Research Problem

Sourav Banerjee

November 20, 2023

1 Governing Equations
We consider the fiber to be one-dimensional by taking the slender filament approximation. A
cylindrical coordinate system is applied to model the fiber with coordinates (r, θ, z). We neglect
the variations in the variables in the radial direction by taking averaged quantities in the radial
direction. Hence, we assume our variables to be dependent only in the z-direction. We also
consider only the steady-state case in the beginning. Neglecting the forces of gravity, air drag,
and surface tension and assuming incompressibility, we get the following equations
d
w(z)A(z) = 0 (1)
dz
d d
ρwA (w) = [ A σzz − A σrr ] (2)
dz dz
where A(z) is the fiber cross section area, w is the velocity of the molten polymer in the axial
(z) direction and σzz and σrr are the diagonal polymer stress components and their difference
is the normal stress difference. The Rolie-Poly constitutive equation relating the stress to the
deformation gradient tensor is given in the general form as follows:
" 1 # " #
tr(σ) δ
  
∆ 1 2 3G 2
σ= − (σ − GI) − 1− σ+β (σ − GI) (3)
λd λr tr(σ) 3G

Here λd and λr are the reptation and Rouse relaxation times respectively. The melt shear
modulus is represented by G, while β and δ are the model parameters. trσ is the trace of the
stress tensor.
∆ dσ ⃗ q )σ − σ(∇⃗
⃗ q )T
σ= − (∇⃗
dt
dσ ∂σ
where dt is the material derivative Now, for steady-state flow ∂t = 0. So,
∆
⃗ − (∇⃗
σ= ⃗q · ∇σ ⃗ q )σ − σ(∇⃗
⃗ q )T (4)

From equations (3) and (4) we have,

"  1 # "  δ #
⃗ − (∇⃗
⃗ q )σ − σ(∇⃗ 1
⃗ q )T = − (σ − GI) − 2 3G 2 tr(σ)
⃗q · ∇σ 1− σ+β (σ − GI)
λd λr tr(σ) 3G

i.e.,
"  1 # "  δ #
⃗ q )σ + σ(∇⃗
⃗ q ) − ⃗q · ∇σ
T ⃗ = 1 2 3G 2 tr(σ)
(∇⃗ (σ − GI) + 1− σ+β (σ − GI)
λd λr tr(σ) 3G
(5)

1
Initially, we consider the simple non-stretching Rolie Poly model by letting λr → 0. The limit
  1 
3G 2
exists because 1 − tr(σ) approaches zero at a rate comparable to that of λr , while keeping
the ratio constant. i.e.,

tr(σ) = 3G + λr ∆, where ∆ = ∆(1, λr , λ2r , . . .). (6)

Here,    
0 0 0  T 0 0 0
⃗ q = 0 0
∇⃗ 0 and ⃗q
∇⃗ = 0 0 0
dw dw
0 0 dz 0 0 dz
∂w(z) dw
where ∂z = dz . Now,
  
  0 0 0 σrr 0 0
⃗ q σ = 0 0
∇⃗ 0  0 0 0 
dw
0 0 dz 0 0 σzz

 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 
0 0 σzz dw
dz

and
  
 T σrr 0 0 0 0 0
⃗
σ ∇⃗q =  0 0 0   0 0 0
dw
0 0 σzz 0 0 dz

 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 
0 0 σzz dw
dz

Taking into account the fact that the dependence on z is more significant than the dependence
on r  ∂ 
w ∂z σrr 0 0
⃗ = 0
⃗q · ∇σ 0 0  (7)
∂
0 0 w ∂z σzz
So clearly,
∂
 
   T −w ∂z σrr 0 0
⃗ q σ + σ ∇⃗
∇⃗ ⃗ =
⃗ q − ⃗q · ∇σ 0 0 0  (8)
dw ∂
0 0 2 σzz dz − w ∂z σzz

Now,  
σrr − G 0 0
σ − GI =  0 0 0  (9)
0 0 σzz − G
    1
⃗ q )σ − tr ⃗q · ∇σ
⃗


2 tr (∇⃗ = tr(σ) − 3G
λd
" 1 # " #
tr(σ) δ
  
2 3G 2
+ 1− tr(σ) + β (tr(σ) − 3G)
λr tr(σ) 3G
(10)

2
  δ
tr(σ)
Now λr → 0, implies tr(σ) = 3G and = 1. So, from equation (10) we get,
3G
"  1 #
dw d
2 3G 2
2σzz −w σzz + σrr = 0 + 1− 3G
dz dz λr tr(σ)
So "  1 #
dw 2 3G 2
2σzz = 1− 3G
dz λr tr(σ)
So, "  1 #
1 3G 2 σzz dw
1− = (11)
λr tr(σ) 3G dz
So from equations (5) and (11)
⃗ q )σ + σ(∇⃗ ⃗ σ = 1 (σ − GI) + 2 σzz dw [σ + β (σ − GI)]
⃗ q )T − ⃗q · ∇


(∇⃗ (12)
λd 3G dz
So, using equations (7), (8 ), and (9 ) in (5),we get
∂
   
−w ∂z σrr 0 0 σrr − G 0 0
 0 0 0 = 1  0 0 0 
dw ∂ λd
0 0 2 σzz dz − w ∂z σzz 0 0 σzz − G
 
(1 + β) σrr − βG 0 0
2 dw 
+ σzz 0 0 0 
3G dz
0 0 (1 + β) σzz − βG
(13)
Now from (13)

