large whereas others
produce weak fields and consequently result in small splitting of d orbitals.
21. Spectrochemical series: In general, ligands can be arranged in a series in the order of increasing field strength
as given below: I– < Br– < SCN– < Cl– < S2– < F – < OH– < C2O4 2– < H2O < NCS– < edta4– < NH3 < en < CN– <
CO Such a series is termed as Spectrochemical series.
22. Assigning electrons in the d -orbitals of metal ion in octahedral coordination entities : For d4 ions, two
possible patterns of electron distribution arise:
(i) If Δo < P, the fourth electron enters one of the eg orbitals giving the configuration t32g e1g . Ligands
for which Δo < P are known as weak field ligands and form high spin complexes.
(ii) If Δo > P, it becomes more energetically favourable for the 4 th electron to occupy a t2g orbital with
configuration t42g e0g. Ligands which produce this effect are known as strong field ligands and form
low spin complexes
23. .Crystal field splitting in tetrahedral coordination complexes:

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 24. BONDING IN METAL CARBONYLS The metal-carbon bond in metal carbonyls possess both σ and π
character. The M–C σ bond is formed by the donation of lone pair of electrons on the carbonyl carbon into a
vacant orbital of the metal. The M–C π bond is formed by the donation of a pair of electrons from a filled d
orbital of metal into the vacant antibonding π* orbital of carbon monoxide. The metal to ligand bonding creates a
synergic effect which strengthens the bond between CO and the metal

15. Factors affecting the stability of Complexes:
a) Nature of the central ion: Greater the charge density (charge/radius ratio) on the central ion, greater is the
stability of the complex.For example complexes of Fe3+ are more stable than Fe2+.
b) Chelate effect:The presence of chelate rings in the complex increases its stability increases.When chelation
occurs entropy increases entropy increases therefore the formation of the complex becomes more favourable
.For example chelate [Cd(en)2]2+is 10000 times stable than [Cd(CH3-NH2)4]2+.
16. .Applications of Coordination Compounds:
a) In biological systems: (a)Chlorophyll[Pigment responsible for photosynthesis] is a coordination compound
of magnesium. (b)Haemoglobin[Red pigment of blood which acts as oxygen carrier] is a
coordinationcompound of iron.(c) VitaminB-12, [the anti– pernicious anaemia factor] is a coordination
compound of cobalt.
b) In medicinal chemistry.(a) EDTA complex of calcium is used in the treatment of lead poisoning.(b) cis–
platin a coordination compounds of platinum effectively inhibit the growth of tumours.(c)Excess of copper
and iron are removed by the chelating ligands D–penicillamine and desferrioxime B via the formation of
coordination compounds.
c) In Catalysis:Coordination compounds are used as catalysts Examples include rhodium complex,
[(Ph3P)3RhCl], a Wilkinson catalyst, is used for the hydrogenation of alkenes.
d) In Extraction/Metturgical processes:Extraction processes of metals, like those of silver and gold, make use
of complex formation. Gold, for example, combines with cyanide in the presence of oxygen and water to
form the coordination entity [Au(CN)2]– in aqueous solution. Gold can be separated in metallic form from
this solution by the addition of zinc .
e) In analytical chemistry: (a) Qualitative Chemical analysis:Ni2+ is detected by the formation od red
complex with DMG (b)Quantitative Chemical analysis: EDTA is used in the complexometric
determination of several metal ions such as Ca2+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Co2+ Ni2+.

UNIT: 5:- COORDINATION COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER

1. When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is mixed with AgNO3 ,2 moles of AgCl are precipitated per mole
of the compound.Write structural formula & IUPAC name of the complex.
2. When a coordination compound PtCl4.6NH3 is mixed with AgNO3 ,4 moles of AgCl are precipitated per mole
of the compound.Write structural formula & IUPAC name of the complex.
3. When 1 mol CrCl3.6H2O is treated with an excess of AgNO3, 3 mol of AgCl are obtained. Write structural
formula & IUPAC name of the complex.
4. Explain giving examples
a. Chelating ligands
b. ambidentate ligands
c. bidentate or Didentate ligand
d. Polydentate ligand
e. Homoleptic complexes
f. Heteroleptic complexes

