!"# Pythium $ %&!'
Application of Microorganisms for Controlling Pythium
Root Rot in Hydroponics

$$ 1 ()*+$ ,    !"# Pythium $

%&!', %-
$$ 2  # %$  ./&0#34/5 0#
3   !"# Pythium $ %&!'+ NFT

 .&7( 78 

* 2548
  PDG 4720007

   

   

 !"# Pythium $ %&!'
Application of Microorganisms for Controlling Pythium
Root Rot in Hydroponics
$$ 1 ()*+$ ,    !"# Pythium $
%&!', %-
$$ 2  # %$  ./&0#34/5 0#
3   !"# Pythium $ %&!'+ NFT

3 
.&7( 78 
 < &$ # 7$ 

  (4&!

  ,#    ( .)
(7?"%-0#3  . ' ,%-4#7? #'%)
  %# ,7 3 7

 ! " #$% &!'!()*+

,$-(!(&!'& !.)  &/1'( $ 3!'(5  6 
8  -119':$+ 6;*(-('!'-(/!(6  "&$#)6'-(
-(&!.)-(-(-; -. (Food safety) #$-(> $&;
$ 3  ")6-() & $-6;*(-(; ) $?*('>-(
&!''(5 - ! '-(&- ;- -.!@ ' ISO, GMP,
HACCP  "' 8*( ! "  );*(-('>(6
   )6- E! $-/! (+ $ 3 6 40  
+ 6 200  E(,$'( ;)-(9!@ +EE6- 
'>(6#6 #$)6$*+ 8*($ "&'-$'>-(!)
@'-( ;(*+ -(9' ; E) $;*(-( $+)- ;
-()) !+- Pythium -($ !+ $-;
#;(6 (+ ;!  JK--(+-;')(!( $$
/'-; $ E;#$ " -(696 #$--;!)6;6
6!/' '!  L-(E)9)6$'-('> (66 6!/
'! -( 6;  "& !.) ) $. Pesticides ;-
-5 )6#6$(&$ '-&!.) ;5 $ 3$-';E (+
*('-( E3*@))6 #$;6!/);;$ +(#(-( $! /!.#$)6
-.'-&!.) 6!/;*(  " 9)-6!/ (6. (Biological control)  
! 1 Q! @1 ;-! 1  " $1)6)+-;' 8*( ! 1)6)
)3*@6 ! #'$ ! (3*@
)-(- -(9')6 "  6  ! 1)6)))$
!+ )6 "  ( -( !:-(! 1!'$-6!
E ;#()-)-( (Colonization) -6  6&!'.:R1 
- - (' ?%-)6)) ! #'( -
#66&!'.:R1(6+ $ $! /!.)6)) $ !
6;- ;'& 6*(E!)(6! -( ! 1)6)
) !+- Pythium $ ! #()(-- " 2 $$

i
)- $$ 1  "3*@#$E6)) !+- Pythium $ 
! E " ) 8*( " )(E-( -?*()6 " ;E)-()(6
#$)($$ 2  " - $! /!.-(6&!'.:R1)6)))
-(& !+- Pythium $ !# NFT - " -E 
'-&#;#& 6-(  &E!( (+ -()(6'? $()1;
' 6(6 #$( $9-5 E)6(+

1. 0# %44<%$ 0#

6'? $()1-()( -

1. - -  "  -())
$ ! #(-()6 $;*(-( ! -(
#( -'!)#$+-;'-()
2. -;+-;'))
/1 #( -E3*@
-(
3. -  $! /!.-()6)
66!/ (Biological control agent) 
)6)))$ Nutrient
film technique (NFT)
+- Pythium spp. ()( " ;E)
+-(6?'6 6  $ 
#$- ";'; E ;!);-
 " ! E;-#(  "& E;
 ")' ;-!'!'( $:
40-60%
E#6 Pythium sp.  " ;'
)-(&/1'( $ 3 
$ NFT )- Pythium myriotylum 
/1#(  -(+)- -8 RD8
6&!'.:R1 Trichoderma harzianum #$
Bacillus subtilis  $! /!.+(
!-(+-;'. in vitro 
)6 $: 105-106 cfu/ml ?
+(!-(+-;'6 80%
-(9'E )6))$
NFT #66-6)6-()
,$: !)-(#(  +

ii
2. 0# %44<%$ 0# <)%$?#!@  

2.1 +- Pythium spp.  "+- ?'6 6 $ ! 
?'6 $   EE6 #$ 6-('6-( E'6+-
'-$$6 4 - E 9'6-(
2.2 +- Pythium spp. ()( " ;E)-( ! -( !:+-
(6&'('-&&!'  E; ")' ;-!'!'( 8*(&
3*@)+(+6 !:+- !*+ 6$ '! $: 10   $ E ;
+E;,'-' $: 40-60%
2.3 E#6+- Pythium spp. 6; $ NFT & "
))- P. myriotylum #$ -)6? E;!)96  " ;'
-()(6 @:$E(-( P. myriotylum ( E3*@)+(+ #'
)6$ "6 facultative parasite ;'&(6*( E;+-!+?'6
+(' '! #$'  "))66 #$!)-!*+'-6
-9' +-(6.#6- ;$;--3)6--#-
2.4 !:+- Pythium spp. '6  ") )-()6/1
!:-+ '6$/'-; *(!@>6 !)& 
$ NFT E  " )$! !:-+ ;' -#6 -6' '!
!E6*+6;'9'% "$$-) +*(#$
 ($/'-; (+ 6)$;)6E)'-)6)
!:+-;';-$ -;!) '-;.#6-'(5
!;-+--E6'-!) 8*(! 1  " $1)6)-+ ;'9 "6!/
;*( ?$ E
2.5 6&!'.:R1 T. harzianum #$ B. subtilis )6)+- P. myriotylum
6 $! /!. - E  -(. in vitro 6 )6 $: 105-106
cfu/ml ?+(!'!'-(-(-+ (66 80% #' -(
.# (  -)6))-(&$ NFT 6 )6 "  -
$;*(  + -6)6;: !) #( (+  ( Q!'!
)6&!'.:R1(6-( L-(;-)6) !:+-;'$ - $
--()

iii
 2.6 -E $;*(-(6&!'.:R1  -(')6))
$ !9)- -'6#$ #-(&!'.:R1-(6 &!'.:R1
T. harzianum (&!'.:R1 ;)6 (! - " -''- 8*( "&
(/1-)6#( (aggressive strain)  ")6)66!/ (biological
control agent) 8*(;E )6)+-;' -!9$ " &#'$ 
! ,$-(!($ NFT ;- DFT 8*(-. -  (bare root)
)6#(-(/1(6- "-''- -+6& -#'$&!'.:R1
--;!)6$))-('- 8*(3*@)+(+6 $)6
 108 cfu/l -($/'-; -;!&#-(
2.7 ! 1!6:' (rhizobacteria) #$ ! - "
! 1-;*( 3.% ")6)66!/$ !+
-( E  -#66  $! /!.(+ !'!'-(-(-+
P. myriotylum ;')& #''(6&!'.:R1  -(' #$
 -.# ( 96 ;&?*(+ )6#''( (?!'!  -
 E  +- (healthy control)

3. 3+& 

$;6(E!(-()( E&#(6! (#6(6(+)-

3.1 ;3 );1. 2548. E6 !:+- Pythium spp. -(&
$ !. 6 )-  6!@'
$E ` 2548 $;6(6 24 - 25 ) 2548. : ;-( $6'!
):$@'3'1 ;6! -# ):$@'3'1 ;6! 
-#. ; 123.
3.2 ;3 );1 #$-! /!   !. 2548. $! /!.-(&!'.:R1
)6))66!/ )6))-(& !+- Pythium 
$ !. E; $#$ )-   $6!
6#;('! )+( 5 $;6(6 26-29 @ 2548 : (#6) 
-    -.($( . ):$ ) @'
? )$-): ;$(. ; 174.

iv
 3.3 ;3 );1 #$-! /!   !. 2548. $! /!.-(&!'.:R1
)6))66!/ #$! 1!6:' # 
$ ! +(!'!'-(+- Pythium
myriotylum. E; $#$ )-   $6!6#;('!
)+( 5 $;6  (6  26-29 @ 2548 : (#6)  -  
  -.($( . ):$ )@' ? )$
-): ;$(. ; 174.
-+(&#-'(;#& 6-(& (- 
!  " $E ):$ )@' ? )$-): ;
$(

4. +, 4#'%#4

- 6#6('--#$E!6!'- -)' -(

-(! 1)6)) !+- Pythium $ ! )6
$ " $9('- +
4.1 3*@#$% rhizobacteria ;- indigenous microorganisms $ 
! ")6))66!/ (biological control agent) -)6))
$ !+ ",$ -(! 1( 6$)6 '6
#$-- )-)-( (colonization) #(! 1;') #$/;-
!'!'-(
4.2 ;$3*@?*( applications ;$6&!'.:R1 -# 6 -('
-$ NFT $3*@-(-( bio-filter # ! 1--k /!w(6
 $'( #$;'-(E '(9)6 E3*@$#6 
8*( $ 3 9(3*@)-(-

v
 #

3*@)+(+ $- 6 2 )( )($$ 1  " E6))

 !+- Pythium $ ! E ") 8*( ")(E-(
#$)($$ 2  "  - $! /!.-(6&!'.:R1 )6))
-(& !+- Pythium $ !# NFT E!()(
$$ 1  E E6#$9'6-($ # Nutrient film technique (NFT) 
&/1'( $ 3!'(5  ") #$$ Deep flow technique (DFT) E
 )*, E6 +(!+ 6 $   4 {1 '+(- !6:'( ;) #$
!:R 6(-k@.) - !(;) 2547 '6-( '6 !:-+ #
'6-(' :1#9(#( ' #(--()) #$$/'-;
 &3*@6+- Pythium spp. ?'6  '6-( {1'-6(
$$6 4 - EE6 !:+-(+ 1) $ NFT .(- |
 !:-+ ' :1#9(#( '  " ) #$$/'-;  !:
,-6( 1.8-2.0 log cfu/g, 2.4-2.8 log cfu/g #$ 0.7-1.3 log cfu/100 ml, 'E
2) $ NFT .(#( !:+-,-6( 1.8-2.7 log cfu/g, 3.0-
3.8 log cfu/g #$ 0.6-0.9 log cfu/100 ml, 'E #$ 3) $ DFT .
(#($), $: 2.1 log cfu/g, 2.7 log cfu/g #$ 1.0 log cfu/100 ml, 'E
!:+-(6&'('-&&!' !:+- '6 #(--()$
6 '!- #$ "& E ;(6!'!' ( $: 40-60%
#$; !:+-!*+?*(+6!k'! 9$ E ; ")' E#6+-
Pythium spp. 6; #$ NFT  & ") # P. myriotylum
#$-E-+ (6 -)6? E;!)96 " ;'-()
&/1'( $ 3-(#( &3*@6++;;96 Pythium spp.  "+-
'6 6 $ ! #$()( " ;E)-( $+
E!()($$ 2  E - $! /!.-(6&!'.:R1 Trichoderma
harzianum #$ Bacillus subtilis (!  -(' ?*( $! /!.)6))
-(& !+- P. myriotylum 6 &!'.:R1(6 )6 105-106
cfu/ml  $! /!.(+ !'!'-(+-;'6 80% . in vitro
-(9'-E-&!'.:R1(6 -$ # NFT 6#6 $
)6))(6 ,$: .!) #( + ( $

vi
/'-;-' $: 108 cfu/l -($/'-; -+( -E( $
'-()E*(?*()-  ##$)6 ,$-(!(&!'.:R1  T. harzianum
(&!'.:R1 ;-')6 (! - " -''- - +(6&
-#'$&!'.:R1 9--;!)6$))-(# )($$ 2 +
( E3*@?*(3.-(! 1!6:' (rhizobacteria) )6))
-(& ! P. myriotylum 66 8*(&3*@. in vitro 6  $! /!.
+(!'!'-(+-;'  6&!'.:R1  -('#$
 -$ NFT 96?6)6-()(6 ?*(*+
)6#''( (?!'! ' '!  E +- (healthy control) &3*@ (+ ;
6+#(;;966&!'.:R1)6))-(&$ NFT ?
$ E$;*( #'-E( $ '-( E 3*@))6'- #$+;;96
! 1!6:'9 "! 1-;*( 3.% ")6)
66!/-)6))$ !

