• Abstract

In statistics, there are two main types of data: categorical and numerical. Categorical data can be
further divided into two types: binomial and normal distribution. Binomial data is data that can
only have two possible outcomes, such as heads or tails, while normal distribution data can have
any number of outcomes. In this essay, I will be discussing the differences between binomial and
normal distribution data. I will also provide examples of each type of data. Finally, I will discuss
the implications of using either type of data. In the following paragraphs, I will first explain the
difference between binomial and normal distribution data, then provide examples of each type of
data, and finally discuss the implications of using either type of data and how to approximate
normal to binomial distribution and why.

The binomial and normal distribution are two of the most important probability distributions in
computer science. They are used to model random variables, which are important in many
applications such as computer simulations, statistical inference, and machine learning . Some
machine learning models are designed to work best under some distribution assumptions.
Therefore, knowing with which distributions we are working with can help us to identify which
models are best to use. The binomial distribution is used to model discrete random variables,
while the normal distribution is used to model continuous random variables.
• The definitions of Binomial and Normal distribution

probability distribution, which may mass or density function according to the shape of the In
this section, we will be discussing the definitions of Binomial and Normal distributions, random
variables of each distribution.

A normal distribution is a type of probability distribution that is symmetrical around the mean,
with a bell-shaped curve. The normal distribution is also known as the Gaussian distribution.
The normal distribution is the most important and most widely used distribution in statistics. It
is used to model many real-world phenomena, such as IQ scores, height and weight, test
scores, and so on. The normal distribution is used in many different fields, such as psychology,
−(𝑥−µ)2
1
economics, and biology. And it formula is 𝑓(𝑋) = 𝜎√2𝜋 𝑒 2𝜎2

Binomial Distribution: A discrete probability distribution that represents the occurrence of a

discrete random variable having binomial distribution function of probabilities . The binomial
distribution is a mathematical function that is used to calculate the probability of a given
number of events occurring within a fixed period of time.. The most commonly encountered
binomial distribution is the binomial probability experiment where a trial is performed to test a
hypothesis regarding the probability of an event occurring under a set of conditions. For
example, a scientist conducting an experiment to test the correlation between two variables
may want to test the null hypothesis that the values of both variables are independent of each
other (i.e. there is no correlation) against the alternative hypothesis that there is a correlation
between the values of the two variables. In order to test this hypothesis, the scientist may have
to perform many trials, each of which consists of introducing a random perturbation into one
variable and testing whether the response in the other variable is affected by the perturbation.

𝒏
And its formula is :P(X=x) =( 𝒙 ). 𝒑𝒙 𝒒𝒏−𝒙
Characteristics of normal and

binomial distributions
 The mean:

is a weighted average of all possible values of the random variable. The weights are the
probabilities associated with the corresponding values.

It is calculated in discrete function by: µx=E(X)=∑ 𝑿. 𝒇(𝑿)

And in continuous function :E(X)=∫ X . f(X)

where x is the possible value of a random variables

f(X) is the probability of appearance of the possible values

Its properties:

1) 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) = ∑ 𝑋 2 . 𝑓(𝑋) as f(X) remains constant

2) E(a) = a , where a is a constant
3) E(BX)=B*E(X)
4) E(X±Y)=E(X)±E(Y)
5) E(AX+BY+E)=A*E(X)+B*E(Y)+E

In binomial distribution

,the mean estimates the number of success in an experiment and it is calculated by:

µx=E(X)=np

where n is the number of experiments

p is Probability of Success in a single experiment

example1:

if an unbiased coin is tossed 10 times, what is the expected values of the head to appear?

Sol:

P(H)=0.5 n=10 E(X)=0.5*10=5

In normal distribution

• it is symmetric around the mean (indicated by the vertical line); as a consequence,

deviations from the mean having the same magnitude, but different signs, have the
same probability;
• it is concentrated around the mean; it becomes smaller by moving from the center to
the left or to the right of the distribution (the so called "tails" of the distribution); this
means that the further a value is from the center of the distribution, the less probable it
is to observe that value.

