Energy Conversion

ESE 551

Lecture 7:
DC Machines

Prepared by:
Dr. Mostafa Gamal
 Prepared by: Dr. Mostafa Gamal

Outline Learning Outcomes

1 DC Machines Understand the theory of operation mode

inside any DC Machine

2 DC machines power flow
Differentiate between the two armature
3 Classifications of DC machines
windings of DC Machines

4 DC machines exercises
Analyse the DC Machine’s equivalent circuit

5 Summary of course and deduce the power flow out of it

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1 DC Machine
There exist some applications such as light bulbs and heaters, in which they require energy in
electric form to operate. Other applications such as fans and mills, energy is required in
mechanical form in order to operate.
So you can notice that two different types of energy are required: electrical and mechanical.
One form of energy can be obtained from the other, by the help of converters, which are
electric machines via electromechanical energy conversion.

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1 DC Machine (Cont.)
If the conversion is from mechanical to electrical, then the machine is said to be a generator.
If the conversion is from electrical to mechanical, then the machine is said to be a motor.
Hence the same electric machine could be used for both operations, in which it is called a DC
machine if the electric system used is dc.
In such machines, energy conversion from electrical to mechanical or vice versa is due to:
1) When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the conductor.
(Generator)
2) When a current passes through a conductor placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force. (Motor)

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1 DC Machine (Cont.)
Operation mode:
The field winding is placed on the stator, and the armature winding on the rotor.
A DC current is passed through the field winding to produce a magnetic flux in the machine.
An induced voltage will result at the armature winding.
Such an induced voltage is alternating (sinusoidal waveform)
A mechanical commutator (a device that ensures the flow of current to be a direct current)
with the help of brush assembly, both act as rectifiers or inverters, to achieve a
unidirectional armature terminal voltage as a final result.
In SMs, the stator is fed by the three phase AC supply, while the rotor is fed by DC voltage.

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1 DC Machine (Cont.)
Construction: winding on rotor side

Both drive the DC current

no. of poles on stator part

rotor part
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1 DC Machine (Cont.)
Types of armature winding:
Wave winding: it is called so because the coils are laid down in a wave pattern. The
commutator segments are connected by one end of a coil, and the other end by another coil.
Lap winding: all coils are added in series until the last coil joins the first one, thus, the coil laps
back onto itself. (i.e. continuous loop)

Wave Winding Lap Wound

For wave winding: 𝑎 = 2
For lap winding: 𝑎 = 𝑝
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1 DC Machine (Cont.)
+𝑣𝑒 if operating as a generator
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡 ∓ 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
−𝑣𝑒 if operating as a motor
armature voltage terminal/load armature resistance
induced voltage voltage 𝑣 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑣

𝑝 𝑧 no. of conductors 𝑝 𝑧
𝐾𝑒 = × 𝐾𝑇 = ×
𝑎 60 𝑎 2𝜋
synchronous
voltage constant frequency torque constant

𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑛 𝜑 𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑇 𝜔𝑟 𝜑
magnetic flux 2𝜋 𝑛
rotor speed rotor angular mechanical speed =
𝑊𝑏 60
𝑟𝑝𝑚
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2 DC Machine Power Flow
𝑃𝑔 or 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑚
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
gap/developed mechanical
Input power power power
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 Output power

Stator copper Rotational loss or

loss Mechanical loss

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝑎 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑎 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡

𝑇𝑑 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑎 𝜑
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎
developed torque 𝑁𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜔𝑟
𝜂=
𝑃𝑖𝑛 output torque 𝑁𝑚
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3 Classifications of DC Machine
Familiarize yourself with all 3 connections field current
[I] Separately excited: 𝑰𝒇

𝑰𝒂
𝑰𝒕

𝑬𝒂

The field (stator side) is excited by an external DC source (such as battery).

The same equations as explained before will apply for such a case in which:

𝑉𝑡 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑅𝐿
load resistance
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3 Classifications of DC Machines (Cont.)
[II] Series excited: series current
field current 𝐴
𝑰𝒔𝒓
𝑰𝒕 𝑰𝒂

𝑬𝒂

The machine is self-excited; in which the field is connected in series with the armature source

𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡 ∓ 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑟 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎
series/field resistance terminal/load current
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3 Classifications of DC Machines (Cont.)
[III] Shunt excited:
shunt current
field current 𝐴
𝑰𝒂 𝑰𝒔𝒉
𝑰𝒕

𝑬𝒂

The machine is self-excited; in which the field is connected in parallel with the armature source

𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡 ∓ 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 ≡ 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓 ∓ 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑓

shunt/field resistance
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4 DC Machine Exercises
Example 1:
A lap wound DC generator has a total number of 12 conductors, with 2 − 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒. The flux
passing through is 30 𝑚𝑊𝑏, and the angular mechanical speed is 188.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐 .
Find the induced voltage.