vii
  8
7
  -E;&!; i
 )- vi
 viii
. ix
'( x
'(&6 xii
 E 1
6'? $()1-()( 4
'6- 5
)($$ 1 3*@#$E6)) !+- Pythium
$ ! E ") 10
- :1#$6!/ -( 10
&#$6!:1& -( 11
)($$ 2  - $! /!.-(6&!'.:R1)6))
-(& !+- Pythium $ !# NFT 28
- :1#$6!/ -( 28
&#$6!:1& -( 36
 &3*@#$--#$ 53
--(-!( 55
.)&6  : '(&6 58
.)&6  : -&(6! '!1&##6 70

viii
  8/&
/& 7
1 #$-(+- Pythium spp. )- #$$/'-;
( NFT (- -3-({1-#;(;*('( ;) 19
2 #$-(-+ Pythium spp. -)#$$/'
-; ( NFT (-'#$(- -3 6(-
k@.) –!(;) 2547 -({1-#;(;*('( ;) 20
3 #$-(+- Pythium spp. -)#$$/'
-; ( NFT .(- | 6(-k@.) – !(;)
2547 -({1-#;(;*('(;6--( ;) 21
4 & E  +-6+- P. myriotylum RD8 25
5 @:$ oospore -(+- P. myriotylum 25
6 $ !# NFT  -( 29
7  -( crop 1 (') – k3! 2547) 31
8  -( crop 2 (k3! – /6) 2547) 33
9  -( crop 3 (./1 – ) 2548) 35
10 +E;#;(-(-(+- P. myriotylum -; NS-broth 6&
-(6&!'.:R1#'$! $)6'(5 36
11 )6#(-(!)&)- -) #$''-1€ E  '
66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum #$ B. subtilis  #'(5 (crop 1 : '.).- .. 47) 38
12 )6#(-(!)&-) )-- #${!8 E  '
66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum #$ B. subtilis  #'(5 (crop 2 : ..- /.). 47) 43
13 )6#(-(!)&-) -) #$''-1€ E
 '66&!'.:R1 #$ rhizobacteria (-8 (crop 3 : ..- .). 48) 49

ix
  84
4 7
1 !:+- Pythium spp. '6)- ( NFT (-
-3-({1-#;(;*('( ;) 12
2 !:+- Pythium '6-) ( NFT (- 
-3 -({1-#;(;*('( ;) 13
3 !:-+ Pythium '6-) ( NFT (-'
-({1-#;(;*('( ;) 14
4 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT .
(- |-({1-#;(;*('(;6--( ;) 15
5 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT .
(- |-({1-#;(;*('( ;) 16
6 !:+- Pythium '6)*, ? DFT .(-
 | -({1-#;((;6--( ;) 17
7  ),-( !:+- Pythium spp. '6-(& 
$ !+E;  23
8 &E#+-('-(+- Pythium spp. (-8 #$
! E ") 26
9 +E;-(&)- #'$6!/ E  '66&!'.:R1(!
(crop 1 : '.). – .. 47) 39
10 +E;-(&-) #'$6!/ E '66&!'.:R1(!
(crop 1 : '.). – .. 47) 40
11 +E;-(&''-1€ #'$6!/ E  '66&!'.:R1
(! (crop 1 : '.). – .. 47) 41
12 +E;-(&-) #'$6!/ E  '66&!'.:R1
(! ( $/'-; (crop 2 : .. – /.). 47) 45
13 +E;-(&)-- #'$6!/ E  '66&!'.:R1
(!($/'-; (crop 2 : .. – /.). 47) 45
14 +E;-(&{!8 #'$6!/ E '66&!'.:R1(
! ( $/'-; (crop 2 : .. – /.). 47) 46

x
  84 (4#)
4 7
15 +E;-(&-) #'$6!/ E  '66&!'.:R1
T. harzianum, B. subtilis ;- rhizobacteria ($/'-; (crop 3 :
.. – .). 48) 50
16 +E;-(&-) #'$6!/ E '66&!'.:R1
T. harzianum, B. subtilis ;- rhizobacteria ($/'-; (crop 3 :
.. – .). 48) 51
17 +E;-(&''-1€ #'$6!/ E  '66&!'.:R1
T. harzianum, B. subtilis ;- rhizobacteria ($/'-; (crop 3 :
.. – .). 48) 51

xi
  843
43 7
1 -#$ --({1- ;)6-)$;1 9'6-( 58
2 !:-+ Pythium spp. '6)- ( NFT 
(- -3-({1-#;(;*('( ;) ()-
 take log) 58
3 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT
(-'#$(- -3 -({1-#;(;*(
'( ;) ()- take log) 59
4 !:+- Pythium '6-) ( NFT 
(-'-({1-#;(;*('( ;) ()-
 take log) 60
5 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT 
.(- |-({1-#;(;*('(;6--
( ;) ()- take log) 61
6 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT
.(- | -({1-#;(;*('( ;)
()- take log) 62
7 !:+- Pythium '6)*, ? DFT .
(- | -({1-#;(;*((;6--( ;)
()- take log) 63
8 +E;-()- ( NFT (- -3-(
{1-#;(;*('( ;) #$ -189'16'($;6(
' '!'  ") 64
9 +E;-(-) ( NFT (-' #$
(- -3-({1-#;(;*(( ;) #$ -189'1
6'($;6(' '!'  " ) 65
10 +E;-(-) ( NFT (-'-({1
-#;(;*(( ;) #$ -189'16'($;6('
'!'  ") 65

xii
  843 (4#)
43 7
11 +E;-(-) ( NFT .(- |-(
{1-#;(;*('(;6--( ;) #$ -189'1
6'($;6(' '!'  " ) 66
12 +E;-(-) ( NFT .(- |-({1
-#;(;*('( ;) #$ -189'16'($;6(
' '!'  ") 67
13 +E;-()*, ? DFT .(- |-({1
-#;(;*((;6--( ;) #$ -189'16
'($;6(' '!'  ") 68
14 -6&!'.:R1 (Biological control products)  -( 69

xiii
 ,
 ! " #$% &!'!()*+
+(+-(3*@6! #$? - )-('--(?3*@'(5
6-( -+$#)6'-(-(&!.)-(-(-; -. (Food safety) 9
6E)-(!( &;!'6-(/! !-('--( 
6-()6 -.-(-; (,$6&&!' $'-( -.  JK-
!(  JK- ()#$6. + #'(6?*($6&!''(5 '+(#'!'(?*(-
&!.)$'-( -.6 8*($ !+ !#$ !:-()'(5
$?)6)#$'6- #$-($ !+ !
 *( E ; ;  JK-!(  JK- (6.(  )6  -
E! $-/! (+ $ 3  'E6 40  + -6 200 
 6;#& !.) ( +('.#$.- $ 3
(!, 2546)
;'&-; $ E;$ ! " --(6(6(
- ! ?E-$ +  .+ $ ' '!
? E  "  +E#$ ‚-( $! /!. ? ;-()
#$#(3' &&!''-;6+ 6 ' '! -(&&!'
)6#-6 ? E '- ` #$#((- #' E) $ "
-(-(6&!' ?)6)#$'6- #$ &!'-() ) 
-;!&$ '-.#6- *( E;&&!'  !  " -
$ -(9'  $+-;#;(6 (+ ;
!  -JK -(+-;')(!( $$/'-; $ E ;
#$ "  -(696 #$--;!)6;6 6!/
' '! 8*()  " ;E)9)-)) !+- Pythium spp. -(+-
!+(6/1 6 zoospore 8*(?#$$$/'
-;-( ! ?-;!)6;?*( 100% .$$6
2-3 6 (Favrin et.al., 1988; Stanghellini and Rasmussen, 1994)
 L-(E)$ ! )-('> (66
6!/ '! -( 6;  "& !.) ) $.
Pesticides ;--5 )6#6$(&$ '-& !.) ;5 $ 3$-'

-1-
;E $ ! (+*('-( E3*@))6 ;6!/);;$
+(#(-( $! /!.#$)6 -.'-&!.) 6!/ 65  ! L-(E
)):$+)-  E;$/'-; 3+-) (Sterilizing or
Disinfecting methods)  Heat treatment, U-V radiation, Ozonization, Membrane filtration,
Iodination, Activated hydrogenperoxide (Runia, 1995) 8*(6!/(6 $'-(
)!'!'!'+(- :1‡+- -+6/! (-( U-V radiation #$
Ozonization ? E‡+-$/'-;$;6(  -($
&$ '--()1 $--($/'-;  Heat treatment $ E;' 
&!'(*+ -()+E+-!(#$$#{{L $$'-( E;$/'-; 
-:;.!(*+?*(-(- 87 -(388 #$ E;9(- $E ( ) 
k /!w‡+- $-;! Phytotoxic  (+ *(#$E;,$‡-+ +E
- $E' " $/'-; + ‡+-$/'-;66!/
'(5 6#6(' -$ "‡+-;')#6( " ‡+-! 1'6
-5 -$ " $1'- $ ! ( 6   6
E;$/'-; 3+-)+- "6!/  L-(E)
) 3*@6 ; +-;')(6( 6  &
 E; -+- (Autoclave) )6#(-(!)$66   E
Autoclave (+ +-(! 1!'(5 E;  " Biological buffer ;#' $'-(?
E( 6 (Postma et.al., 2000) -+(((6 !))
$ !#$ | ;6E-$; (Recirculated
system) $-6$ | ;6E-$; (Run off system)
+(+ -( !:-(#)  - $ |+ 6$ | #$#) ;+
-&+(!-(+-;' 8*(6$#)6 ! 6$ |+ -
$!))+ 6$ | (Tu et.al., 1999) '6-(&3*@(6
E;! 1)6))$ !)6*+ 8*( "
6!/ (6. (Biological control) -. #$ $;6)6)) 6!/ E;
-+- - 65 
! 1)6))3*@6 ! #'$
! 3*@)-(- -(9')6 " 6 ! 1
)6)))$ !+ )6 " (-( !:-(
! 1!' $-6! E;#()-)-( (Colonization) 

-2-
-6 Weller (1988) 66 &E9-(! 1)6))+ *+ -
)6?6!'--(! 1 E ;  ")6)66!/ (Biological control
agents: BCA) .#6- E  #$! 1  $! /!.)6))!
!;*(9)6 ! 1 -3-6!+ ;-.#6- E 
!+  )6)66!/ - -(' ?%-
)6)) ! #'( - #6)6)66!/'(5 + 
$! /!.)6)) $ !6;- ;'& 6
*($3*@6!-('(5 (+ 1) 3*@#$E6)) '-
#$-(+- - "-?*()6 " ;E)-()!+ $ 
! 2) - $! /!.-()6)66!/(6 )6))$ 
! - "-E  '-&#;#& 6-(  #$ 3) )6
3*@6!-)#/1! 1 3.)6)))$
! #$%; " )6)66!/  $! /!. )6)))
$ ! ",$ 8*(3*@6! +(; 6 $66
(!#$%;&!'$ ! "& -.)  " !@
-(# !( -$E !)#$)6?#(-(!)@'-(
$ 3 -)'

-3-
 4<%$ 0#

1. - -  "  -())$ ! #(-(

)6#( -'!) #$+-;'-()
2. -;+-;'))/1 #( -E3*@ -(
3. -  $! /!.-()6)66!/ (Biological control agent) 
)6)))$ Nutrient film technique (NFT)

-4-
 4 # 
+-;')  " ;E)$ !9)--+ Pythium (Zinnen, 1988)
8*(' '!-+ !+ $)6? E -3'E -  ! 1-5
-! #'$ ! -+- $#6#(9-9)6?
;-3#$!E6(( zoospores 8*((- $ E;  ")
E;#'(6-(k@&6 (Long English cucumber) ?+- Pythium  E 
$#(-;6-(, 8*(-$(&;&&!''E(;?*( 100  -189'1
(Favrin et.al., 1988)
+- Pythium ? $ !;6!/   $ +E
$ #$$/'-; (Mohyuddin, 1985; Jenkins and Averre, 1983) 
 JK--!#$'!)-(-)-( @1;- $ 6   " -! 
 "6;*(6-(  $6 +- #  "' (Favrin et.al., 1988) -+
(6-+ Pythium ?'!'- (-3 !+  (Fungus gnats: Bradysia impatens)
#$ Shore flies (Scatella stangnalis)  "#(;$-6 (Gardiner et.al., 1990;
Goldberg and Stanghellini, 1990)
Maulin et.al. (1994)  -)6? E;!) (Pathogenicity) -(
+- Pythium E6 39 -8 # $ !6 -8
-( Pythium aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, P. salvaticum #$ P. ultimum )6? E
;!)('#'(6  Sand culture 6-8 -( P. aphanidermatum $ E ;
!- #$ E;''. # Rockwool culture #$ Hydroponics
  -+ Pythium ()( " ;E)-( $ !
#;('(5 6  #$9)63*@;#6 ( L-(E)-+ ('--(
66-( Ikeda et.al. (2002) (6 #6 ( L-(E+- Pythium
6 ?*(+--5 -  JK-$/'-;- 6 3 #6 (;5 )-
1. 6!/ (.#$;  (Physical methods and
cultural technique in daily management) '6-(-(6!/+# )6-
‡+-$ (Heat treatment) ‡+-#(-'6- (U-V radiation) 
-(-+ )$/'-;6 Membrane filter (Membrane filtration)  # (
pH, EC #$)6) !:--8!$/'-; #$.!(- 

-5-
 2. 6!/ () (Chemical methods) ‡+-6-8 (Ozonisation) 6)-
(Chlorination) 6-- (Iodination) 6€ -1--81 (Activated hydrogenperoxide)
#/'#$---(!+(!-(+-  Non-ionic surfactant #$
 Chitosan
3. 6!/ (.#$!6316!  (Biological and/or Ecological methods) 
6!/-(& # (Slow sand filtration) #)  !6:' #$
+-'-' (Rhizobacteria and antagonistic fungi) +-  " !' (Mycoparasitic
fungi) 6  &)6#(-(!) (Suppressive substrate) #$
 Bio-surfactant
)6)66!/ (Biological control) $ !  "  )6
6( ` & Paulitz (1997) 66 ;)6)66!/?E 
'(5 & 9$'-(&$ !6 -( ;-(66!/
)6))!9)- )6)( E- (Inconsistence) -( $! /!.--(
.#6- &#  #$#(#(#($;6()6)66!/! 1-5 #'
$ !+ .#6-'(5 )-()6)( #$(? ;
;$)6)66!/ $E  -+#($;6()6)
66!/! 1-5 $ !$-6$ ! -(
$ !6; "$ -+- E;)6)66!/? $
!)-)-(#$'+(?!>(
! 1)6))$ ! $3*@ +-#) 
!6:'  genus Pseudomonas #$ Bacillus  "E) 6-(+- 3*@
Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, Non-pathogenic Fusarium #$ Mycoparasitic
Pythium 6-( Actinomycetes 93*@ genus Streptomyces (Paulitz, 1997)
van Peer et.al. (1990)  -( fluorescent Pseudomonads )6));6
!+- Fusarium (Fusarium wilt) ')1 6  Rockwool 
)6))  "& Siderophore (#) !+ -+(6 Pseudomonas
spp. ()6?$';!)6'  (Induced resistance) -6 (Duijff
et.al., 1993)
Rankin and Paulitz (1994)  - $! /!.-( Rhizosphere bacteria 
3. " Biological control agents E6 5 -8 # Pseudomonas corrugata
E6 2 -8 #$ Pseudomonas fluorescens E6 3 -8 E6 +(; 600