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5. Using IUPAC norms write the formulae for the following:
a. potassiumtri(oxalato) chromate (III)
b. pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt (III) ion
c. pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III) ion
d. iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)
e. mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(III)
f. tetraammineaquachloridocobalt (III) chloride
g. tris(ethane–1,2–diamine) chromium(III) chloride
h. amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)
i. dichloridobis(ethane–1,2–diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate
6. Write the IUPAC names, Specify the coordination number of the central Atom of the following:
a. [Fe(en 2 Cl2]Cl e. [Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2]-
b. [CoCl4]2– f. K2 [PdCl4]
c. [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2 g. [Ni(CN)4]2
d. [Co (NH3)5Cl]Cl2
7. Explain giving examples (i)Linkage Isomerism (ii)Ionization isomerism (iii)Coordination
isomerism.(iv)Solvate(Hydrate) isomerism
8. Give IUPAC name of an ionization isomer of [Co (NH3)5Br] SO4.
9. Give IUPAC name of an Linkage isomer of [Co (NH3)5NO2]+.
10. Name the type of isomersism exhibited by the following isomers.[Pt(NH3)4] [PtCl6]& [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]
[PtCl4]
11. Draw structures of geometrical isomers of [Fe(NH3)2(CN)4]– &[Fe(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
12. How many geometrical isomers are possible in the following coordination entities?(i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3–
(ii) [Co(NH3)3]Cl3
13. Draw the structures of optical isomers of: (i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3– (ii) [PtCl2(en)2]2+ (iii) [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
14. Draw all the isomers (geometrical and optical) of: (i) [CoCl2(en)2]+(ii) [Co(NH3)Cl(en)2]2+ (iii)
[Co(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
15. Write all the geometrical isomers of [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)] and how many of these will exhibit
optical isomers?

MAHENDRA KALRA 18 | P a g
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16. Write the name & Using VBT Predict the Magnetic behaviour, Hybridization, Shape of following.
Also predict whether it is inner or outer orbital complex in case of octahedral complexes.
a) [CoF6]3- i) [Ni(H2O)6]2+ q) [Fe(en)2Cl2]
3+ 2-
b) [Cr(H2O)6] j) [NiCl4] r)
[Zn(H2O)6]2+
c) [Cr(NH3)6]3+ k) [Ni(CN)4]2 s) [CoCl4]2-
d) [FeF6]3- l) [Ni(CO)4] t) [Cr(CO)6]
3+ 2-
e) [Fe(H2O)6] m) [CoF4] u) [Fe(CO)5]
f) [Fe(CN)6]3- n) [ Co(C2O4)3]3- v) [MnF6]4–
g) [Fe(CN)6]4- o) [Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2]-
h) [Co(NH3)6]3+ p) [CuCl4]2-
17. Draw diagram to show splitting of d – orbital in octahedral crystal field. Explain the two patterns of filling
d4 in octahedral crystal Field.
18. On the basis of crystal field theory,write the electronic configuration for d4 ion if Δo < P, d4 ion if Δo
> P, d6 ion if Δo < P, d7 ion if Δo > P
19. What is crystal field splitting energy? What are the various factors affecting CFSE.How does the
magnitude of ∆0 decide the actual configuration of d-orbital in a coordination entity?
20. What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field ligand and a strong field
ligand.
21. Arrange following complex ions in increasing order of crystal field splitting energy (ΛO) : [Cr(Cl)6]3–,
[Cr(CN)6]3–, [Cr(NH3)6]3+.
22. Using CFT,draw the energy level diagram ,write electronic configuration of the central atom/ion and
determine the magnetic moment value in the following: [FeF6]3- [Fe(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]4
23. Account for the Following:
a. [Ni (CN)4]2- ion with square planar structure is diamagnetic and the [NiCl4]2- ion with
tetrahedral structure is paramagnetic .
b. [NiCl4]2- is paramagnetic while [Ni (CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are tetrahedral.
c. [Fe (H2O) 6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic.
d. [Co (NH3)6]+3 is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]+2 is an outer complex.
e. [Cr (NH3)6] +3 is paramagnetic while [Ni (CN)4]2- is diamagnetic.
f. A solution of [Ni (H2O) 6]2+ is green but a solution of [Ni (CN)4]2- is colourless
g. [Fe (CN)6]3- and [Fe(H2O) 6]3+ are of different colours in dilute solutions
24. Which of the following is the most stable complex species? (i) [Fe(CO) 5] (ii) [Fe(CN)6]3– (iii)
[Fe(C2O4)3]3–
25. Discuss the nature of Bonding in metal carbonyls.

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