Sol.
Since the DC machine is of lap wound, therefore the turns ratio is equal to the number of
poles
𝑝 𝑧 12
𝐾𝑇 = × = = 1.91
𝑎 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑬𝒂 = 𝐾𝑇 𝜔𝑟 𝜑 = 1.91 × 188.5 × 30 × 10−3 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝒗

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4 DC Machine Exercises (Cont.)
Example 2:
A DC generator has an armature voltage of 125 𝑣, and armature resistance of 1.22 𝑜ℎ𝑚, and
delivers an armature current of 10.6 𝐴 to a load.
Find the load voltage.
Sol.
Since the DC machine is operating as a generator
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑽𝒍 ≡ 𝑽𝒕 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 125 − 10.6 × 1.22 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟕 𝒗
Example 3:
For the same machine, if it runs as a motor.
Find the new load voltage.
Sol.
Since the DC machine is now operating as a motor
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑽𝒍 ≡ 𝑽𝒕 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 125 + 10.6 × 1.22 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑 𝒗
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4 DC Machine Exercises (Cont.)
Example 4:
For the DC motor in the previous example, if it runs at 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚, with rotational loss of
100 𝑊.
Find: a) The input and output power
b) The developed and output torque

Sol. c) The total efficiency

a)
𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝑎 = 137.93 × 10.6 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟎𝟔 𝑾
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 = 10.6 2 1.22 = 137.08 𝑊
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑎 − 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 𝑾
b)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1224.98
𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕 = = = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝑵𝒎
𝜔𝑟 2𝜋 × 1800
60
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4 DC Machine Exercises (Cont.)
Find: b) The developed and output torque
c) The total efficiency
Sol.
b)
𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 = 125 × 10.6 = 1325 𝑊
𝑃𝑑 1325
𝑻𝒅 = = = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟑 𝑵𝒎
𝜔𝑟 2𝜋 × 1800
60
c)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1224.98
𝜼= = = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟕𝟖%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 1462.06

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4 DC Machine Exercises (Cont.)
Example 5:
A 250 𝑣, 12 𝑘𝑊, 1200 𝑟𝑝𝑚 DC shunt motor has an armature and field resistances of
0.1 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and 125 𝑜ℎ𝑚 respectively. If the mechanical loss is equal to 500 𝑊.
Find: a) The induced electromotive force
b) The input line current

Sol. c) The developed torque and total efficiency

a)
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 250 − 0.1𝐼𝑎 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 12500 𝑊
𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 → 12500 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
By substituting 1 in 2
12500 = 250 − 0.1𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎
12500 = 250 𝐼𝑎 − 0.1 𝐼𝑎 2
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4 DC Machine Exercises (Cont.)
Find: a) The induced electromotive force
Sol. b) The input line current
a)
2 −𝑏∓ 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝑎 − 2500 𝐼𝑎 + 125000 = 0 by using
2𝑎
𝐼𝑎 ≅ 51 𝐴
∴ 𝑬𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟏 𝒗
b)
Since being of shunt connection
𝑉𝑓
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑓 = 51 −
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑡
𝑰𝒕 = 51 − = 𝟒𝟗 𝑨
𝑅𝑓
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4 DC Machine Exercises (Cont.)
Find: c) The developed torque and total efficiency

Sol.
c)
𝑃𝑑 12500
𝑻𝒅 = = = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝑵𝒎
𝜔𝑟 2𝜋 × 1200
60
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑎 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 12000 + 0.1 51 2
+ 500 = 12760.1 𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜼= = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟒%
𝑃𝑖𝑛

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Learning Outcomes (Recap)

Understand the theory of operation mode inside any DC Machine

Differentiate between the two armature windings of DC Machines
Analyse the DC Machine’s equivalent circuit and deduce the power flow out of it

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5 Summary of Course
• The course was kicked off by a deep discussion upon magnetism, and ferromagnetic materials
that support magnetic flux

• Different practical machines were introduced:

single-phase 3-phase 3-phase single-phase
Transformer Induction Machine Synchronous Machine DC Machine

• For each machine, detailed analysis for: the equivalent circuit, the power flow, and
consequently the efficiency were explained

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Learning Outcomes of the Whole Course (Recap)

Understand both Direct Current and Alternating Current machines including

Synchronous & DC Machines and Induction Motors

Experiment the basic Electromechanical Energy Conversion devices

Analyze the equivalent circuit and power flow for each of the proposed machines

As a conclusion, hope these LOs are successfully achieved

Hope you’ve gained new skills in such a course

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End of Course