-6-
-8 #!6:'-(#'(6 6'#'(6- 5  ;1 6 
rockwool ;#)  suspension -(+- Pseudomonas corrugata )6 106
cells/ml E6 200 ml (6  " 6 1  ;1- +- P. aphanidermatum $
&&!'66!/ #) ?*( 88  -189'1 -(66!/  E
+-#) (6$ E;&&!'(*+ 32-44  -189'1  -(- crop ;*(
#) E6 3 )+()- - +-;' 1  ;1 - +-;'
#$;( E -+ ;' 1  ;1 & Q6&&!' 6 -(
)6) E +--(6?*( 600  -189'1
Grosch et. al. (2001)  -(#)  #!6:-('$- 3
$ !/1 E21, E22, E23, E26 #$ E28  - $! /!.
)6))) !+- Pythium 6  -8 #$- 3
+ $! /!.+(!-(+- P. aphanidermatum . in vitro :$
Bacillus subtillis /1 #! (FZB44)  $! /!.(+ !-(+-
(6 -(9' -. !(6 Bacillus subtillis /1 FZB44
?)6;-()-   Rhizosphere bacteria /1 #
$- 3 $ ! !@>6(!!'!'-(
--(+-#)  66#(-()
Postma et.al. (2000) 3*@  -(! 1 -'/'!$ 
! (Indigenous microorganisms) +())-(#'(6 !
+- Pythium aphanidermatum $ !  -( E6 
rockwool &(#6#$() $ ;-())-E
&‡+- (Autoclave)   - &‡+- +*( E +-
;' (P. aphanidermatum) ( & Q6 '#'(6 6  rockwool 
&‡-+ -'!)$-6- &‡+- 52-100  -189'1 -  
6  &‡-+ #$-E-6  &‡-+ &6  rockwool
&(--;! Re-colonization 6)6?(+ ))
 !+- Pythium -)+( - -( Indigenous microorganisms 
+()6#(-()9)- 1)  "! 1 -#6 2) 6)6? $ '6
;.#6-#$ 3) )6 " ; (Complex community)
Tu (2002) -#6 ()6)))-($- 3 !+-
Pythium 6!/&&$ !(+ 1)  U-V radiation )6

-7-
100 mJ/cm2 ‡+-$-  2) +  pH -($; " 5
 "6 1  ;1 +  pH  " 5.8-6.2  "6 1  ;1 3) ; BCA 
Pseudomonas fluorescens # )6 108 cells/ml ;-;$/'-;
;)6106 cells/ml
Rey et.al. (1999) 6+- Pythium oligandrum 8*( "+-  " !'
(Mycoparasite) 6-(# (Slow sand filtration) $ E; $! /!.E
+-)$/'-;*+ (+ + -(-(& Slow sand filtration $6E
+-)( 6;*( #$ P. oligandrum $)6?)-)-( (colonization)
 E; " L-( E -(+-)- (;*(
Grasso et.al. (2003)  E#+-! 1 !6:'-('-! 
$ ! 6(-8 -(+- Fusarium #$ Trichoderma 6!
$! /!.-(-(& #5 (Slow sand filtration) !))
-(-! !+- Pythium aphanidermatum ( 
Neumann et.al. (2002) 6 $! /!.-( Trichoderma )6)+-
Pythium $ !*+-)6+6 6 )6)$
$! /!.  -;+E -(;$ . )6+ ;-'E6 '!-'
!)$#( -+ (6 Trichoderma $ $! /!.)6)+- Pythium 
.  " 6 pH 5 $ $! /!.)6)+- Pythium 6 pH 6
#$ 7 'E
!(E) $;*(-(E-)6)66!/ (BCA)  )6));
$&E9$ !9)- )6#$)66@:$ (
6!  #$ !6316! -(! 1 -$ !+
Berkmann et.al. (1992) 3* @?*( $#)  -$/'-;-(
$- 3 $ ! #  rockwool  "6  #$;6
E-$; 6 $  E  E6 $-(#) 
-65 500-900 cfu/ml #'$  $-6 $-(#) $!*+ -(
696 " 105-106 cfu/ml .6 20 6(;( E   E#6
$: 40  -189'1 -(#)  +(;# genus Pseudomonas -((# Agrobacterium,
Comamonas, Enterobactor #$ Xanthomonas 8*( !: 3-12  -189'1 6 'E
6  2  -189  '1  # Alcaligenes, Aureobacterium, Cytophora, Flavobacterium,
Rhodococcus #$ Yersinia #$$- $: 18  -189'1 (?E#

-8-
 Koohakan et.al. (2004) 3*@?*( !: (Typical population)  # (-(
E6 $ (Population dynamics) #$)6;# /1 (Relative density) -(! 1
-3-'$- 3 $ !#'(5 4 ##$ 
6 -!  ($6) $  -!  "6  (rockwool) $ 
# Nutrient film technique: NFT #$$ # Deep flow technique: DFT 6E6
$' '! (Typical population) -(#) $6+-  !: 9.3-10
log cfu/g #$ 4.2-5.5 log cfu/g 'E E6+$ " -+ fluorescent pseudomonads
$: 5.4 log cfu/g, Fusarium spp. $: 2.5-3.7 log cfu/g #$ Pythium spp. $:
2.3-2.8 log cfu/g -+(6!-($  6E;!#$ !:-(
! 1$- 3(+ fluorescent pseudomonads $$   rockwool
 "6  :$ $   $6 " 6 $ !:-+ #$ Fusarium spp.
 " !: -  $-5 $ DFT $ !: aerobic bacteria 'E
 6-(+- Pythium spp. $$   " Solution culture +( NFT #$
DFT  !: 6$ #6 '- -( Population dynamics -(
Fusarium spp. !*+$ NFT :$ Population dynamics -( fluorescent
pseudomonads $(  $-($ !

-9-
 $$ 1 (,#)
()*+$ ,  !"# Pythium
$ %&!'

#%+$.#
E 3*@#$E6)){1-'.)( #(-()6
; #$+-;' 6 #+-#  $/'-; ;# #$
+E '$/'-; '6!/('- +

1. ? 4#

E9'6-(#'${1 6)( ('(&6 1)  " $E ;16

 ;1  "$$6 4 -  E9'6-( 1 !'- 1 {1 "-(- 
#'$!$ E9'6-( +(' :1#9(#( #$' #(--())
'6-(5 $ 3-5 ' 6 +(9'6-($/'-; ;#+ #$+E 
'$  E '6 !:+- Pythium spp. 6 '6-( +(;$?9
@6-( )69 - $ E (;-( Q!'! -'6##$ !:+-
Pythium spp.

2. 4  %!"# Pythium spp.

. #+- '! #$  " )$6!/ Surface dilution plate methods

E- E)6$-6+E; #68;#;( +'6-(E6 1
 +E  ‡+-#6 E6 10 !!!' suspension $?E E;-(
(dilution series)  0.3% water agar '6-($ 3-4 )6 +*(E suspension 
#'$)6 E6 1 !!!' $+--; selective media E;'6+-
Pythium 8*(#-; CMA+BNPRA-Rb (-; corn meal agar 6&-( benomyl 10
ppm. nystatin 25 ppm., PCNB 25 ppm. rifampicin 10 ppm., ampicillin 500 ppm. #$ rose
bengal 50 ppm.) #'$)6$E6 3 8+E '6+-$$ E6
24 6( ;(+-
. '6+-$/'-; #$+E '$ $
6!/ Baiting technique # ( !$ #$):$, (2534) E9#'(#6

-10-
'6-($ ;-+E '$ $ E '6+-  " 6 24 6(
-;6 /1-(+- Pythium (zoospore) 6+E ;;-- +*( E
9#'((6 6(-; CMA+BNPRA-Rb +-6 -:;.!;- ( "6 24 6(
*( E '69#'( )-(+- Pythium !*+ -+ Pythium E'6
#'$)+( $?E#+-;! /!w -E##$ -)6?
E;!) -;/1#(E; -('-

3. %$ 7!# !#" Pythium sp.

'6-( '!#$ " ) -(+- Pythium sp. ?E(+E ; #$
   " -189'1 +E;  -(+-(6

4. 3

!:#$-(-+ Pythium spp. $ !  #$

$/'-; '-+E '$$?'6E6) (colony
forming unit : cfu) !*+ selective media +*()E6: " !:+- cfu/g ;-
cfu/100 ml. #6 transform ;- -( log cfu/g  ;- 100 ml. -($
/'-;

3+$ 3#
1. %!"# Pythium spp. $ %&!',%-

1.1 )- ( NFT (- -31 -({1-#;(;*('( ;)

'69) !:-+ Pythium spp. )- ' '!6-6( 1.6-2.3
log cfu/g :$ '  " ) $ !:+-6 -6( 2.0-3.6 log cfu/g E;
!:+-$/'-; #$+E '$$-6( 0.7-1.9 #$
0.5-1.8 log cfu/100 ml. 'E ('( 1)

1
(- |)6)-:;.!6$;-9$;-(+E (Evaporative cooling system)

-11-
4 1 !:-+ Pythium spp. '6)- ( NFT (- -3
-({1-#;(;*('( ;)

!:+- (log cfu/g) !:+- !:+-+E

6 9'6-( $/'-; '$
' '! '  " )
(log cfu/100 ml.) (log cfu/100 ml.)
6 .). 2547 2.0 3.6 1.6 1.8
20 .). 2547 2.2 2.6 1.5 1.0
3 !.. 2547 1.7 2.9 1.0 0.5
17 !.. 2547 1.8 2.7 1.9 1.6
1 .). 2547 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.5
15 .). 2547 2.0 2.7 1.5 'E6 MDP*
29 .). 2547 2.3 3.2 0.7 'E6 MDP*
11 .). 2547 1.9 2.9 0.8 'E6 MDP*
28 .). 2547 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.2
)'E 1.6 2.0 0.7 'E6 MDP*
)( 2.3 3.6 1.9 1.8
), 1.9 2.7 1.3 0.8
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) ;-) $'E ?'69) : -() 
1.1 log cfu/g ; -($;-+E '$ )  0.5 log cfu/100 ml

-12-
 1.2 -) ( NFT (-'2#$(- -3
'69) !:-+ Pythium spp. -) ' '! 6-6( 1.1-
2.4 log cfu/g 6  " ) $'6-+  !: 6 -6( 2.1-
3.6 log cfu/g E; !:+-$/'-; #$+E '$ $
6( 0.5-2.1 #$ 0.5-1.8 log cfu/100 ml. 'E ('( 2)

4 2 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT (-'

#$(- -3 -({1-#;(;*('( ;)

!:+- (log cfu/g) !:+- !:+-+E

6 9'6-(1/ $/'-; '$
' '! '  " )
(log cfu/100 ml.) (log cfu/100 ml.)
6 .). 2547 1.7 3.6 1.3 1.8
20 .). 2547 2.3 3.1 1.6 1.0
3 !.. 2547 2.4 3.6 1.5 0.5
17 !.. 2547 1.4 2.3 2.1 1.6
1 .). 2547 'E6 MDP* 2.1 1.3 1.5
15 .). 2547 2.2 2.4 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
29 .). 2547 1.4 2.9 0.7 'E6 MDP*
11 .). 2547 1.6 3.1 0.5 'E6 MDP*
28 .). 2547 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.2
)'E 'E6 MDP* 2.1 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
)( 2.4 3.6 2.1 1.8
), 1.8 2.8 1.2 0.8
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) ;-) $'E ?'69) : -() 
1.1 log cfu/g ; -($;-+E '$ )  0.5 log cfu/100 ml
1/
'6-(-6 1 .). 2547 (-'

2
(- |)6' 6$-3

-13-
 1.3 -) ( NFT (-'-({1-#;(;*('( ;)
'69) !:-+ Pythium spp. -) ' '! 6-6(
1.6-2.3 log cfu/g '  ") !:+-$'66 6( 1.6-2.9 log cfu/g
E; !:+-$/'-; #$+E '$ $'6+-$;6(
0.5-1.4 #$ 0.5-1.5 log cfu/100 ml. 'E ('( 3)

4 3 !:+- Pythium '6-) ( NFT (-'-(

{1-#;(;*('( ;)

!:+- (log cfu/g) !:+- !:+-+E

6 9'6-( $/'-; '$
' '! '  " )
(log cfu/100 ml.) (log cfu/100 ml.)
1 .). 2547 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5
15 .). 2547 2.0 2.6 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
29 .). 2547 2.2 2.4 0.5 'E6 MDP*
11 .). 2547 2.3 2.4 1.1 'E6 MDP*
28 .). 2547 1.9 2.9 0.5 1.2
)'E 1.6 1.6 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
)( 2.3 2.9 1.4 1.5
), 2.0 2.4 0.7 0.5
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) ;-) $'E ?'69) : -() 
1.1 log cfu/g ; -($;-+E '$ )  0.5 log cfu/100 ml

-14-
 1.4 -) ( NFT .(- |3-({1-#;(;*('(;6
--(;6( ;)
!:+- Pythium spp. -)' '! .(- | 6-
6( 2.1-3.2 log cfu/g 6 -('  ")) 6-6( 3.3-4.3 log
cfu/g E; !:-+ $/'-; #$+E '$ 6- 6(
0.5-1.8 #$ 0.5-1.0 log cfu/100 ml. 'E ('( 4)

4 4 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT .(-

 |-({1-#;(;*('(;6--( ;)

!:+- (log cfu/g) !:+- !:+-+E

6 9'6-( $/'-; '$
' '! '  " )
(log cfu/100 ml.) (log cfu/100 ml.)
2 .). 2547 2.5 4.3 - -
16 .). 2547 3.0 4.3 1.8 'E6 MDP*
30 .). 2547 3.2 3.6 0.5 'E6 MDP*
13 !.. 2547 2.7 3.3 1.2 'E6 MDP*
27 !.. 2547 2.1 4.0 0.8 'E6 MDP*
11 .). 2547 2.6 3.8 1.2 1.0
25 .). 2547 2.5 3.8 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
8 .). 2547 2.9 3.5 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
21 .). 2547 2.5 3.5 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
)'E 2.1 3.3 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
)( 3.2 4.3 1.8 1.0
), 2.7 3.8 0.6 0.1
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) ;-) $'E ?'69) : -() 
1.1 log cfu/g ; -($;-+E '$ )  0.5 log cfu/100 ml