∂ 1 2 dw  
−w σrr = (σrr − G) + σzz (1 + β)σrr − βG (14)
∂z λd 3G dz
dw ∂ 1 2 dw  
2σzz − w σzz = (σzz − G) + σzz (1 + β)σzz − βG (15)
dz ∂z λd 3G dz
The equations (1 ),(2), (14 ),(15) are supplemented by the following boundary conditions:
A(z = 0) = A0
w(z = 0) = w0
σzz (0) + σrr (0) = 3G
w(z = L) = wL

2 Non-Dimensionalization
Let us make equations (1), (2), (14), (15) dimensionless by introducing the following nondimen-
sional variables:
ρ w2
z̄ = Lz , Ā = AA0 , w̄ = ww0 , σ̄zz = σGzz , σ̄rr = σGrr , ρ̄ = G 0 , De = w0Lλd .
The governing dimensionless equations, incorporating the non-dimensional variables, are given
by:
d
w̄Ā = 0
dz̄
d d  
ρ̄w̄Ā w̄ = Ā σ̄zz − Ā σ̄rr
dz̄ dz̄
d 1 2 dw̄   (16)
−w̄ σ̄rr = (σ̄rr − 1) + σ̄zz (1 + β)σ̄rr − β
dz̄ De 3 dz̄
dw̄ d 1 2 dw̄  
2σ̄zz − w̄ σ̄zz = (σ̄zz − 1) + σ̄zz (1 + β)σ̄zz − β
dz̄ dz̄ De 3 dz̄

3
Subject to the following boundary conditions:

Ā(z̄ = 0) = 1
w̄(z̄ = 0) = 1
σ̄zz (0) + σ̄rr (0) = 3
wL
w̄(z̄ = 1) = =α (say)
w0
Also , tr(σ̄) = 3

3 Governing equations in Dimensionless form

Now equation (16) can be written in the usual variables such as: The governing dimensionless
equations, incorporating the non-dimensional variables, are given by:
d
wA = 0 (17)
dz
d d
ρwA w= [ A σzz − A σrr ] (18)
dz dz
d 1 2 dw  
−w σrr = (σrr − 1) + σzz (1 + β)σrr − β (19)
dz De 3 dz
dw d 1 2 dw  
2σzz − w σzz = (σzz − 1) + σzz (1 + β)σzz − β (20)
dz dz De 3 dz
Subject to the following boundary conditions:

A(z = 0) = 1
w(z = 0) = 1
σzz (0) + σrr (0) = 3
w(z = 1) = α

And also
σzz + σrr = 3 (21)
Now, adding equations (19) and (20)

d  dw 1
−w σrr + σzz + 2σzz = (σrr + σzz − 2)
dz dz De
   
2 dw
+ σzz (1 + β) σrr + σzz − 2β
3 dz

Using (21)
dw 1 2 dw
2σzz = + σzz [3(1 + β) − 2β]
dz De 3 dz
i.e.,
 β + 3  dw 1
2σzz 1 − =
3 dz De
Finally,
dw 3
σzz =− (22)
dz 2De β
Now Integrating (17) with respect to z and using initial condition

Aw = 1 (23)

4
Define
T = σzz − σrr (24)
. So, from equation (18) using (23)
 
dw d T
ρ =
dz dz w

T
ρw = + C1
w
Here C1 is an arbitrary constant in integration. Let σzz (0) = k1 and σrr (0) = k2 .
So, T (z = 0) = k1 − k2 = k(say) So,
C1 = ρ − k
i.e.,
T
ρw = +ρ−k
w
Finally,
T = ρw2 + (k − ρ)w (25)
Equations (21) and (24) imply

T +3
σzz =
2 (26)
1 2 
= ρw + (k − ρ)w + 3
2
Using the above relation in (22) and getting
 dw 3
ρw2 + (k − ρ)w + 3

=−
dz De β
Integrating both sides
ρ w3 w2 3z
+ (k − ρ) + 3w + = C2
3 2 De β
Here C2 is an arbitrary constant in integration. Using w(z = 0) = 1

ρ (k − ρ)
C2 = + +3
3 2
k ρ
= − +3
2 6
So,
ρ w3 w2
 
3z k ρ
+ (k − ρ) + 3w + − + −3 =0
3 2 De β 2 6
ρ w3 w2
 
3z k ρ
+ (k − ρ) + 3w + − + −3 =0 (27)
3 2 De β 2 6
Using the boundary condition w(1) = α we have
h 3 2
i
2 ρα3 − ρα2 + 3α + 3
De β + ρ
6 −3
k=
1 − α2
Compared the equation (27) with the general form of the cubic equation

aw3 + 3bw2 + cw + d = 0

5
 Figure 1: For different values of β

ρ (k − ρ) 3z k ρ
a= , b= , c = 1, d= − + −3
3 6 De β 2 6
√ !1
−V + V 2 + 4H 3 3
H = ac − b2 , V = a2 d − 3abc + 2b3 , and p =
2
Using Cardano’s method, the solutions are given by:
 
1 H
w(z) = p− −b ,
a p
Hω 2
 
1
pω − −b ,
a p
 
1 2 Hω
pω − −b .
a p

where ω is the cubic root of unity. From equation (26)

ρ w2 (z) + (k − ρ) w(z) + 3
σzz =
2
Using (23) and (21)
1
A(z) =
w(z)
and
σrr (z) = 3 − σzz (z)