Chapter 5: Data Collection, Sampling Data Analysis

Jimma University Institute of Technology: FECE

December 16, 2022

 Outlines

1 Data Collection
Types of Data
What is data collection
2 Data Collection Techniques
3 Data Sampling
4 Data Sampling Methods
5 Data Analysis

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 Data Collection: What is Data ?

A collective recording of
observations either numerical
or otherwise is called data.

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 Data Collection: Types of Data

Quantitative Data:
Qualitative Data:
Deals with numbers.
Deals with description.
Data can be measured.
Data can be observed
but not measured. length, height, width,
speed, time,
colors, textures, tests,
temperature, sound cost,
appearance,. . .
levels, ages, . . .

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 What is Data Collection?

The process of gathering raw

facts or evidence about a
subject of interest in a
systematic way, that enables
one to answer stated research
questions and evaluate
outcomes.

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 What is Data Collection?

It can also be defined as

gathering of information
(figures, words or responses)
that describes some situation
from which conclusions can be
drawn.

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 Data Collection Techniques

Tools
Techniques Questionnaire.
Administering written Interview guide,
questionnaires. checklist, tape recorder.
Interviewing. Eyes and other senses,
Observation. pen/paper, microscope,
Using available devices.
information. Check lists, data
compilation forms.

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 Preparing Questionnaire

It is essential that you write a cover letter to accompany

your questionnaire. It should very briefly:
Introduce you and the institution you are representing.
Describe in two or three lines the main objective of
the study.
Convey any general instructions.
Assure respondents of the anonymity of the
information provided by them.
Provide a contact number incase they have questions.
Give them a return address for the questionnaire and a
deadline for its return.
Thank them for their participation.
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 Preparing Questionnaire

In a questionnaires, questions may be formulated as;

–Closed ended or –Open ended.
In a closed-ended question, the possible answers are
set out in the questionnaire and the respondent ticks
the category that best describes the respondents
answer. E.g.
▶ Please tick the type of research you would love to undertake.
Applied research Basic Research descriptive research.

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 Preparing Questionnaire

In open ended questions, the possible responses are

not given.
The respondent writes down the answers in his/her
words. E.g.
Please explain what types of cancer disease you usually treat?
Some considerations to keep in mind when
formulating questions are:
▶ Always use simple and everyday language. Take extra care to use words
that your respondents will understand as you may no have the
opportunity to explain questions to them.
▶ Do not ask double barrelled questions: a question within a question.
E.g. “How often and how much time do you spend in diagnosis of
TB”?

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 Preparing Questionnaire

Do not ask leading questions.

▶ These are questions in which, by their nature, contents, structure or
wording leads a respondent to answer in a certain direction.
E.g. “the vehicles in your company are usually powered by gasoline,
rate isn’t it”
The order of questions also matters.
▶ Questions should follow a logical progression based upon the objectives
of the study.

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 Data Sampling

Basic Definitions:
Population: Collection of all the units that are of
interest to the investigator.
Sample: Representative part of population.
Sampling: Technique of selecting a representative
group from a population.

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 Data Sampling

Basic Definitions:
Sampling error: The difference that occurs purely by
chance between the values of sample statistic and that
of the corresponding population parameter.

SamplingError = x̄ − µ,

where x̄ is sample mean, µ is population mean.

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 Need for Data Sampling

Reduces demands on resources (time, finance,.)

Results obtained more quickly.
Better accuracy of collected data.
Ethically acceptable.
Only way when population contains infinite members.

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 Data Sampling Methods

Sampling Methods

Simple random Convenience

sampling sampling

Systematic Quota
sampling sampling
Probability Non-probability Judgment
Stratified
sampling sampling

Cluster Snowball
sampling sampling

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 Data Sampling Methods

Simple Random Sampling

Every individual
is chosen
entirely by
chance and each
member of the
population has
an equal chance
of being
selected.
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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Systematic Sampling

In this type of
sampling, the
first individual is
selected
randomly and
others are
selected using a
fixed “sampling
interval”.
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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Stratified Sampling

In this type of
sampling, we divide
the population into
subgroups (called
strata) based on
different traits like
gender, category,
etc. And then we
select the sample(s)
from these
subgroups.