3
 " .(#(.-(- (outdoor system or open field) ;6;- (fogger) 6
-:;.!'$ 

-15-
 1.5 -) ( NFT .(- | -({1-#;(;*('
( ;)
&'69) !:-+ Pythium spp. -) ' '! 6-6( 1.1-
2.5 log cfu/g 6-(' #(-) $+- !: 6 
-$;6(6( 1.8-4.1 log cfu/g E; !:+-$/'-; #$+E 
'$ ?'6+-6( 0.5-1.9 #$ 0.5-0.9 log cfu/100 ml. 'E
('( 5)

4 5 !:+- Pythium spp. '6-) ( NFT .(-

 | -({1-#;(;*('( ;)

!:+- (log cfu/g) !:+- !:+-+E

6 9'6-( $/'-; '$
' '! '  " )
(log cfu/100 ml.) (log cfu/100 ml.)
6 .). 2547 2.4 4.1 - -
20 .). 2547 2.0 2.6 1.5 'E6 MDP*
3 !.. 2547 2.5 3.3 1.3 'E6 MDP*
17 !.. 2547 1.8 1.8 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
1 .). 2547 1.4 3.2 1.2 0.9
15 .). 2547 1.6 2.5 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
29 .). 2547 2.5 3.5 1.6 0.5
11 .). 2547 'E6 MDP* -** 'E6 MDP* 0.6
28 .). 2547 1.4 3.2 1.9 'E6 MDP*
)'E 'E6 MDP* 1.8 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
)( 2.5 4.1 1.9 0.9
), 1.8 3.0 0.9 0.1
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) ;-) $'E ?'69) : -() 
1.1 log cfu/g ; -($;-+E '$ )  0.5 log cfu/100 ml
** '  ")

-16-
 1.6 )*, ? DFT .(- | -({1-#;(;*((;6--
( ;)
'69) !:-+ Pythium spp. )*, $;6(-k@.) –
!(;) 2547 6' '! $ !:+--6( 1.1-2.6 log cfu/g :$ -('
#(-)) $-+ -6( 1.9-3.6 log cfu/g E; !:+- '6
$/'-; #$+E '$ )   0.5 - 2.2 #$ 0.5 - 2.2 log
cfu/100 ml. 'E ('( 6)

4 6 !:+- Pythium '6)*, ? DFT .(- |-(

{1-#;(;*((;6--( ;)

!:+- (log cfu/g) !:+- !:+-+E

6 9'6-( $/'-; '$
' '! '  " )
(log cfu/100 ml.) (log cfu/100 ml.)
2 .). 2547 1.7 3.6 1.4 1.0
16 .). 2547 'E6 MDP* 2.6 - -
30 .). 2547 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2
13 !.. 2547 2.6 3.1 1.7 'E6 MDP*
27 !.. 2547 2.3 2.9 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
11 .). 2547 1.8 1.9 0.70 'E6 MDP*
25 .). 2547 2.6 2.8 1.3 1.1
8 .). 2547 2.3 2.9 'E6 MDP* 1.0
21 .). 2547 2.4 2.6 0.7 'E6 MDP*
)'E 'E6 MDP* 1.9 'E6 MDP* 'E6 MDP*
)( 2.6 3.6 2.2 2.2
), 2.1 2.7 1.0 0.7
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) ;-) $'E ?'69) : -() 
1.1 log cfu/g ; -($;-+E '$ )  0.5 log cfu/100 ml

&3*@6+#(;;96+- Pythium spp.  "+- '6 6 $

! E ") $ 6-( -((#
$/'-; #$+E '$ 'E 6-($6

-17-
' #(--() (-;6, +E'#(- ;-E'#)$
#6 '!) $ !:+-66-(' :1#9(#( !:+- E
E6)+(+)6&# #''( #'${1  9'6-( +(+-(
; $ 6$ ".  $  !-( #${1
#''( '---( -#''((*+-  6($$6  9'6-(
-(9''6-( E'6 !:+- Pythium spp. #'$)+($-- '$
-(- 2  ;1*+ ;- -;#6 !:-+ Pythium spp. 6 :
+  " !:+- '6!($  -+'6-(' '! #$' #(
--()9$ E 9'6-('$ 6 $/'-;#$+E 
'$6 (+ !:+- (6 : + -- $ E;-(;9
6-( !:+-' :1#9(#( '  ") '-$/'
-; ;-+E '$(+
1) !:+- Pythium spp. & ' :1#9(#( 
.(- | ),-6( 1.8-2.0 log cfu/g
2) !:+- Pythium spp. & '  ") .(-
| ),-6( 2.4-2.8 log cfu/g
3) !:+- Pythium spp. $/'-; .(- | 
),-6( 0.7-1.3 log cfu/100 ml
4) !:+- Pythium spp. & ' :1#9(#( .
(- | ),-6( 1.8-2.7 log cfu/g
5) !:+- Pythium spp. & '  " ) .(- | 
),-6( 3.0-3.8 log cfu/g
6) !:+- Pythium spp. $/'-; .(- | 
),-6( 0.6-0.9 log cfu/100 ml
7) !:+- Pythium spp. )*, ' :1#9(#( $
DFT .(#( ),   2.1 log cfu/g
8) !:+- Pythium spp. )*, '  ") $ DFT .
(#( ),  2.7 log cfu/g
9) !:+- Pythium spp. $/'-;  )*, $
NFT .(#( ),   1.0 log cfu/100 ml

-18-
 !:+- Pythium spp. (6(6(' ? ")-(
?*( " ;E)-(+-(6$ ! - (+ (? "-
+-(' E)3*@6!'- 

2. +&$ 0#!"# Pythium spp. $ %&!'+ NFT

 E3*@$ NFT E  .(- | #$.(#(

E6 3 :3*@ {1 &!'-( "$ #$;$
/'-;?($6'-6($$6 E9'6-( -)6
#  6-(-('6-( E'6 !:+-#'$)+(
2.1 #$-(+- Pythium spp. )- #$$/'-;
( NFT .(- |

Symptom root Normal root Nutrient solution

Linear (Symptom root) Linear (Normal root) Linear (Nutrient solution)
Log cfu/g of root or 100 ml of nutrient solution

5.0 y1 = -0.08x + 3.13 (symptom root)

y2 = -0.02x + 2.04 (normal root)

4.0
y3 = -0.08x + 1.72 (nutrient solution)

3.0

a0.8
2.0

1.0

0.0
6 20 3 17 1 15 29 11 28
May May June June July July July Aug Aug

/& 1 #$-(+- Pythium spp. )- #$$/'-;

( NFT (- -3-({1-#;(;*('( ;)

!:+- Pythium spp. $'6  6  " ) '6

6-(' '! #$$/'-; 'E ),6'(-(
!:+-$;6( '!  ")  0.8 log cfu/g -!:#6
#$-(+- 8'( &'(5 -( !:+- #'$696
#$-(-+ Pythium spp. '66(-k@.) – !(;) 2547 #6
( (+ 6   "),  '! #$$/'-; +(+(-(

-19-
 !:+-  ") $/'-;)-()6/1! -(
))6-({ (slope) )( (. 1)

2.2 #$-(+- Pythium spp. -)#$$/'-;

( NFT .(- |

Symptom root Normal root Nutrient solution

Linear (Symptom root) Linear (Normal root) Linear (Nutrient solution)
Log cfu/g of root or 100 ml of nutrient solution

5.0
y1 = -0.11x + 3.36 (symptom root)
y2 = -0.06x + 2.05 (normal root)
4.0
y3 = -0.08x + 1.63 (nutrient solution)

3.0

a1.0
2.0

1.0

0.0
6 20 3 17 1 15 29 11 28
May May June June July July July Aug Aug

/& 2 #$-(+- Pythium spp. -) #$$/'-;

( NFT (-'#$(- -3 6(-k@.) –
!(;) 2547 -({1-#;(;*('( ;)

. 2 $;96 !:+- Pythium spp. E 3*@)+(+( )('6

   #(--()'6 '! #$$/'-;
6:-(&-) 6#6 ),6'(-( !:-+ $;6(
' '!'  ")  1.0 log cfu/g #$-(+- Pythium spp.
'6$;6( -( #6(#$-!:))6-({ ()(6
(-( !:+-6-(  " )$/'-; $)6/1

-20-
 2.3 #$-(+- Pythium spp. -)#$$/'-;
( NFT .(- |

Symptom root Normal root Nutrient solution

Linear (Symptom root) Linear (Normal root) Linear (Nutrient solution)
Log cfu/g of root or 100 ml of nutrient solution

5.0
y1= -0.08x + 4.18 (symptom root)

4.0

3.0 y2 = -0.03x + 2.80 (normal root)

a1.3

2.0
y3 = -0.09x + 1.32 (nutrient solution)

1.0

0.0
2 16 30 13 27 11 25 8 21
May May May June June July July Aug Aug

/& 3 #$-(+- Pythium spp. -)#$$/'-;

( NFT .(- | 6(-k@.) – !(;) 2547 -(
{1-#;(;*('(;6--( ;)

$ NFT E .(-( | (.(#() 6 #-(

#$-(+- Pythium spp. ()( "   E -(6  E E6.
(- | ( (+ (- -3#$(-') )- !:+- '6  ")
$6 '! #$$/'-; 'E #$#$-(+-
'6-( +( 3 6 E '66(6 E  -()(+ + #6 $( 6
-'(-( !:+-  ") )-($)6/1-'(-(
!:+-$/'-; #66 !:+- '6 .
(#( $ !: 6 .(- | -+( 6 ),6'(-(
!:+-$;6( '! ")$)66 ),  1.3 log cfu/g
(. 3) -(9' (- ( -(6 )6#''((6 "&
.  '(#'(-(6 -('6-( E E6+  ")$!
&3*@6+#(;;96  ##$-(+- Pythium spp. 
$ !# NFT E3*@)+(+  "  E-(6 (+ 3 :3*@
!:+-(6$ 6-(  " ) '6 '! #$$

-21-
/'-;'E  #$-(+- (+ 3 6 #6 $(6(
E3*@)+(+ (k@.) – !(;) 2547) 8*(6;*($ "&..!-3
-6(E(  k- " k‘ E;-:;.!,(  "& E ;-' 
!)#$)6#(-()( 6 -(-+ ;'-()(6$
!'!' -:;.! (  :-( P. aphanidermatum $6(-:;.! ;$
(optimum temperature) -6( 35-40qC, P. myriotylum    37qC #$+- (+ -(!
)6? '--:;.!(6 40qC (van der Plaats-Niternk, 1981) -!:
)6/1-( !:-+ '6#'$6 +(  ")  '! #$
$/'-; .6'-6($$ 9'6-(96$)6/16-(
 ,$-(!( !:+-  ") $/'-; -($))6
-({ )( :3*@ 3*@)(+ + (66'($;6( !:
+- '!   " )$-6( $: 1 ;6 log cfu/g &(6 E;
!@>6 !)) !+- Pythium spp. $ NFT E ")
 "& !:+-+(! -#6$ 8*(-$-6' '!.
-;!) (saprophytic stage) !E6*+ ;'5 9' E6
$!*+ "$$-) (pathogenic stage)  "& E ;#(--()
*+ + !:+- -)-(  ") 9$
#$ ($/'-;$$6'- 8*($;9#6
#$-(+-  " ) )-()6/1! #6#$
-(+-$/'-;( 6#6(' -+ 6'($;6( !:+-
' '!'  " ) ), $: 1 ;6 log cfu/g ;- $: 10  
- "-+>)) !+- Pythium spp. #$+;;96
)6) !:-+ ;' - ;- $ - ;!)$ " 6!/;*( E)
 L-(E)+

3.  84 4+$%#K?4 8  !# !"# Pythium

9'6-( '!#$ #(--()) -(+- Pythium

spp.  E (+E; #$  6'($;6(' '! ' #(--()
6+-(6& E ;+E;-( '+(#' 7-80% ('(&6 8-13) *+-
#'$6(6#$!-( ),-$;6( 40-60  -189'1 (#( $-
6'( 7

-22-
4 7  ),-( !:+- Pythium spp. '6-(& $
!+E; 
' '! '  ") 6'(
+E;
'6-( !:+- 1/ +E;2/ !:+- 1/ +E;2/ !:+- 3/
4/
(log cfu/g) (/') (log cfu/g) (/') (log cfu/g) (%)
1. )-  NFT 1.9 89.5 2.7 48.1 0.8 45.4
.(- |
( )
2. -)  NFT 1.8 41.3 2.8 20.0 1.0 49.2
.(- | ( )
3. -)  NFT 2.0 43.9 2.4 28.0 0.4 39.0
.(- | ( )
4. -)  NFT 2.7 80.1 3.8 34.8 1.3 55.6
.(#( ('6)
5. -)  NFT 1.8 66.0 3.0 28.6 1.2 56.6
.(#( ( )
6. )*,  DFT 2.1 20.0 2.7 8.1 0.6 58.7
.(#( ('6)
1/
),'6E6 9 )+( (6'6-( 3 : E6 5 )+() $;6(- .). – .). 47
2/
+E; +('#$ 66  9'6-( - 2-3  ;1'$  #'${1
3/
6'(-( !:+- '6 '!  ")
4/
),-( -189'16'($;6(+E;' '! '  ") 9'6-($;6(
- .). – .). 47

-23-
 '($;96 ' '! !'!'6'  " ) !:-+ Pythium
spp. '6$-6  (' #)$#;-#(--())
 #'?*(+  " )' - E '6+-(6$6 !:+-)-(
( &66'(-( !:+- Pythium spp. $;6(' '!'  ") !
*+ 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 #$ 1.3 log cfu/g  "& E ;+E ; 39.0, 45.5, 49.2, 56.6
#$ 55.6  -189'1 'E &(6+;;96 +- Pythium spp. &'('-&&!'
-(& $+ #6'6)6;'(--(E6'  ")
'-(#'${1  9'6-( ? $!-(# (-( "
$6'- ({1 ;-# ({1#(E6' ';  9? $!6 "
'-(+- Pythium spp. E6  ) #'9 E; 6-(-  +- Pythium spp.
 !:!6$ '!$ E ;!'!'-(( $: 40-60  -189'1
#$? !:+-!E6*+?*(+ 6!k' 9 " & E ;' " )'  8*(9$
-;!)6;*+'

