Chapter 1

Introduction to Electric Traction AC

Drive System
Dr. Xinglai Ge
Email: xlgee@163.com
Train Control & Traction Drive Lab,
Southwest Jiaotong University
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems Outline

 History and Development of AC Drive System

 The Structure Configurations of AC Traction Drive System
 The Characteristics创新、自主研发
of AC Drive Compared with DC Drive
 Key Technologies of AC Traction Drive
 The Development Tendency of AC Traction Drive and
Control System in the Future
 Contents of the Course

6
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems History and Development of AC Traction Drive System

th
 Electric Drive technology was born in 19 century, which
is widely used in industry, agriculture, transport and daily
th
life in 20 century.
 If the electric actuating mechanism is driven by DC motor,
we call it DC drive system. If the actuating mechanism is
driven by AC motor, we call it AC drive system.
 According to the requirement of load objects, electric
drive can be classified as Constant Speed system and
Variable Speed system.

7
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems History and Development of AC Traction Drive System

In 1930’s, people has known that the frequency

conversion adjusting speed technology for AC
motor is a very perfect electric drive technique.
Question:
Why is not the electric AC drive system widely
used in the industry application?

8
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems History and Development of AC Traction Drive System

 In 1960’s, with the development of power electronics

technology and the success of frequency conversion
speeder, AC drive system was concerned and interested
increasingly again, and became a hot field research of
electric drive system.

 In the middle of 1970’s, energy saving has been hot

issues for humans with the advent of energy crisis across
the world.

9
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems History and Development of AC Traction Drive System

 Since 1990’s, with the rapid development of high power

semiconductor devices and micro electronics technology,
and the application of modern control theory and
technology, people have made breakthroughs in AC motor
drive system for adjusting speed.

 Nowadays, As an excellent drive and control technology,

AC motor drive system has been widely used in the
industry and railway traction system applications.

10
 The Structure Configurations of Traction Drive System

Power source
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

Single-phase
25kV/50Hz catenary

Converter B Transformer Converter A

How to drive locomotive?
Motor Motor Motor Motor

P=F×V Mechanical energy

Electric traction drive system is adopted for the

conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.
11
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems The Structure Configurations of DC Traction Drive System

Traction Converter

25000V

exciting winding
Filter
Phase reactor
controlled DC Motor
Rectifier
Transformer Gear box

Wheel
AC-DC traction system for DC motor drive

12
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems DC Traction Drive Locomotives in China

SS3 6K 8K

SS8 SS7 SS9

13
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems The Structure Configurations of AC Traction Drive System

Traction Converter
Power line
25000V

Pulse Inverter AC
Rectifier Capacitor
motor

Transformer Gear box

Wheel
AC-DC-AC traction system for AC motor drive

14
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems High-speed AC Traction Drive EMUs in China

CRH1 high-speed Electric Multiple Units The maximum operation

speed: 250km/h

15
 High-speed AC Traction Drive EMUs in China
The maximum operation
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

CRH2 high-speed Electric Multiple Units speed: 350km/h

16
 High-speed AC Traction Drive EMUs in China
The maximum operation
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

CRH3 high-speed Electric Multiple Units speed: 350km/h

17
 High-speed AC Traction Drive EMUs in China
The maximum operation
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

CRH5 high-speed Electric Multiple Units speed: 250km/h

18
 High-power AC Traction Drive freight locomotives in China

The maximum operation

HXD1 high-power 6-axis locomotive
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

speed: 120km/h
Power: 9600kW

19
 High-power AC Traction Drive freight locomotives in China
The maximum operation
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

HXD2 high-power 6-axis locomotive speed: 120km/h

Power: 10000kW

20
 High-power AC Traction Drive freight locomotives in China
The maximum operation
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

HXD3 high-power 6-axis locomotive speed: 120km/h

Power: 7200kW

21
 The Characteristics of AC Drive Compared with
DC Drive
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

Advantages:
1. Better traction performance: better speed adjustment
features, larger starting torque;
2. High power factor and lower harmonics pollutions;
3. Larger output power, smaller size and weight of AC motor;
4. Better dynamic performance and higher adhesion
availability.

Disadvantages:
1. More complicated drive system structure；
2. More sophisticated control system.

22
 Nine Key Technologies of High-speed Railway Train
Network control
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

Integration Body Shell

★There are four

technologies for
Traction system

Traction Control Transformer Converter Motor

Brake System
Bogie
Traction System
23
 The Energy Flow of Traction Drive System
Power Grid

High voltage
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

Devices

Rectifier controller
Main Breaker
Pantograph
Transformer

Rectifier

Vehicle controller
Converter
Transformer
DC-link

Inverter-motor controller
Converter Inverter

Traction Drive
Motor
Motor Gear box

Wheels

Rail
24
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems The Topology of AC Traction System Units for CRH1 EMU

25
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems The Topology of AC Traction System Units for CRH2 EMU

26
 The Topology of AC Traction System Units for CRH3
EMU
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

25kV
50Hz

iN1 i1
uab1
i2
L2
M
Cd Ud
C2 3~
iN2
uab2

Transformer Two AC-DC Converters DC-Link DC-AC Inverter Traction Motor

27
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems The Topology of AC Traction System Units for CRH5 EMU