The standard normal distribution is a special case where the mean is equal to zero.
E(X)=0

The variance of binomial distribution :

We can The variance of the binomial distribution is the spread of the probability distributions
with respect to the mean of the distribution .As the binomial distribution is called binomial, as it
has two variables, P the probability of success, and q the probability of failure. Further, since p
and q are the probabilities of success and failure, we have p + q = 1. The general term of the
binomial distribution is B(r) = nCr.Pn−r.qr

calculate the variance of the binomial distribution by : σ2 =npq = np(1-p)

and the formula used to derive the variance of binomial distribution is σ2 = E(x2) - [E(x)]2.

where

x: The number of successes that result from the binomial experiment.

n: The number of trials in the binomial experiment.

P: The probability of success on an individual trial.

q: The probability of failure on an individual trial. (This is equal to 1 - P.)

Example 1: Find the variance of the binomial distribution having 12 trials and a probability of
success as 0.5.

Sol. N=12 P=0.5

Variance of binomial distribution = 12×0.5 (1-0.5)=3

The standard deviation of binomial distribution:

the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.
A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean of the set, while
a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. We can
simply calculate the standard deviation of binomial distribution by square root of variance :

𝜎 =√𝒏𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑)

Normal distribution :
Probability denity function of the normal random variable X :

1 −(𝑥−µ)2
𝑓(𝑋) = 𝑒 2𝜎2
𝜎√2𝜋

-∞<x<∞

where -∞<µ<∞ and σ>0

cumulative distribution function :

−(𝑥−µ) 2
1 𝑥
F(x)= P(X<=x) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝜎2
𝜎 √2𝜋 −∞

· Standardizing a normal random variable : To have a normal random variable with mean =0
𝑿−𝝁
and variance = 1 that Z is a standard random variable Z=
𝝈
For Example1 :

What is the probability of x exceeds 13 having mean of 10 and a variance of 4 ? P(X>13)

Sol.

P(X>13) = P( Z > ) = P(Z > 1.5) = 1-P(Z <= 1.5) we could now calculate it from the standard table .

Example 2 :

In the previous example What is the probability that a current measurement between 9 and
11?

Sol.

P(9<X<11) = P ( = P(-0.5 <Z<0.5) = P(Z<0.5) – P(Z<-0.5)

Moment generating function

Before knowing the meaning of moment generating function we need to know what the
meaning of moments

Moments:

They are numerical characteristics in the distribution of a random variable as mean, variance,
mode,etc……. and they take the symbol of E(Xn)

The first moment is familier as it is the mean of random variable and if we want to get it we
∑𝒙 𝑿. 𝒑(𝑿) 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆
use: E(X)={
∫ 𝑿. 𝒇(𝑿) 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔

and this process is very tiring , so there is an alternative process to make it simple which is the
moment generating function as it relies on differentiation.
Moment generating function (MGF):

Process can be used to compute a distribution’s moments and generates the moments, and is
defined as

Mx(t)=E(etx)

A random variable X is said to have an MGF if:

1) Mx(t) exist for X.
2) The Mx(t) has a finite value for all t belonging to [-a, a], where a is any positive real number.

How do we get the moments from the MGF?

Just differentiate the MGF with respect to t, and let t=0! If you differentiate the MGF with
respect to t once and substitute t=0, you’ll get the 1st moment i.e., E(X). If you differentiate it
once more, and now substitute t=0, you get the 2nd moment i.e., E(X2). Likewise, if you
differentiate the function n times and substitute t=0, you get the n th moment i.e., E(Xn).

Note: the substitution t=0 must be done only at the end i.e., after differentiating the MGF the
required
number of times. Mathematically

How does Mx(t)=E(etx) work?

First we want to know the taylor’s series to know how E(etx) work

Taylor’s series:
Let’s assume that f(x) has a power series representation about x=a

𝒇(𝑿) = ∑∞ 𝒏 2 3
𝒏=𝟎 𝒄𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒂) =C0+C1(x-a)+C2(x-a) +C3(x-a) +……………….

If we put x=a, f(x)=C0+0+0+0+…

And let’s assume that f(X) has derivatives of every order and we can find the all

F’(X)=C1+2C2(x-a)+3C3(x-a)2+……………

F’(a)=C1

Let’s continue and find the second derivative :

𝑓"(𝑎)
F”(X)=2C2+6C3(x-a) and 𝐶2 =
2

𝑓(𝑛) (𝑎)
So the formula of the cofficients : 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛!