4.   , +!"# 74 +$!# &.  +

+- Pythium spp. # -(+ E#-+ ('-3@:$

(:>6! 66;#-+ P. myriotylum ('( 8)  -)6?
 E;!)) 6 E;'&;- !#(--()(6
.$$6 1 --   -()6) E6+ -8 RD8 E;
 ")  *(?E -'-$ NFT 6-( (mycelial
segments) -(+- P. myriotylum RD8 &(   )- -) #$''-1€
-' 105 propagules/ml E6 200 ml/( 6$ E ;'(6 " ) 100
 -189'1 .$$6 3 6 (. 4)

-24-
 A B
A

C D

/& 4 & E  +-6 P. myriotylum RD8

a - +- b 6;( +-
c -(' '! d -('  " )

P. myriotylum
At

Oo
At

At

At

Oo = oogonium

At = antheridium

/& 5 @:$ oospore -(+- P. myriotylum

-25-
4 8 &E#+-('-(+- Pythium spp. (-8 #$ 
! E " )
-8 Ref. No.1/ '6-( # ? &E#2/
Py1 J1 &'  ") $ DFT ('6) P. aphanidermatum
RD1 J2 )-'  " ) $ NFT (- ( ) P. myriotylum
RD3 J3 -)'  " ) $ NFT (- ( ) P. myriotylum
RD4 J4 -)'  " ) $ NFT ( ) sterile fungus
RD5 J5 -)'  " ) $ NFT ( ) P. myriotylum
RD6 J6 -)'  " ) $ NFT ( ) P. group F.
RD7 J7 -)'  " ) $ NFT ( ) P. myriotylum
RD8 J8 -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RD9 J15 -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RD11 J9 -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RD12 J10 -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RD13 J11 -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. group F.
RD14 J12 -)'  " ) $ NFT (- ( ) P. group F.
RD15 J13 -)'  " ) $ NFT (- ( ) P. myriotylum
RD16 J14 -)'  " ) $ NFT (- ( ) P. group F.
RD17 --- -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RD18 --- -)'  " ) $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RN4 --- -)' '! $ NFT (- ( ) (E#
RN7 J16 -)' '! $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RN9 --- -)' '! $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RN10 --- -)' '! $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RN11 --- -)' '! $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
RN12 --- -)' '! $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
NS1 J18 $/'-; $ NFT ('6) P. myriotylum
NS2 J19 $/'-; $ NFT ( ) P. group F.
NS3 J20 $/'-; $ DFT ('6) P. group F.
1/
;-(-!( ( ; Dr. Motoaki Tojo  Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Osaka Prefecture
University, Japan EE#;
2/
-3@:$-( sporangium #$ oogonium !*+ grass blade culture #$ V8-agar.

-26-
 &3*@6+#(;;96 +- Pythium spp '6$ NFT E
 & ") 6;#+- P. myriotylum -+( 6+-(6 "
;' E ;!)& -)-( Stanghellini et.al., (1998) (6 
'!#6+- Pythium sp  " ;'))-(& $ !
3*@6-;+ 6;$ "+- P. aphanidermatum 8*( ";'E) E
;!))#'(6/1 (;3, 2540) +- (+ -(!@:$ (
:>6!  E) #''()- P. aphanidermatum 6;$ antheridia (8/1
3&)  " # Intercalary (!$;6() E6 1-2 -$ oogonium (8/1
3) :$ P. myriotylum $ antheridia 6;# terminal (! ) #$
E6'+(#' 3-6 - $ oogonium (van der Plaats-Niterink, 1981) (#(. 5
E;--() !-+ P. myriotylum &   ")$
-  "+E '#(- #$;--?6  -)#'-( :$
--() ;' P. aphanidermatum $ +(-#$) (;3,
2540) #$$#,$'  ")  + 8*(9$ " -#''(--;*(+- P.
myriotylum ?# +(' '!#$'  " ) *( E;!@>6 +-
+(-(-@:$E( #''( P. aphanidermatum $E(  " facultative
saprophyte (#8 {'16)6) (+*(#6-(  ") :$ P. myriotylum
$E(# facultative parasite (!'6)6) (+ *(?# (+ 
 ")#$ '!)66 -'!>(6-)-()6!( 6 -9' 
+- P. aphanidermatum $ ! ,$-(!('$#'( ;-
&! 65  9$-'!:1-()-(#(- :$ :-(&/1
'( $ 3 8*(?+- P. myriotylum  " $E-#6 -'! :1-()$!*+9
'--.#6-'(5 -+--E6  . -3- $-)6
--#---(;'5 9'66 &3*@)(+ +E   3*@;6!/'(5
)6))-(& !+- P. myriotylum -(;$ )- 6!/5
9' $?)6) !:+- -#6;-$ -;!) !
 1  " $1)6)E6 $-(-+ ;' ;-'(5 ;)6
:1#9(#( -!; " #;(-;-(+-;')

-27-
 $$ 2
()*%$ ./&0#34/5  
0#3  !"# P. myriotylum

#%+$.#
E  - $! /!.-(6&!'.:R1(! -+ Trichoderma harzianum
#$ Bacillus subtilis E;- - (' ('(&6 14) )6)+- P. myriotylum
.;-( Q!'! (in vitro testing) #$.# ( -( (&!'(5 
$ NFT) E6 3 crop #
crop 1 E  -(6(- ') – k3! 2547
crop 2 E  -(6(- k3! – /6) 2547
crop 3 E  -(6(- ./1 – ) 2548
(6!/('- +

1.  # %$ ./&0#34/5 " 84 40#!"# P. myriotylum

 /& in vitro

E  --;;6 (nutrient solution broth : NS broth) 8*('$

/'-;  ! )E{{L EC = 1.5 dS/m ) pH $: 6.0
#6'!+E ' sucrose ( 1% E NS broth (6  flask 125 ml flask $ 50 ml #6
E *(‡+- +*(E6&!'.:R1 $. '(5 8*( -(+# 6&!'.:R1
-( T. harzianum !&(&!'.:R1 1 (!8{), !&(&!'.:R1 2 ('8), !+E
(!8{) #$6&!'.:R1-( B. subtilis !&( (!1) #'$&!'.:R1$ - $
)6103, 104 , 105 #$ 106 cfu/ml )6$ 4 8+E 6!/E agar plug -(
+- P. myriotylum (8*('+ (+-(6-; PDA - 6 6 #$ cork
borer &31( 0.5 8'!' $) ( #'$ flask 6&-(
 6&! ' . : R1  (   6  ('  # 6 flask $ 1 !+  control  #  -; NS broth     
 6&!'.:R1 $. 5 +-6 -:;.!;-( " 6 7 6 *(-(-,$6-(
-(+- P. myriotylum  -;#;(#6(+E ;   control

-28-
2. #34/5 0#3  !"# P. myriotylum
$ NFT (crop 1 : 4 – &S(  2547)

2.1 E'#$'!'+($ # NFT E6 3  #'$

$-6( E6 6 ( #'$()66 3 ' 8*($? 
$: 10-12 '/( #'$( $$$  " -!$'- 8*( $-
 6 ?($ (?('! 12 #-  6-) “+E (aquatic
pump) - PVC E$ -)$ | #$ -E$(? ($ (. 6)
< 
$

%&!0#+4$ replication

/& 6 $ !# NFT  -(

2.2 E$  &   8*( -(+ # &   )- - ) #$
''-1€ E6!$ 40 ' (?6$  #! 6$  #
-1'1 + 6-1!)'1 -'6 3:1 #+E-9  "6 1  ;1 '(- +
*( 6$/'-;9)6)*(;*(-(  (half strength : EC a
0.8-1.0 dS/m)  "6 1  ;1 *('($  #'$($ $- 6
& (+ !)$ ;('#6)-5 ;$;)6
!*+?*($)6  & 65  (EC a 1.5 dS/m ; pH a5.8-6.0) .
6 1  ;1 -'- $: 3  ;1 ;($9 *(# & -(

-29-
 2.3 6!/  -()+(+ $-6
6!/ 1 (Tr1) E '66&!'.:R1 B. subtilis (!1) (
$/'-; $)6 108 cfu/ml E6 120 ml  &( 
( $/'-;
6!/ 2 (Tr2) E '66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum ('8) (
$/'-; $)6 108 cfu/ml E6 120 ml  &( 
( $/'-;
6!/ 3 (Tr3) E '66&!'.:R1 B. subtilis (!1) (
  ( ?6  $)6 108 cfu/ml E6 10 ml/'
6!/ 4 (Tr4) E '66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum ('8) (
  ( ?6  $)6 108 cfu/ml E6 10 ml/'
6!/ 5 (Tr5)  " inoculation control  E '66&!'.:R15
6!/ 6 (Tr6)  " healthy control  E '66&!'.:R15 #$ E
 +-
#'$6!/$ $- 6 3 (  (3 8+E) 8*('- (+ ; $: 30-
36 ' (;6 -()  '66&!'.:R1$$ E 2 )+( #'$)+(;( 3 6
2.4  + - $$ E-'    - 4  ;1 (1  ;1 ;  (   '6 
 6&!'.:R1)+(#) 6-( (mycelial segment) -(+- P. myriotylum RD8 8*(
'+(+-;'(6(-; v8-broth  "6 7-10 6 +*(E-,$
6-( (mycelial mat)  ” 6)-( ” +E & -'  +-)+(+)-
)6 105 propagules/ml E6 200 ml '-(   &( ( 
$/'-;

2.5 E $!)6#(-(!) (disease severity)  "6 1-2  ;1

;( +-'
)6#(-(!) = &6-( (#'$' x )$-(!))
E6' (+ ;
 )$-(!)(+
0 = ' '! ") 6
1 = +E '#(
2 = +E '#(?*(
3 = - -;66)6
4 = - ;--?6  -;6-(?6
5 = ''
-30-
 2.6 E96#$(+E ;-( -- 6  ;1 6!)$;1-
#$ ),  # JMP“ (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC)

/& 7  -( crop 1 (') - k3! 2547)

. -- $: 4  ;1 ( E '66&!'.:R1#6#'(
E +-)

3. #34/5 0#3  !#" P. myriotylum

$ NFT (crop 2 : &S(   – . 2547)

3.1 $   # $ # NFT  E '!'+(6#6'(+ #' crop 1
-; E)6$-( #$?($/'-; + E ‡+-
$)--81 )6 10% ;& $ "6 1-2 ) #6? !+(
+E ;& $- 1-2 )+( -(
3.2 E$&  -( # -) )-- #$
{!8 E $#$#-'6;6- 2.2

-31-
 3.3 6!/  -( $-6
6!/ 1 (Tr1) E  '66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum (!8{!+E) (
$/'-;-' $: 108  -1'-!'
6!/ 2 (Tr2) E '66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum (!8{!&() (
$/'-;-' $: 108  -1'-!'
6!/ 3 (Tr3) E '66&!'.:R1 T. harzianum ('8!&() (
$/'-;-' $: 108  -1'-!'
6!/ 4 (Tr4) E '66&!'.:R1 B. subtilis (!1) (
$/'-;-' $: 108 81'-!'
6!/ 5 (Tr5)  " inoculation control  E '66&!'.:R15
6!/ 6 (Tr6)  " healthy control  E '66&!'.:R15 #$
E -+
#'$6!/$ $- 6 3 (  (3 8+E) 8*('- (+ ; $: 30-
36 ' (;6 -()  '66&!'.:R1$$ E )+(-'!$;
$
3.4  -+ $$ E- -- $: 4-5  ;1 (;- 1  ;1
;( E  '66&!'.:R1) '+-;')6 crop 1 #'
+-)(+ + E)6-(+--)(;- 104 propagules/ml !: )-
E6 200 ml ( '(?($/'-;
3.5 E $!)6#(-(!) (disease severity) 6;6- 2.5
3.6 E96+E ;-( -- 6  ;1 6!)$;1-#$
 ),  # JMP“ (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC)

-32-
  8  crop  2 ( -   2547)
!"#$ 3 "%& (' *+!,'./  )

4.        !" #$%  "&

 '   (!) P. myriotylum "  NFT (crop 3 : #$"+ – $"$
2548)

4.1 #", ! !.'#",. NFT !6*8.#889 !.!

