Mechanical Metallurgy

(ME23005)

Unit II
Mechanical Properties of Material
Hot and Cold working

1
 HOT and COLD WORKING

COLD WORKING
 Plastic deformation which is carried out in a temperature region and over a time
interval such that the strain hardening is not relieved is called cold working.
 Cold working refers to the process where metals are defromed below their
recrystallizatıon tempereture.

Some Cold Working Processes:

 Cold rolling
 Cold forging
 Cold extrusion
 Bending
 Drawing
 Shearing
Reason for Cold Working:
Provides better surface finish and dimensional precision.

Cold Rolling : Rolling is a process of reduction of the cross-sectional area

or shaping a metal piece through the deformation caused by a pair of
rotating in opposite directions metal rolls.
Cold forging : Forging is a compressive metal forming process, involving shaping a
metal piece by hammer, press etc.

Cold Forging Parts

Cold extrusion :Cold extrusion of metals is one of the most important manufacturing
processes today and effectively involves forcing the material through the die at room
temperature to create a continuous product of consistent cross-section

Cold extrusion Parts

Cold Drawing: Drawing is a metal forming process involving pulling a workpiece
(cold or hot) through a die providing reduction of the cross section of the
workpiece.

Wire Drawing Deep Drawing

Tube Drawing
Cold Shearing: Shearing is a process of cutting of sheet metal by subjecting it to
shear stressess, usually between punch and die.
The advantages of cold working are

 A better surface finish may be achieved.

 Dimensional accuracy can be excellent because the work is not hot so it

doesn't shrink on cooling, also the low temperatures mean the tools such
as dies and rollers can last a long time without wearing out.

 Usually there is no problem with oxidative effects such as scale

formation.
 In fact, cold rolling (for example) can make such scale come off the
surface of a previously hot-worked object.

 Controlled amounts of cold work may be introduced.

Effect of cold working on
Mechanical Properties

Effect of cold working on tensile strength, hardness, ductility and grain size.
 HOT WORKING
 Hot working refers to the process where metals are defromed above their
recrystallizatıon tempereture and strain hardening does not occur.
 Hot working process metals are plastically deformed above
their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallization
temperature allows the material to recrystallize during deformation.

Hot ingots
Reason for Hot Working:

At elevated temperatures, metals weaken and become more ductile.

Some Hot Working Processes:

 Rolling
 Forging
 Extrusion
 Hot drawing
 Piercing/Blanking

Hot Rolling
Piercing: Piercing is a shearing process in which raw metal is pierced with a
machining tool, resulting in the creation of a circular or other shaped hole.
Blanking is often confused with piercing because both processes involve cutting
holes into raw metal. However, they aren’t necessarily the same. With
blanking, the metal from the hole is saved and used rather than discarded.

In other words, manufacturing companies perform blanking to create small

pieces of metal, whereas manufacturing companies perform piercing to
create metal objects with a single hole.
The advantages of hot working are

 Lower working forces to produce a given shape, which means the

machines involved don't have to be as strong, which means they can be
built more cheaply.

 The possibility of producing a very dramatic shape change in a single

working step, without causing large amounts of internal stress, cracks or
cold working.

 Sometimes hot working can be combined with a casting process so that

metal is cast and then immediately hot worked.
 This saves money because we don't have to pay for the energy to reheat
the metal.
The main problems:

 If the recrystallisation temperature of the worked metal is high

e.g. if we are talking about steel, specialised methods are needed to
protect the machines that work the metal.

 The working processes are also dangerous to human operators and

very unpleasant to work near.

 The surface finish of hot worked steel poor because:

• the dies or rollers wear quite rapidly.
• there is a lot of dimensional change as the worked object
cools.
• there is the constant annoying problem of scale
formation/oxidation on the surface of the hot steel.
 Difference between Hot and Cold working
HOT WORKING
 Above recrystallization temperature.
 Formation of new crystals.
 Refinement of grains takes place.
 Rapid oxidation or Scaling on surface,
hence, Surface finish is poor.
 No residual stresses.
 Less force is required.
COLD WORKING
 Below recrystallization
temperature.
 No Formation of crystals.
 Grain structure is distorted
 No oxidation hence, Surface
finish is good.
 Formation of residual stresses.
 More force is required.
Reading:

Core Problems:

Thank
Self-help Problems:
You

16