Taylor’s series formula:

∞
𝒇(𝒏) (𝒂)
∑ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒏
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎

If we use a=0 , we are talking about Taylor’s series about x=0 and we call it Maclaurin series

∞
𝑓 (𝑛) (0) 𝑛
∑ 𝑥
𝑛!
𝑛=0

𝑥𝑛 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝒏
And ex in maclaurin series is equal to: ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛! = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝟐! + + + ⋯+
𝟑! 𝟒! 𝒏!

(𝒕𝒙)𝟐 (𝒕𝒙)𝟑 (𝒕𝒙)𝟒 (𝒕𝒙)𝒏

Then, etx=1+tx+ + + +⋯+
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝒏!

Take the expected value,

Now, take a derivative with respect to t.

If you take another derivative on ③ (therefore total twice), you will get E(X²).
If you take another (the third) derivative, you will get E(X³), and so on and so on…

𝒅𝒏 𝑴𝒙 (𝒕)
The moments is calculated by: E(Xn)=[ ]
𝒅𝒙𝒏

Important properties:

• Moment generating functions are positive and log-convex, with M(0) = 1.

• An important property of the moment-generating function is that it uniquely

determines the distribution, in other words if X and Y are two random variables and for
all t, Mx(t)=My(t) then, Fx(x)=Fy(x)

• for all values of x (or equivalently X and Y have the same distribution). This statement is
not equivalent to the statement "if two distributions have the same moments, then they
are identical at all points." This is because in some cases, the moments exist and yet the
𝑡 𝑖 𝑚𝑖
moment-generating function does not, because the limit: lim ∑𝑛𝑖=0 May not exist
𝑛→∞ 𝑖!

• MGFs make dealing with sums of random variables easier to handle. For two random
variables X and Y, consider the sum X+Y if X and Y are independent and X has
MGF Mx(t) and Y has MGF My(t) then the MGF of X+ +Y is just Mx(t)My(t) or the product
of the two MGFs.
In binomial distribution:

Mx(t)=E(etx)= ∑𝑛𝑥=0 𝒆𝒕𝒙 . 𝒑(𝑿)=

∑𝑛𝑥=0 𝒆𝒕𝒙 . (𝒏𝒙) . 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 =

∑𝑛𝑥=0(𝒑𝒆𝒕 )𝒙 . (𝒏𝒙) . 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 =(q+pet)n =(1-p+pet)n

where: p is the probability of success of a random value
q is the probability of failure

In normal distribution:
∞
𝑀𝑥 (𝑡) =E(etx)=∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑡𝑥 . 𝑓(𝑋) 𝑑𝑥
−(𝑥−µ)2
∞ 1
=∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑡𝑥 . 𝑒 2𝜎2 𝑑𝑥
𝜎√2𝜋
−1
∞ 1 (𝑥−𝜇)2
= ∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑡𝑥 . 𝑒2𝜎2 𝑑𝑥 =1
𝜎√2𝜋
1 −1
𝑢𝑡+ 𝜎 2 𝑡 2 ∞ 1 (𝑥−𝜇)2
=𝑒 2 [= ∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑡𝑥 . 𝜎√2𝜋 𝑒2𝜎2 𝑑𝑥 ]

1 2 2
= 𝑒 𝑢𝑡+2𝜎 𝑡

where: µ is the mean

𝜎 is the variance
Real examples
• Real examples for normal and binomial distribution

This section is aimed at providing real examples of how the normal and Binomial distribution
works in practice. Normal distribution is a well-known statistical model that describes the
probability of events in a population. More specifically, the model describes how often a set of
events (e.g., people’s heights) will be of a particular value or range. There are many applications
for this model in everyday life, so it is worth learning how it works. This article contains two
real-life examples showing how we can use the normal distribution to describe some aspects of
the real world.