89 .8' crop  1 '  !  6#.#:'*9#*' *%+! 3.1
4.2 6*#!  /  ;<  9 ! .'   =>  *=>  .#
8*8&*? *#.# 8! ! *' * %+! 2.2
4.3  !  "#!
 1 (Tr1) 68!/8$@& T. harzianum (, * ;A  *9)
 #8% 8"#$ 108 "&8'8
 2 (Tr2) 68!/8$@& B. subtilis ( &) 
#8% 8"#$ 109 *;&8'8

-33-
  3 (Tr3) 68!.**$*+8 (rhizobacteria)
=;* R94  #8% 8"#$ 109 *;&8'8
 4 (Tr4) 68!.**$*+8 (rhizobacteria)
=;* R104  #8% 8"#$ 109 *;&8'8
 5 (Tr5) *"E inoculation control '68!/8$@&%
rhizobacteria =;* G
 6 (Tr6) *"E healthy control '68!/8$@&%
rhizobacteria =;* G .#'6",*9
.8'##"#"! ", 3  (3 ;96) ;< 8! ,'9 %"#$
30-36 8! (% ' ) 8!/8$@&.# rhizobacteria ##6 2 9 .8'#9
%'  3 
4.4 ",*9 ##6*!"#$ 4-5 "%& (%"#$ 1
"%& % 8!/8$@&% rhizobacteria) *8*9'=#6
*' *%+! 2.4 *+!+! + *9'= ! 9 9 104 propagules/ml 6  200 ml
' "=8 J '#8%
4.5 6"#*  . + *= (disease severity) *' *%+! 2.5
4.6 6*K*.# 96 % +  *! 6 "%& *#%&+!,
.#*"'*L = !=". JMP“ (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC)

4
.!+ /*=> 8! "8 8' 6*K8' ' = ## 1 ;< =;*
 ' /' *9 8!  in vitro .!'/ 9 *X+ *9 P. myriotylum !
8#* *  !8&*/.'.!%*+ 3 (/  +)

-34-
 9  crop  3 ( & -   2548)
!"#$ 4-5 "%& (68!/8$@&%
rhizobacteria .! .8' '!6",*9)

-35-
  (   

 % !) P. myriotylum "'

1. / '+  " )  ( 0
in vitro
/'/8$@&  6 9 9!.' /8$@&+
T. harzianum 3 /8$@& (, *;A  96 , *;A / .#8;  / ) .#/8$@&+
B. subtilis 1 /8$@& ( &) J9 *X*8=8+ P. myriotylum ! * !
*+!+! 89 .8' 103-106 cfu/ml =*"&*;K 8&9  9 T. harzianum (, *;A  96)
9 ! 22-100 %, T. harzianum (, *;A / ) 9 ! 77-100 %, T. harzianum (8; )
9 ! 96-100 %, B. subtilis ( &) J9 ! 56-90 % ( 10)

Control 103 cfu/ml 104 cfu/ml 105 cfu/ml 106 cfu/ml

120.0
Mycelial dry weight (mg)

100.0
22
80.0

60.0 56
60
40.0 72
77
86 86
20.0 90
100 100 100 96
0.0
T. harzianum T. harzianum T. harzianum B. subtilis
(Liquid formulation) (unisafe“: WP) (Trisan“: WP) (Laminar“: WP)

 10 96 % .%! + *! + *9 P. myriotylum % NS-broth ' /+
/8$@&.8'#  #*+!+! 8' G
8*+,'*% .' A . '*"&*;K 8&9 (inhibitory percentage) **"*
 control

-36-
 /<] ' 9. %!*%K '/8$@&+ ! 8   "#
9 *X*8=8+ *! + *9 P. myriotylum *%8=* ' /!=
*"&*;K 8&9 !89 .8' 22-100 % +<9 ,'*+!+!  !  & .#/,8
(formulation) .88'  + .8'#/8$@& .8'=' %X'.!'*+!+! 89 .8' 105-
106 cfu/ml */8$@&#"# 9 *X+ *9*%8!' 80%

2.    " #$%  "& '   (!) P. myriotylum

"  NFT (crop 1 : # $ – <=(" 2547)

 !/8$@& T. harzianum (8; ) .# B. subtilis ( &) 8

%!.'8! "#$ 3 "%& 6  2 9 *"E ##* 1 "%&' ",*9
=8 ,".8' G   ' #8% .# %!.'8! =8  9 6
"#* *%*  = . '+  . + *= (disease severity) .#
*X*8=8!/ 9

-37-
 2.1 $ #"    % 
5 5
cos cos

4 3 DAI 4 7 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
 . + *= (Disease severity)

Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6
5 5
Red oak Red oak

4
3 DAI 4
7 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6
5 5
Butterhead Butterhead

4 3 DAI 4 7 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6

 11  . + *=* ' / *=> .#8*8&*? 68

!/8$@& T. harzianum .# B. subtilis ,".8' G (crop 1: 8.. – .. 47)
 . + *= .8'#+ .8'# 
= /+ (.8'#8! x '#+ *=) ; (n t 10)
6  8! 9 %
'#+ *= : 0 = "8+; 1 =  968. ; 2 =  968
. -* ' ; 3 = * ' *% ; 4 = * ' *%' J ; 5 = 8! 8 =6
"#*  3 .# 7  % ",*9 (day after inoculation : DAI)
Tr1 = B. subtilis 108 cfu/ml 6  120 ml */'  ", " #8% ;
Tr2 = T. harzianum 108 cfu/ml 6  120 ml */'  ", " #8
% ; Tr3 = B. subtilis 108 cfu/ml %!.'8! 6  10 ml/8! ; Tr4 = T. harzianum 108
cfu/ml %!.'8!  6  10 ml/8! ; Tr5 = inoculation control ; Tr6 = healthy control

-38-
  . + *=. !  11 !6"#*  3 .# 7  % 
",*9 (3 DAI .# 7 DAI) ! P. myriotylum RD8 ' 6",*9 (Tr1 - Tr5)
' . + *==*L / *=> .#8*8&*? #,' '
# 2-3 **"*'6",*9% healthy control (Tr6) ;< '
+ =* (' . + *"E , &) . %!*%K ' P. myriotylum RD8 ! 6
9 9 *"E *9 *%86 %!*=* ' /!'  . ' K8 *"*
' . + *= /9 3   8!/8$@& 9  B.
subtilis .# T. harzianum = ' #8%% %!=8 .'8!  (Tr1 –
Tr4) *"* inoculation control (Tr5) K''.88'  ' *' 

2.2  ( 0%
   9 69 % + / .8'#68!/8$@&  
(crop 1 : 8.. – .. 47)
'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/

.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 B. subtilis  #8% 43.8 b 11.8 ab 55.6 b 5/
Tr2 T. harzianum  #8% 42.6 b 7.2 b 47.7 b
Tr3 B. subtilis   34.2 b 6.5 b 40.7 b
Tr4 T. harzianum   44.2 b 7.8 b 51.9 b
Tr5 inoculation control 44.0 b 8.7 ab 52.7 b
Tr6 healthy control 115.0 a 17.6 a 132.6 a
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

-39-
   10 69 % + /*=> .8'#68!/8$@&  
(crop 1 : 8.. – .. 47)
'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/

.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 B. subtilis #8% 30.4 b 4.4 d 34.8 b 5/
Tr2 T. harzianum #8% 36.3 b 5.2 cd 41.6 b
Tr3 B. subtilis   36.5 b 5.8 c 42.3 b
Tr4 T. harzianum   32.6 b 5.7 cd 38.3 b
Tr5 inoculation control 34.1 b 7.2 b 41.4 b
Tr6 healthy control 75.5 a 9.0 a 84.5 a
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

-40-
   11 96%  + /8*8&*? .8'#68!/8$@&
  (crop 1 : 8.. – .. 47)
'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/

.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 B. subtilis #8% 60.0 b 8.1 b 68.1 bc 5/
Tr2 T. harzianum #8% 64.9 b 9.3 ab 74.2 b
Tr3 B. subtilis   49.4 b 7.5 b 56.8 c
Tr4 T. harzianum   57.5 b 7.7 b 65.2 bc
Tr5 inoculation control 60.7 b 10.5 a 71.3 bc
Tr6 healthy control 91.3 a 11.0 a 102.2 a
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

. '+ *X*8=8 ;< 6"#*  96 %  *L8'8! + / .8'#

6<] (8  9 – 11) '/ ! ' . + *
= !  /!' % ! 9.!  96%  *L8'8! + /  6
",*9! P. myriotylum RD8 *%8=* ' (Tr1 – Tr5) #' !''6
",*9 (Tr6) '  6X J8 .# .8'#68!/8$@&
(Tr1 – Tr4) K'6 %!'*L+ 96 %  .#8! + 8! .88'   J8
inoculation control (Tr5) .8''  . '+ ' 96 % *L9 8! / (8  9)
' 68! B. subtilis  #8% (Tr1) #' 96 % 
*L' inoculation control *K ! (55.6  52.7 /8! , 86) $+ /
8*8&*? (8  11) K'8!/8$@& #8%  %!/
'8=8 .' =' 68! T. harzianum #
8% (Tr2) %! 96% *L9 8! ' inoculation control *K ! (74.2  71.3 /8! ,
86) *' 
/<] crop  1 . %!*%K ' !/8$@& B. subtilis % T. harzianum
%!.'8! =8   8*+!+! 108 cfu/ml 6  10 ml/8! % #

-41-
8% 8*+!+! 108 cfu/ml 6  120 ml/ ", (=#8%
% * ,' #6  "#$ 20 8) 9 'J . + *=* '
**9 P. myriotylum *6",*9*%8 ' # 8 105 propagules/ml
6  200 ml/1  ", ='",*9 8 '#6 %!*= 100%  3
 6",*9 =' . ,' #"#$ 3 (' %X'
* '6.#. *%) /+ *='  . .#*L ##*8! 
",*9*%8#* " 6 %!'J*"*"#+ /8$@& .8'#
! .#*"E /8'*  6 %!*X*8=8+  '  6X J8*% 
% 6",*9 **"*'!",*9 (healthy control) .8'
K+! *8' !/8$@& ' " #8% . = !#'
 . + *=! *"E "!'% < 6X k /8$@&K *"E
"{"|]&*9 *%8 (antagonistic mechanism)  9  &},' /8$@&
 ' "'"$*9'=% * ,' # %! ! !   
8/8$@& %!.'=8   .!#*"E % <  =*##6
%!**#8 (colonization) +  &!=8 .8'*   &}!
6 9 9 *"E  & 6*+! (introduced strain)  9 *#86!
'*' &! J (indigenous strain) ,'.! (Postma et al., 2000) ;< +! *8
 '*"E +! ] ~ *9 8! *"E "!/ crop 9

3.    " #$%  "& '   (!) P. myriotylum

"  NFT (crop 2 : <=(" – +"$ 2547)

 !/8$@& T. harzianum 3 ,". (, * ;A  96, , * ;A /

.#8;  / ) .# B. subtilis ( &) ' " #8% %!*+!+!
+ /8$@& ' #8%"#$ 108 cfu/l *"E ##*"#$ 1 "%&
' ",*9  9 < "#* *%*  = . '+  . + *=
(disease severity) .#*X*8=8 *' * crop  1 !/ 9

-42-
 3.1 $ #"    % 
5 5
green oak green oak

4
3 DAI 4
7 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6
 . + *= (Disease severity)

5 5 Red corral
Red corral
3 DAI 7 DAI
4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6
5 Frillice 5
Frillice

4
3 DAI 4
7 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6

 12  . + *=* ' / => * .#A; 6

8!/8$@& T. harzianum .# B. subtilis ,".8' G (crop 2 : ..- .. 47)
 . + *= .8'#+ .8'# 
= /+ (.8'#8! x '#+ *=) ; (n t 10)
6  8! 9 %
'#+ *= : 0 = "8+; 1 =  968. ; 2 = 
968. -* ' ; 3 = * ' *% ; 4 = * ' *%' J ; 5 = 8! 8
=6"#*  3 .# 7  % ",*9 (day after inoculation : DAI)
Tr1 = T. harzianum (, *;A  96) #8%8 108 cfu/l ; Tr2 = T.
harzianum (, *;A / ) #8%8 108 cfu/l ; Tr3 = T. harzianum (8
;  / ) #8%8 108 cfu/l ; Tr4 = B. subtilis (& &) #
8%8 108 cfu/l; Tr5 = inoculation control ; Tr6 = healthy control

-43-
 "#*  . + *=* 7  % ",*9 (7 DAI) '
8!/8$@&! T. harzianum 8;  / (Tr3) .# B. subtilis  & (Tr4)
 #8% 8*+!+! "#$ 108 cfu/l + #8% 
. = !#'*%*  =* '* P. myriotylum ! =#
 . + *= /9 3   ( => * .#A;) 68!
/8$@& '' ",*9 #86' inoculation control (Tr5) ( 12)
 crop  2 9 !68/8$@&"#*8' G 4    "
#8% =8 9 .! !8' *+!+! ' +! , ("#$
108cfu/ml + #8%) /"{'6 %!**% < !6*"
J'# %'9 % .#*+!+!  *%"#$ 108cfu/l + #8%
 ! ",*9K6*+!+! + *9*%8 = !*9*%8*+!+! 104
propagules/ml 6  200 ml ;< K'' . + *=+  crop 9
,' #86 #*%K .88' + .8'#<]! ( 12)  12
'* 3  % ",*9 (3 DAI) k + = '  ('*L . +
inoculation control /9 3  ,' #86' 1) *! 68!
/8$@& T. harzianum , *;A / (Tr2) '' . + *=,' #
' +! , ;< '#*"E /#8'*  8!/8$@& ' 8
*+!+! , * " 9 . =' % (sensitive) 8'/#+  !/8$@& T.
harzianum *+!+! , * " /.8'# .88'  ;< / 9
. %!*%K '  =>#' %8'/8$@& T. harzianum , *;A / (Tr2), /
*=>' %8'/8$@& T. harzianum , *;A9   96.# / (Tr1 .# Tr2) ' /
A; #' %8'/8$@& T. harzianum 9 3   !.' , *;A  96 .# / .#
8;  / (Tr1, Tr2 .# Tr3) ='  '#' . + *=
*L # 1-2 +! *8 '*"E / != *X (accidental data) !
 9 9

-44-
 3.2  ( 0%

   12 69 % + / => .8'#68!/8$@&  

 #8% (crop 2 : .. – .. 47)
'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/

.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 T. harzianum (, *;A  96 ) 119.9 ab 15.2 ab 135.1 ab 5/
Tr2 T. harzianum (, *;A / ) 60.2 c 7.0 c 67.2 c
Tr3 T. harzianum (8;  / ) 140.4 a 18.1 a 158.5 a
Tr4 B. subtilis ( &) 95.7 bc 12.1 bc 107.8 bc
Tr5 inoculation control 115.4 ab 16.8 ab 132.2 ab
Tr6 healthy control 127.3 ab 15.8 ab 143.1 ab
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

   13 69 %  + /* .8'#68!/8$@&

  #8% (crop 2 : .. – .. 47)
'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/

.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 T. harzianum (, *;A  96 ) 89.3 a 8.3 ab 97.6 a 5/
Tr2 T. harzianum (, *;A / ) 59.9 b 5.6 c 65.5 b
Tr3 T. harzianum (8;  / ) 106.3 a 10.5 a 116.8 a
Tr4 B. subtilis ( &) 92.0 a 7.0 bc 99.0 a
Tr5 inoculation control 98.9 a 7.7 bc 106.6 a
Tr6 healthy control 100.2 a 7.4 bc 107.7 a
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

-45-
   14 96% + /A; .8'#68!/8$@&  
#8% (crop 2 : .. – .. 47)