28
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems The Key Technologies of AC Traction Drives

Traction
Four Inverter-Motor
Quadrant Drive
Pulse Rectifier
1.The
1.Tractive
devices
characteristics
selection andcurve,
parameters
capacity,
design
parameters
for the main
calculation
circuit;
and The
2. design;
control theory and scheme design;
3.The
2. Field-
pulse
oriented
widthcontrol
modulation
(FOC)(PWM)
of traction
technologies;
motor;
4.The harmonics
3. Direct analysis
torque control and suppression
(DTC) methods of the line
of traction motor;
current;
4.PWM schemes( asynchronous modulation, synchronous
5.DC-link
modulation andcapacitors
hybrid voltage balancing
modulation) schemesinverters;
for traction for three-level
pulse rectifiers;
5.Flux observer method for FOC and DTC methods;
6.DC-link capacitors lightweight design technologies;
6.DC-link capacitors voltage balancing schemes for three-level
7.The control and compensation schemes of pulse rectifiers fed with
traction
the inverters
fluctuating main voltage;
The structure of AC-DC-AC Traction Drive system
8.Fault diagnosis methods for pulse rectifiers

29
 The Development Tendency of AC Traction Drives and
Control Systems in the Future
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

1. Transformerless Control Technique

CRH2 Transformer

Transformerless AC-DC-AC
Traction Drive system
30
 The Development Tendency of AC Traction Drives and
Control Systems in the Future
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

2. Speed Sensorless Control Technology

Advantages:
1.Improving the reliability of traction drive system;
2.Reducing the size of traction motor (20%~30%) ;
3.Saving Manufacturing cost and maintenance cost;

In 1998, Simens “Combino” streetcar Guangzhou Metro line 3 in china

31
 The Development Tendency of AC Traction Drives and
Control Systems in the Future
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems

2. PMSM Gearless Direct Drive Technology

R117 Traction Permanent Magnet

Gear drive system Synchronous Motor (PMSM) in Japan

PMSM Gearless Drive system, Simens

Failure rate in gear drive system is higher than gearless direct drive system
32
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems
The Contents of the Course

 1.
4. Introduction
6.Direct
3.
2.
5. The Torqueto
1.Introduction
FieldOperatingto
Fundamental
Oriented ACof
Control
AC Electric
Principle
Control and
VariableTraction
ofofInduction
Electric Traction
Control
Voltage
Induction Drives
Traction
Drives
Design
Modulation system;
Motor
system
Variable
Traction of
Scheme
Four
Motor
(1)
(1) Quadrant
of Frequency
Three-phase
Frequency
 2. The Basic
History PWM
(VVVF)
(VVVF)
Concepts
and for
andRectifiers
Inverters
DevelopmentInduction
for ;Traction
Induction
Principle
of ACof Motor
Motor;
Direct Torque
Drive Control;
System;
(2)
(1)
 3. Design
The of DirectPrinciple
The Operating
(1)The Operating
Operating
Equivalent Torque
Principle
Circuit Controller;
Analysis
andof
Analysis
Principle
of of Two-level
Two-level
Control
Induction Motor; Single-phase
Three-phase
Design of Four
(1) The Basic Concepts and Principle of Field Oriented Control;
Four
PWM
(3)
(2) Quadrant
TheInverter;
Stator PWM
Flux Observer
Structure
Electromagnetic Inverter;
Design of Induction
Configurations
Torque TractionDrive
of AC Traction
Characteristics; Motor.
Quadrant PWM Rectifiers
(2) Rotor Flux Observer Design ; Induction
of Traction Motor;
(2)
(2) The
The Operating
System; Operating Principle
Principle Analysis
Analysis of
of Three-level
Three-level Single-
Three-
(3)
(3) Constant
Design Flux Control
ofQuadrant
Rotor Field Design;
Oriented Controller;
 4. The
phase
phase Operating
Four
PWM Inverter;Principle
PWM and
Inverter; Modulation Scheme of
(3) Constant
(4) The Characteristics
Power Controlof Design
AC Traction Drive System
with Weakening Flux;
(4)
(3)
(3) Design
Control
Design
Three-phaseof Stator
Concept
Rules of
PWM Field
and Oriented
Objects
Sinusoidal
Inverters of
PulseController;
Single-phase
; Width Four
Modulation;
Compared
(5) Scalar with
Control DC Traction
of AC Drive;
Quadrant
(5) ConceptPWM
(4) Parameters of Induction
Inverter;
andDesign
Principle Field Motor;
Oriented
of Space VectorController.
Pulse Width
 5.
(4)
(4)Field Oriented
The Key
Dual-loop
Modulation; Control
Technologies
Controller ofof
Design ofInduction
AC Traction
Traction Drives;
Single-phase Motor;
Four Quadrant
PWM TheInverter;
(5) Design
Development
Rules of SpaceTendency
Vector of AC
Pulse Traction
Width Drives
Modulation
 6.Direct Torque Control of Induction Traction Motor.
(5)
and Neutral-point VoltageinBalance
Control Systems
Scheme; Future;Scheme of Three-level Single-
phase PWM Inverter;

33
 34
Electric Railway Traction AC Drive Systems