Example 1: Pricing products using normal distribution. We can use the normal distribution to
price products in two different ways. Firstly, we could use it to determine a normal price for a
product that is in demand, such as smartphones or laptops. To do this, we would use historical
data to calculate how frequently the items sell at different prices, and then plot this data on a
graph to create a “normal” price curve. We would then base the price of our product on this
curve and charge our customers accordingly. Secondly, we could also use the normal
distribution to determine how much to charge for a scarce product, such as concert tickets. In
this case, we

would look at historical data to see how much demand there is for the item at various prices,
and plot this information on a graph to create a “normal” demand curve. We would then use
this data to determine the right price to charge our customers and prevent people from going
online to buy tickets at a lower price.

Example 2: Understanding the likelihood of cancer in survivors. Cancer is a major cause of

death all over the world, so it is extremely important that people understand the risk factors
involved in its development. One risk factor that is strongly associated with the development of
cancer is a person’s age. Older people have a substantially higher risk of developing the disease
than younger people do. However, the risk of developing cancer also increases as people get
older, which means that the risk of getting it increases as people get old. the relative risk of
developing cancer gradually increases as the person gets older. We can use this information to
help predict the likelihood that someone will develop cancer. For example, if someone was
aged 60 and was diagnosed with cancer, then we can use this graph to estimate the likely age at
which they would have been diagnosed if they had not been diagnosed with cancer in this
example, it would be approximately 78 years. This information could be used to help them
make better decisions about their lifestyle to improve their chances of staying healthy for
longer.

As we know, binomial distribution gives the possibility of a different set of outcomes.

In real life, binomial distribution is used for :

· Taking a survey of positive and negative reviews from the public for any specific product or
place.

· By using the YES/NO survey, we can check whether the number of persons views the
particular channel.

· To find the number of male and female employees in an organization.

· The number of votes collected by a candidate in an election is counted based on Zero or One
probability.

Now for a real example of binomial distribution, suppose, according to the latest reports, 80%
of all petty crimes are unresolved, and in your town, at least three of such petty crimes are
committed. The three crimes are all independent of each other. From the given data, what is
the probability that one of the three crimes will be resolved? The first step in finding the
binomial probability is to verify that the situation satisfies the four rules of binomial
distribution:

• Number of fixed trials (n) : 3(Number of petty crimes)

• Number of mutually exclusive outcomes : 2(solved and unsolved)

• The probability of success (p) : 0.2 (20% of cases are solved)

• Independent trials : YES

Then we find the probability that one of the crimes will be solved in the three independent
trials. It is shown as follows :

Trial 1 = solved 1st , unsolved 2nd , and unsolved 3rd = 0.2 x 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.128 Trial 2 = unsolved
1st , solved 2nd , and unsolved 3rd = 0.8 x 0.2 x 0.8 = 0.128 Trial 3 = unsolved 1st , unsolved 2nd
, and solved 3rd = 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.128 Total (for the three trials): 0.128 + 0.128 + 0.128 =0.384

In another way, we can apply the information in the binomial probability formula, as follows : p
= nCx * px * (1-p)n-x , where : n/x = n! / x! * (n-x)! In the equation, x = 1 and n = 3 . The
equation gives a probability of 0.384.

Another example, if a coin is tossed five times , what is the probability of getting :

(a) Exactly two heads.

(b) At least four heads.

(c)At least two heads.

(a) The repeated tossing of the coin is an example of a Bernoulli trial. According to the problem
:

Number of trials : n = 5 Probability of head : p = ½ and hence the probability of tail, q = ½ For
exactly two heads : x = 2 p(x = 2) = 5C2 p2 q5-2 = 5! / 2! 3! * (1/2)2 * (1/2)3 p(x = 2) = 5/16

(b)For at least four heads,

X >= 4, P(x >= 4) = P(x = 4) + P(x=5)

Hence,
P(x = 4) = 5C4 p4 q5-4 = 5!/4! 1! × (½)4× (½)1 = 5/32

P(x = 5) = 5C5 p5 q5-5 = (½)5 = 1/32

Therefore,

P(x >= 4) = 5/32 + 1/32 = 6/32 = 3/16

(c) For at least four heads P (at most 2 heads) = P(X <= 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)

P(X = 0) = (½)5 = 1/32

P(X=1) = 5C1 (½)5.= 5/32

Therefore,

P(X <= 2) = 1/32 + 5/32 = 3/1

Difference between binomial and

normal distributions
• The difference between normal and binomial distribution?