'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/


.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 T. harzianum (, *;A  96 ) 46.7 bc 3.3 bc 49.9 bc 5/
Tr2 T. harzianum (, *;A / ) 37.3 c 2.4 c 39.7 c
Tr3 T. harzianum (8;  / ) 73.3 a 6.8 a 80.1 a
Tr4 B. subtilis ( &) 59.7 abc 5.3 ab 65.0 abc
Tr5 inoculation control 61.9 abc 5.0 ab 66.8 abc
Tr6 healthy control 65.0 ab 4.6 b 69.6 ab
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
69 % + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

"#* *X*8=8+ /9 3   68!/8$@&"#*

8' G  96 %  *L8'8! ' / /9 3   !.'  => (8
 12) * (8  13) .#A; (8  14) *"E " 6  * 
68! /8$@& T. harzianum 8;  / (Tr3) #*X*8=8
' +!  **"* G J< '6 ",*9*%8 (healthy control)
! . %!*%K J< *"E "!  !/8$@& ' =* ' #
NFT %*=' .   9 !/8$@& ' 8*%#
 '' **X*8=8+ ", # NFT !!  ' K8/#
 !/8$@& T. harzianum  /8$@& *+!+! , * " ;<  9
!.'/8$@& T. harzianum , *;A / (Tr2) /8'*  J< *X*8=8 .!#!6
*" J'# .#"*+!+! + /8$@& ' %!,' #
*%#.!K8 =  ' 96%  *L ' + 9 3   
 '#' !**"* G
/ crop  2 . %!*%K ' !/8$@& ' " #
8% 8*+!+! "#$ 108 cfu/l + #8%. = !#'

-46-
*%=!  9/8$@&! T. harzianum ;<  9!.'
/8$@&8;  / ' ' ' **X*8=8+ 8! ! 9 98! ,'
8$&+ =' . ;<  9!6",*9 P. myriotylum #
*+!+! 86' crop  1 9 ",*9 *"E  ' "=8 J '
#8% ' '/'  ", *'  crop /'  .8'' K/8$@&
! T. harzianum *'  .8'8'    ;<  9!.' /8$@&+ , *;A  /
% ' " #8% *+!+! , * " *"E  88'! 9 9
*"E *#.88'  +  & T. harzianum  6 *"E } .8'#/8$@&
"J< /,8 (formulation) .88'  ! .8'*"E  ' *8'*+!+! , "
 ' (108 cfu/ml + #8%) %*"E $+ /8$@&! B. subtilis
/# # !'+ /8$@& T. harzianum . '+ /#/8$@&
T. harzianum  ' '/.8'# #' % (sensitive) .88'  . '
+ 6  + /8$@&6 %!**%!86 9 /A; > /*
 > / => 86 ' K8% ! *+!+! *%#K#6 %!
*/ 8'"  =* ' %*X*8=8! '.! ;< 8' %
*+!+! *%# 9 '!,' +*+86<] 9 9 ' K8/ crop
 2 9  '"/!' * *' J< "#+ /8$@&!6 
8'=* ' *  '*L+ 96 % + inoculation control  healthy
control '.88'   J8 .8'J!$ . '+  . + *='!K
# *%K . = !+ .88' !! [;< ' 96 %  *L+ inoculation control
 healthy control '.88'  *"E *#!6  96%   6 "%& %
"#$ 2 "%&% ",*9 ;< ' * '*X*8=8*K .#
!#8%'  < 8! *8# %'*+!"  9
# #%' ",;< !.' ' pH .# EC 8! #6,'*"E "#6 " (refresh)
# %!,' *%#,'* "# crop 9 6 '
*K .#",*9 9 9 ! 8*+!+!  ! < 6 %!9 
*X*8=8 !*  ' !+  ] /"'*  '"#
!=,/,!/8   !*9  Trichoderma #",. NFT
! %!+!,'! !/8$@& ' ,"+ *9 (fresh culture) < !6 ;96 9
crop  3 ;<  9#*"E "#+ /8$@& T. harzianum  *9
/8$@& B. subtilis .# rhizobacteria  =;* .!# NFT =
* ' '!
-47-
4.        !" #$%  "&
 '   (!) P. myriotylum "  NFT (crop 3 : #$"+ – $"$
2548)

 9 #6"#+ /8$@&.!  !6

"#+ .**$*+8 (rhizobacteria)  =;*'! ;< .*
 '.!+ / 8! ,$&.+K . ", # NFT =' # 6
 !*9 8!  in vitro .!'J 9 *X+ *!
+ *9 P. myriotyrum ! (8*!&*/.'.! %*+ 3 /  +) < !
68' # NFT J< *"E "! *9*%8=* '  ' .!"#* /
 . + = (disease severity) .#*X*8=8+  .8'#<] 9

-48-
 4.1 $ #"    % 
5 5
green oak green oak

4
3 DAI 4 5 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1
 . + *= (Disease severity)

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6
5 5
Red oak Red oak

4
3 DAI 4
5 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6
5 5
Butterhead Butterhead

4
3 DAI 4
5 DAI

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6 Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4 Tr5 Tr6

 13  . + *=* ' / => *=> .#8*8&*? 6

8!/8$@& .# rhizobacteria  =;* (crop 3 : ..- .. 48)
 . + *= .8'#+ .8'# 
= /+ (.8'#8! x '#+ *=) ; (n t 10)
6  8! 9 %
#+ *= : 0 = "8+; 1 =  968. ; 2 =  968
. -* ' ; 3 = * ' *% ; 4 = * ' *%' J ; 5 = 8! 8 =6
"#*  3 .# 5  % ",*9 (day after inoculation : DAI)
Tr1 = T. harzianum  *9 (, *;A) #8%8 108 "&/8 ; Tr2 =
B. subtilis ( &) #8%8 109 *;&/8 ; Tr3 = rhizobacteria R9
#8%8 109 *;&/8 ; Tr4 = rhizobacteria R10 #8%
8 109 *;&/8 ; Tr5 = inoculation control ; Tr6 = healthy control

-49-
 "#* ##* 3 .# 5  % ",*9 (3 DAI .# 5 DAI)  !
. !  13 ' !/8$@& T. harzianum , *;A*9 (Tr1) .#
rhizobacteria =;* R9 .# R10 (Tr3 .# Tr4) . = !#*%*  =
* '! =##* 3 % ",*9 (3 DAI) #' . + *==*L86
' inoculation control (Tr5) +!,!. !  ' 5  % ",*9 (5 DAI)
# *8*%K ! $+ /8*8&*?

4.2  ( 0%

   15 69 %  + / => .8'#68!/8$@& T. harzianum,

B. subtilis % rhizobacteria  #8% (crop 3 : .. - .. 48)

'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/


.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 T. harzianum  *9  (, *;A) 60.1 b 6.5 ab 67.5 b 5/
Tr2 B. subtilis ( &) 68.5 ab 8.2 abc 76.6 ab
Tr3 rhizobacteria R9 61.0 b 7.4 bc 68.4 b
Tr4 rhizobacteria R10 74.1 ab 9.1 ab 83.1 ab
Tr5 inoculation control 57.4 b 6.2 c 63.6 b
Tr6 healthy control 85.7 a 10.7 a 96.4 a
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
69 % + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

-50-
   16 69 % + /*=> .8'#68!/8$@& T. harzianum,
B. subtilis % rhizobacteria  #8% (crop 3 : .. - .. 48)

'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/


.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 T. harzianum  *9  (, *;A) 50.6 ns 5.7 ab 56.3 ns 5/
Tr2 B. subtilis ( &) 43.6 ns 4.7 b 48.3 ns
Tr3 rhizobacteria R9 52.7 ns 5.9 ab 58.6 ns
Tr4 rhizobacteria R10 55.5 ns 6.7 a 62.3 ns
Tr5 inoculation control 44.9 ns 4.6 b 49.5 ns
Tr6 healthy control 59.4 ns 7.3 a 66.8 ns
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05) : ns = '
.88'   J8

   17 69 % + /8*8&*? .8'#68!/8$@& T.

harzianum, B. subtilis % rhizobacteria  #8% (crop 3 : .. - .. 48)

'*L 96 %   (/8! ) 1/


.#68! 2/ .#= 3/ 9 8! 4/
Tr1 T. harzianum  *9  (, *;A) 88.9 b 8.7 ab 97.6 b 5/
Tr2 B. subtilis ( &) 91.5 b 9.0 ab 100.5 b
Tr3 rhizobacteria R9 99.6 ab 8.5 b 108.1 ab
Tr4 rhizobacteria R10 100.7 ab 9.7 ab 110.4 ab
Tr5 inoculation control 90.2 b 9.0 ab 99.2 b
Tr6 healthy control 111.3 a 10.4 a 121.6 a
1/
'*L6  ' !' 10 8!  3 replications
2/
' .#68! ,'*% J!",
3/
' + ./' J!",.#' + = ,' J!",! ",.!
4/
96% + ' '",
5/
8]8'  &* .88'   J8#* 95% (P<0.05)

-51-
 . '+ *X*8=86"#*  96 % *L8'8! *
! 6 "%& ' / => (8  15) 68!/8$@& B. subtilis  &
(Tr2) .# rhizobacteria R10 (Tr4) ' 96%  *L9 8! ' +!  (76.6 .# 83.1 8'8!
86) '.88'   J8 healthy control (96.4 8'8! ) $+ /*=>
''.88'   J8 (8  16) ' /8*8&*? (8 
17) ' 68! rhizobacteria R9 .# R10 (Tr3 .# Tr4) ' 96 % *L
9 8! ' +!  '.88'   J8  healthy control (Tr6) .8' 'J< +9 
*%K .88'   J8 inoculation control (Tr5) .8'"# 
/ crop  3 . %!*%K '  !/8$@& T. harzianum  *98
 " #8% 8*+!+! 108 "&8'8+ #8% 
' ' 8*9/* P. myriotylum ' "%&.+ ",
*9! ='' %X'  ' ' . + *=86'
inoculation control ' K8*6*K*.# 96 %    6 "%&
(%"#$"%& 2 % ",*9) ' ''6 %! 96% + 
' inoculation control '  6X J8 +$#8!/8$@&! B.
subtilis % rhizobacteria =;* R9 .# R10  %!/ =!  '
*  % 9  .!' 96%  *L8'8! ' %X'68
! '#' inoculation control J< .!#'.88'   J8.8'K*'
**'  J8  healthy control ;< / ' ] ~ !'J ,'
+ *9  &} # NFT ;<  9!.' T. harzianum ;< *"E *9.# B. subtilis
% rhizobacteria *"E *9.*.88'  # NFT ;< *"E #"
", ,' +  &} *"E *9.* ' #'*9  Koohakan et.al.,
(2004) !  ! *%8/*"E "!K .* ' #J 
9 *X*8=8+ *9*%8!=8 .!  J    
*X*8=8+ ! ;< !"
 $+ rhizobacteria .# B. subtilis %G 
 & (Grorch et.al., 2001) / ' 9 . %!*%K J< + rhizobacteria 
.!/", # NFT 'Jk *"E =
(biological control agent)  ! =* '+ /", # 9!

-52-
 ' #/  =>?  '" "

6*  =  9 9*"E ##* 1 "Š J""#*K 6X!

 8'" 9
1. *9 Pythium spp. *"E *9J8!" #",=' ! =
J8!#",!66 .#' + 8'  6 8 *9
8##* 4 * 66
2. *9 Pythium spp.   *"E "|X%6X+ ",=' ! *  "$
*9 '/=8 8'//8 =6 %!*"E =* '8 %*X*8=8 ;<
/<] 9 9 ' "$*9*+<9 '#"8"#$ 10 *' #
6 %! 96 % =*L8'8! ,X*""#$ 40-60%
3. 6. '*9 Pythium spp. ' %X' # NFT ",/
*"E ! P. myriotylum .#J 6 %!*=K' *"E
*%8+ =* '  ' ]$#6 + P. myriotylum  '!6<]
9 9 .8'' '#*"E  facultative parasite *%8/ '< 6 %!*9  9J
8!9 8! "8.#8! *"E = ! * .#*=*+<9 !
8* * K8*9  '!.!*%#%' .
4. "$*9 Pythium spp. 8 *"E = ' +!  &
"$*98 #8% <  ] ~ !'*=* ' /",
# NFT 6*"E ! '#*"$*9 *%8,'.!=,'' "8 
*6  +<9 ''*%8 K8 k *"E ##'= ' / %! '. 
+ =+<9   9 < .'#" #8%  9 *=* '
'# %!6X8'"$*9*%8  %!,' #'' %!*= 8
%.!8' G  %!*96 8'*= ;<  ! &*"E "#= & 
*9*%8K*"E % < J#6!
5.  !/8$@& T. harzianum .# B. subtilis *9 P. myriotylum
'"# *6  in vitro ='*+!+! "#$ 105-106
cfu/ml J9 *X*8=8+ *! + *9  '!' 80% .8' 
." ", *=* ' + / # NFT ' *"E "!,'
#% < *' 9 ='*%! $*=' .  9  "{8

-53-
 !/8$@& ' ! + "  %"$*9*%8 # ' #
+ =
6. +!6"#% < +  !/8$@&+ ! 8 =
* ' #",=' ! K 8' .#,".+ /8$@&*  ' /8$@&
T. harzianum  /8$@& % !*+!+! , * "*"E  88'! ;< *"E /
  &. (aggressive strain) *"E = (biological
control agent) ;< *"E /% ! *9*%8,'  .8' #",=' !
=*L#'  # NFT % DFT ;< ,' *"*"' (bare root) . +
 & '*"E  88'!  9' /,' .8'#/8$@&' %!*
#* 8'!*'  ;< <] 9 9 ' !#*+!+! 108 cfu/l
+ #8% '' %!*/*.'' 
7.  &*$*+8 (rhizobacteria) .!#",=' ! 
*"E  &'% <  k *"E = #",  9
*  !6 .!' "# 9 *X*8=8+ *! + *9
P. myriotylum *%8=* ' /! '.88' /8$@&+ ! 8 .#
 ." ",K' %!/J< +9 '.88'   J8
'6 ",*9 (healthy control)
+!"'.!+! 8! +!* . # 6*  8'"  8 *
+  ! & =* '**9 Pythium #",=' ! 
#*"E "#*K  8'" 9
1) <].#k  rhizobacteria % indigenous microorganisms  #",
=' ! *"E == (biological control agent) * ! 
= #",  9*"E *L# *   & '#*' "8
.#,' *+!  (colonization) .+' +  &*%8= .#/%
   *X*8=8+ 
2) %#<]J< applications *%#  !/8$@&,'.!
! 8 * 6 ! # NFT '#<] * + bio-filter .  ! &
} ' '*+!" #=8 .#%8!  6" !=8 K6<] #
.",;< "#*K <]' +! !*' 