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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Cluster Sampling
Use the subgroups of
the population as the
sampling unit rather
than individuals. Data
Sampling Methods
Cluster sampling The
population is divided
into subgroups, known
as clusters, and a
whole cluster is
selected to be included
in the study.

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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Convenience Sampling
Individuals are
selected based on
their availability
and willingness to
take part. Data
Sampling Methods
Convenience
sampling Let’s say
individuals
numbered 4, 7, 12,
15 and 20 want to
be part of our
sample.
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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Quota Sampling
In this type of
sampling, we
choose items based
on predetermined
characteristics of
the population.
Consider that we
have to select
individuals having a
number in multiples
of four for our
sample.
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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Judgment Sampling
It depends on the
judgment of the
experts when choosing
whom to ask to
participate. Suppose,
our experts believe that
people numbered 1, 7,
10, 15, and 19 should
be considered for our
sample as they may
help us to infer the
population in a better
way.
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 Data Sampling Methods . . .

Snowball Sampling
Existing people are asked
to nominate further people
known to them so that the
sample increases in size like
a rolling snowball. This
method of sampling is
effective when a sampling
frame is difficult to identify.
Here, we had randomly
chosen person 1 for our
sample, and then he/she
recommended person 6,
and person 6 recommended
person 11, and so on.

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 Data Analysis

Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying

statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and
illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data.
Purpose
To answer the research questions and to help
determine the trends and relationships among variables
Helps us achieve the four scientific goals of
description, prediction, explanation, and control.

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 Data Analysis: Steps

Before data collection, the researcher should accomplish

the following:
Determine the method of data analysis;
Determine how to process the data;
Prepare dummy tables;
After data collection:
Process the data;
Prepare tables and graphs;
Analyze and interpret findings;
Prepare for editing and presentation;
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 Data Analysis: Types

1. Descriptive Analysis
Refers to the description of the data from a particular
sample - hence the conclusion must refer only to the
sample;
Summarizes the data and describe sample
characteristics;
Descriptive statistics are numerical values obtained
from the sample that gives meaning to the data
collected;

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 Data Analysis: Types

1. Descriptive Analysis-Classification
A. Frequency distribution
A systematic arrangement of numeric values from the
lowest to the highest or highest to lowest
X
f = N, (5.1)

where f frequency, and N is sample size.

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 Data Analysis: Types

1. Descriptive Analysis-Classification
B. Measure of central Tendency
A statistical index that describes the average of the
set values.
(xi − x)2
P P
xi 2
x̄ = , σ =
N  N
n
 x[ ],
M od(x) =
2
if n is even
n−1 n+1
 x[ 2 ]+x[ 2 ] , if n is odd
2

where x̄ is mean, σ 2 is a variance, and Mode (mod(x)) is the

value in the data set that occurs most frequently.
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 Data Analysis: Types

1. Descriptive Analysis-Classification
C. Measure of variability
Statistics that concern the degree to which the cores
in a distribution are different from or similar to each
other.
Range:
The distance between the highest score and the lowest
score in a distribution:

Rx = max(x) − min(x). (5.2)

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 Data Analysis: Types

1. Descriptive Analysis-Classification
C. Measure of variability- Standard deviation:
The most commonly is used measure of variability
that indicates the average to which the scores deviate
from the mean.
rP
(x − µ)2
σ= , (5.3)
N
where µ is the mean.

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 Data Analysis: Types

1. Descriptive Analysis-Classification
D. Bivariate Descriptive Statistics
Correlation:
The correlation coefficient that indicates the strength
of the relationship between two variables can be found
using the following formula:
P
(xi − x̄)(yi − ȳ)
rxy = pP , (5.4)
(xi − x̄)2 (yi − ȳ)2
where rxy is the correlation coefficient that measures
the linear relationship between variables x, y.
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 The End !

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