Binomial distribution is discrete, in contrast to the normal distribution, which is the main
distinction between the two. This indicates that there are no data points between any two data
points in a binomial distribution. In contrast to a normal distribution, which has continuous data
points, this is extremely different. In other words, a normal distribution has an unlimited
number of events, but a binomial distribution has a finite number of events. Even so, the shape
of the binomial distribution will resemble that of the normal distribution if the sample size is
large enough.

The applications of the binomial distribution are constrained. It is only employed when there
are only two outcomes that can be determined from a trial: success or failure. For instance, the
binomial distribution is used to determine probabilities while flipping a coin repeatedly (since
tossing a coin has only two outcomes – heads or tails).

On the other hand, the normal distribution has many uses in practical contexts, such as
modelling population weight or height distributions. In reality, using the normal approximation
to binomial approach, it is possible to determine probabilities for a binomial distribution.

In statistics, normal distributions are typically more prevalent than binomial distributions. By
definition, these distributions are always symmetric and unimodal. The mean and standard
deviation of normal distributions can be used to describe them. The distribution’s center is
located according to the mean. The distribution’s form is determined by the standard deviation.

A wider and flatter shape is indicated by a bigger standard deviation, whereas a skinnier shape
is indicated by a smaller standard deviation. Furthermore, a normal distribution is predicated
on the values of a dataset, unlike binomial distributions. The heights of people in a nation are
an example of a normal distribution.

In n independent, identical trials with only the outcomes “success” and “failure,” the binomial
distribution controls the count of the number of successes. The binomial distribution has a
parameter for the likelihood of success on each one trial, p, in addition to the number of trials,
n. The anticipated number of successful trials is given by the product of n and p. Since there are
only n trials, the maximum number of successes is obviously n.

The number of times a repeating outcome happens is also governed by the Poisson distribution.
According to this model, this result can happen at any time, independently of one another, and
it is parameterized by the likelihood that it will happen. There is no maximum value in the
Poisson model because these events are random and can occur at any time. The natural
numbers, including zero, serve as the support.

It is important to remember that these two distributions are interconnected. Let’s say you
know the expected value of a binomial distribution is np. Now, let n increase while p decreases
so that their product does not change. In other words, we significantly increase the number of
“success” opportunities while at the same time decreasing the likelihood that a “success” will
occur in any given opportunity. We act in a way that does not raise or diminish the quantity of
“successes” we anticipate seeing. In such a case, the resulting binomial distribution converges
to the Poisson as n grows indefinitely. So even though they are very different from one another
in many respects, they do have a strong connection.

· This figure show difference between normal and binomial distribution:

Normal approximation to the
binomial distribution
Approximation to the Binomial Distribution and why we need to do that:
Historically, being able to compute binomial probabilities was one of the most important
applications of the central limit theorem. Binomial probabilities with a small value for n(say, 20)
were displayed in a table in a book. To calculate the probabilities with large values of n, you had
to use the binomial formula, which could be very complicated. Using the normal approximation
to the binomial distribution simplified the process. To compute the normal approximation to
the binomial distribution, take a simple random sample from a population. You must meet the
conditions for a binomial distribution:
• there are a certain number nn of independent trials
• the outcomes of any trial are success or failure
• each trial has the same probability of a success pp
Recall that if X is the binomial random variable, then X∼B(n,p)X∼B(n,p). The shape of the
binomial distribution needs to be similar to the shape of the normal distribution. To ensure this,
the quantities np and nq must both be greater than five (np>5np>5 and nq>5nq>5); the
approximation is better if they are both greater than or equal to 10). Then the binomial can be
approximated by the normal distribution with mean μ=npμ=np and standard deviation
σ=npq−−−√σ=npq. Remember that q=1−pq=1−p. In order to get the best approximation, add
0.5 to xx or subtract 0.5 from xx (use x+0.5x+0.5 or x−0.5x−0.5). The number 0.5 is called the
continuity correction factor. A continuity correction is applied when you want to use a
continuous distribution to approximate a discrete distribution. Typically it is used when you
want to use a normal distribution to approximate a binomial distribution.
Recall that the binomial distribution tells us the probability of obtaining x successes in n trials,
given the probability of success in a single trial is p. To answer questions about probability with
a binomial distribution we could simply use a Binomial Distribution Calculator, but we could
also approximate the probability using a normal distribution with a continuity correction.
A continuity correction is the name given to adding or subtracting 0.5 to a discrete x-value.
For example, suppose we would like to find the probability that a coin lands on heads less than
or equal to 45 times during 100 flips. That is, we want to find P(X ≤ 45). To use the normal
distribution to approximate the binomial distribution, we would instead find P(X ≤ 45.5).
The following table shows when you should add or subtract 0.5, based on the type of
probability you’re trying to find:
Using Binomial Distribution, Using Normal Distribution with Continuity Correction
X = 45, 44.5 < X < 45.5
X ≤ 45, X < 45.5
X < 45, X < 44.5
X ≥ 45, X > 44.5
X > 45, X > 45.5
Note:

It’s only appropriate to apply a continuity correction to the normal distribution to approximate
the binomial distribution when n*p and n*(1-p) are both at least 5.

For example, suppose n = 15 and p = 0.6. In this case:

n*p = 15 * 0.6 = 9
n*(1-p) = 15 * (1 – 0.6) = 15 * (0.4) = 6
Since both of these numbers are greater than or equal to 5, it would be okay to apply a
continuity correction in this scenario.
ribution.
Recall that the binomial distribution tells us the probability of obtaining x successes in n trials,
given the probability of success in a single trial is p. To answer questions about probability with
a binomial distribution we could simply use a Binomial Distribution Calculator, but we could
also approximate the probability using a normal distribution with a continuity correction.
A continuity correction is the name given to adding or subtracting 0.5 to a discrete x-value.
For example, suppose we would like to find the probability that a coin lands on heads less than
or equal to 45 times during 100 flips. That is, we want to find P(X ≤ 45). To use the normal
distribution to approximate the binomial distribution, we would instead find P(X ≤ 45.5).
The following table shows when you should add or subtract 0.5, based on the type of
probability you’re trying to find:

Using Binomial Distribution Using Normal Distribution with Continuity

Correction
X = 45 44.5 < X < 45.5
X ≤ 45 X < 45.5
X < 45 X < 44.5
X ≥ 45 X > 44.5
X > 45 X > 45.5
Note:
It’s only appropriate to apply a continuity correction to the normal distribution to approximate
the binomial distribution when n*p and n*(1-p) are both at least 5.

For example, suppose n = 15 and p = 0.6. In this case:

n*p = 15 * 0.6 = 9

n*(1-p) = 15 * (1 – 0.6) = 15 * (0.4) = 6

Since both of these numbers are greater than or equal to 5, it would be okay to apply a
continuity correction in this scenario.
References :

https://towardsdatascience.com/moment-generating-function-explained-27821a739035
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/05/understand-the-moment-generating-
functions/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment-generating_function
https://bookdown.org/probability/beta/moment-generating-functions.html#mgf-properties
https://allthingsstatistics.com/miscellaneous/binomial-vs-normal-distribution/
https://socratic.org/questions/5a576ce011ef6b7517708b0e
https://byjus.com/maths/binomial-
distribution/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20if%20we%20toss,called%20a%20binomial
%20probability%20distribution.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/data-science/binomial-distribution/
https://www.thoughtco.com/normal-approximation-to-the-binomial-distribution-3126589
https://youtu.be/CCqWkJ_pqNU
https://youtu.be/CCqWkJ_pqNU
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1b-
statistical-methods/statistical-
distributions#:~:text=Summary,events%20out%20of%20n%20trials.
https://byjus.com/maths/binomial-distribution/
https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/binomial
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Statistics_Using
_Technology_(Kozak)/05%3A_Discrete_Probability_Distributions/5.03%3A_Mean_and_S
tandard_Deviation_of_Binomial_Distribution
https://youtu.be/2z4ezmOgdhY
https://youtu.be/L8NS33q3YYc