-54-
  '  

#* .'' ,    ]&}8 .#$ *] . 2534. 8 "$*9
Phthium aphanidermatum  =*  .# !*%'. *]88&
25 : 39-46.
*  '. 2546. ",=' ! : %/8.#*= =/8
*  "#*. ;*K,* 6.  *‹
% ,%X .& 2540. 6=+ .8 ="", #",=' ! .
  & %$@8. $@8 J *= =#*!*!$%
# . ISBN 974-621-804-2: 190 % !.
Berkelmann, B., Wohanka, W. and Wolf, G.A. 1992. Characterization of the bacterial flora in
circulating nutrient solution of a hydroponic system with rockwool. Acta Horticulturae
361: 372-381.
Duijff, B.J., Meijer, J.W., Bakker, P.A.H.M. and Schipper, B. 1993. Siderophore-mediation for
iron and induced resistance in suppression of Fusarium wilt of carnation by
fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 99: 277-289.
Favrin, R.J., Rahe, J.E. and Mouza, B. 1988. Pythium spp. associated with crown rot
cucumber In British Columbia greenhouse. Plant Disease 72 : 683-687.
Gardiner, R.B., Jarvis, W.R. and Shipp, L. 1990. Ingestion of Pythium spp. By larvae of the
Fungus gnat Bradysia impaties (Diptera :Sciridae) Ann. Appt. Biol. 116 : 1-8.
Goldberg, N.P. and Stanghellini, M.E. 1990. Ingestion-egestion and aerial transmission of
Pythium aphapidermatum by shore flies (Bphydrinae : Scatella stagnalis).
Phytopathology 80 (11): 1244-1246.
Grosch, R., Kofoet, A. and Junge, H. 2001. Biological control of root pathogen in soilless
culture using bacteria. Acta Horticulturae 548: 393-400.
Grasso, V., Minuto, A. and Garbaldi, A. 2003. Selected microbial strain suppress
Phytophthora cryptogea in gerbera crops produced in open and closed soilless
system. Phytopathologia-Mediterranea 42: 55-64.
Ikeda, H., Koohakan, P. and T. Jaenaksorn. 2002. Problems and countermeasure in the re-
use of the nutrient soluton in soilless production. Acta Hort. 578: 213-219.
Jenkins. S.F. and Averre C.W. 1983. Root disease of vegetable in hydroponic culture system
in North Carolina greenhouses. Plant disease 67 (9) : 968-970.

-55-
Koohakan, P., Ikeda, H., Jeanaksorn, T., Tojo, M., Kusakari, S-I., Okada, K. and Sato, S.
2004. Evaluation of the indigenous microorganisms in soilless culture : occurrence
and quantitative characteristics in the different growing system. Scientia
Horticulturae 101 : 179-188. 2004.
Maulin, F., Lemanceau, P. and Alabourette. 1994. Pathogenicity of Pythium species on
cucumber in peat-sand, rockwool and hydroponics. European Journal of Plant
Pathology 100: 3-17.
Mohyuddin, M. 1985. Crop cultivars and disease control in Hydropnics world wide :state of
the Art in solless crop production. Savase, A.T. (ed). International Center Special
Studies Honolulu. Hawaii. p. 42-50.
Neumann, B., Laing, M.D., Elad, Y., Kohl, J. and Shtienberg, D. 2002. Soil moisture and root
zone pH as tool for enhancing biocontrol of Pythium by Trichoderma. IOBC-WPRS
Working group “Biological control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens”
Proceeding of the 7th working group meeting, Influence of abiotic and biotic factors
on biocontrol agents at Pine Bay, Kusadasi, Turkey. Bulletin OILB-SROP.2002, 25:
89-92.
Paulitz, T.C. 1997. Biological control of root pathogens in soilless and hydroponic system.
HortScience 32: 193-196.
Postma, J., Willemsen-de Klein, M.J.E.I.M. and van Elsas, J.D. 2000. Effect of indigenous
microflora on the development of root and crown rot caused by Pythium
aphanidermatum in cucumber grown on rockwool. Phytopathology 90: 125-133.
Rankin, L. and Paulitz, T.C. 1994. Evaluation of rhizosphere bacteria for biological of
Pythium root rot of greenhouse cucumber in hydroponic culture. Plant Disease 78:
447-451.
Runia, W.Th. 1995. A review of possibilities for disinfection of recirculation water from
soilless cultures. Acta Horticulturae 382: 221-229.
Rey, P, Picard, K., Deniel, F., Benhamou, N., Tirilly, Y. and van Lenteren, J.C. 1999.
Development of an IPM system in soilless culture by using slow sand filtration an a
biocontrol fungus, Pythium oligandrum. IOBC-WPRS Working group ”Integrated
control in glasshouse” Proceeding of the meeting at Brest, France. Bulletin-OILB-
SROP.1999, 22: 205-208.

-56-
Stanghellini, M.E. and Rasmussen, S.L. 1994. Hydroponics: A solution for zoosporic
pathogens. Plant Disease 78: 1129-1138.
Stanghellini, M.E., D.H. Kim, J. Rakocy, K. Gloger and H. Klinton, 1998. First report of root
rot of hydroponically grown lettuce caused by Pythium myriotylum in a commercial
production facility. Plant Disease 82: 831.
Tu, J.C., Papadopoulos, A.P., Hao, X. and Zhen, J. 1999. The relationship of Pythium root rot
and rhizosphere microorganisms in a closed recirculating and open system in
rockwool culture of tomato. Acta Horticulturae 481: 577-583.
Tu, J.C. 2002. An integrated control of Pythium root rot of greenhouse tomato. Proceeding in
the 54th International symposium on crop protection, Part 1. Mededeligen-Faculteit-
Landbouwkundige-en-Toegepaste-Biologische-Wetenschappen-Universiteit-
Gent.2002, 67:209-216
van der Plaats-Niterink, A.J. 1981. Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology
No21, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn. 242 pp.
van Peer, R., van Kuik, A.J., Rattink, H. and Schippers, B. 1990. Control of Fusarium wilt in
carnation grown in rockwool by Pseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r and by Fe-
EDDHA. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 96: 119-132.
Weller, D.M. 1988. Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with
bacteria. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 26: 379-407
Zinnen, T.M. 1988. Assessment of plant diseases in hydroponic culture. Plant Disease 72
(2): 96-99.

-57-
 "  :   "
  " 1 .#,'+ A&*  %! *#%& *+!"*K8'
A&%] ,'
] ACK hydrofarm 6 933 J '  .+  %
*+8 %  *‹ 10520
] Bunny Bite 6 *+8 %  *‹
A& + . .
= ' # & .8 .! ! ." 
( + ]  k  6

  " 2 "$*9 Pythium spp. 8  ",  NFT = * "
+ A&* .%' % < *+8 *%  (''  take log)
"$*9  (cfu/g) "$*9  "$*9 96
 *K8' #8% !*8#
8! "8 8! *"E =
(cfu/100 ml.) (cfu/100 ml.)
6 .. 2547 107 4018 43 57
20 .. 2547 173 431 32 9
3 .. 2547 53 710 11 3
17 .. 2547 62 465 85 43
1 .. 2547 58 99 27 35
15 .. 2547 92 532 30 86' MDP*
29 .. 2547 190 1554 5 86' MDP*
11 .. 2547 82 727 7 86' MDP*
28 .. 2547 39 116 14
'86 1/ 40 100 10 86' MDP*
',  1/ 190 4020 90 60
'*L 2/ 100 960 30 20
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) %'"#86J8*K!
+ '*' 13.3 cfu/g
+ #% 96 !*8# '*' 3.3 cfu/100 ml.
1/
"$*986.#,  ' *6*K8' 6"|*]*"E 6  *8K
2/
*L"$*98 ' *6*K8' .#6"|*]*"E 6  *8K

-58-
  " 3 "$*9 Pythium spp. 8 *=> ",  NFT = *
8+'.#= * " + A&* .%' % < *+8 *% 
(''  take log)
"$*9  (cfu/g) "$*9  "$*9 96
 *K8' 1/ #8% !*8#
8! "8 8! *"E =
(cfu/100 ml.) (cfu/100 ml.)
6 .. 2547 53 3787 20 57
20 .. 2547 107 1288 38 9
3 .. 2547 265 3723 28 3
17 .. 2547 27 203 123 43
1 .. 2547 86' MDP* 116 18 35
15 .. 2547 161 278 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
29 .. 2547 27 853 5 86' MDP*
11 .. 2547 35 1121 3 86' MDP*
28 .. 2547 50 190 46
'862/ 86' MDP* 110 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
', 2/ 270 3790 120 60
3/
'*L 90 1290 30 20
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) %'"#86J8*K!
+ '*' 13.3 cfu/g
+ #% 96 !*8# '*' 3.3 cfu/100 ml.
1/
8' '   1 .. 2547 ", = * 8+'
2/
"$*986.#,  ' *6*K8' 6"|*]*"E 6  *8K
3/
*L"$*98 ' *6*K8' .#6"|*]*"E 6  *8K

-59-
  " 4 "$*9 Pythium 8  => ",  NFT = *
8+'+ A&* .%' % < *+8 *%  (''  take log)
"$*9  (cfu/g) "$*9  "$*9 96
 *K8' #8% !*8#
8! "8 8! *"E =
(cfu/100 ml.) (cfu/100 ml.)
1 .. 2547 38 42 27 35
15 .. 2547 103 401 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
29 .. 2547 152 258 3 86' MDP*
11 .. 2547 215 253 14 86' MDP*
28 .. 2547 83 827 3 16
'861/ 40 40 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
', 1/ 220 830 30 40
'*L2/ 120 360 10 10
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) %'"#86J8*K!
+ '*' 13.3 cfu/g
+ #% 96 !*8# '*' 3.3 cfu/100 ml.
1/
"$*986.#,  ' *6*K8' 6"|*]*"E 6  *8K
2/
*L"$*98 ' *6*K8' .#6"|*]*"E 6  *8K

-60-
  " 5 "$*9 Pythium spp. 8  => ",  NFT 
= * *"–+ A&* .%' % < *+8 %  *%  ('
'  take log)
"$*9  (cfu/g) "$*9  "$*9 96
 *K8' #8% !*8#
8! "8 8! *"E =
(cfu/100 ml.) cfu/100 ml.)
2 .. 2547 338 21867 - -
16 .. 2547 889 19200 23 86' MDP*
30 .. 2547 1653 3174 3 86' MDP*
13 .. 2547 444 1884 15 86' MDP*
27 .. 2547 133 10453 7 86' MDP*
11 .. 2547 400 5973 15 10
25 .. 2547 284 6827 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
8 .. 2547 880 3413 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
21 .. 2547 320 8880 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
'861/ 130 3410 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
', 1/ 1650 21870 20 10
'*L2/ 590 8450 10 1
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) %'"#86J8*K!
+ '*' 13.3 cfu/g
+ #% 96 !*8# '*' 3.3 cfu/100 ml.
1/
"$*986.#,  ' *6*K8' 6"|*]*"E 6  *8K
2/
*L"$*98 ' *6*K8' .#6"|*]*"E 6  *8K

-61-
  " 6 "$*9 Pythium spp. 8  => ",  NFT 
= * *"– + A&* .%' % < *+8 *%  (''  take log)
"$*9  (cfu/g) "$*9  "$*9 96
 *K8' #8% !*8#
8! "8 8! *"E =
(cfu/100 ml.) (cfu/100 ml.)
6 .. 2547 249 11947 - -
20 .. 2547 100 398 30 86' MDP*
3 .. 2547 298 1770 22 86' MDP*
17 .. 2547 56 69 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
1 .. 2547 23 1410 17 7
15 .. 2547 41 282 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
29 .. 2547 292 3177 41 3
11 .. 2547 86' MDP* -** 86' MDP* 4
28 .. 2547 23 1635 76 86' MDP*
1/
'86 10 60 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
', 1/ 300 11950 80 10
'*L2/ 120 2580 20 1
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) %'"#86J8*K!
+ '*' 13.3 cfu/g
+ #% 96 !*8# '*' 3.3 cfu/100 ml.
** '8! *"E =
1/
"$*986.#,  ' *6*K8' 6"|*]*"E 6  *8K
2/
*L"$*98 ' *6*K8' .#6"|*]*"E 6  *8K

-62-
  " 7 "$*9 Pythium 8 < L'", J DFT = * *"–
+ A&* .%' % <  %  *%  (''  take log)
"$*9  (cfu/g) "$*9  "$*9 96
 *K8' #8% !*8#
8! "8 8! *"E =
(cfu/100 ml.) (cfu/100 ml.)
2 .. 2547 53 4142 27 10
16 .. 2547 86' MDP* 356 - -
30 .. 2547 107 124 143 150
13 .. 2547 373 1244 48 86' MDP*
27 .. 2547 187 711 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
11 .. 2547 62 80 5 86' MDP*
25 .. 2547 409 693 18 12
8 .. 2547 191 720 86' MDP* 10
21 .. 2547 351 249 5 86' MDP*
'861/ 50 80 86' MDP* 86' MDP*
', 1/ 410 4140 140 150
'*L2/ 200 920 30 20
* MDP (Minimal detectable population) %'"#86J8*K!
+ '*' 13.3 cfu/g
+ #% 96 !*8# '*' 3.3 cfu/100 ml.
1/
"$*986.#,  ' *6*K8' 6"|*]*"E 6  *8K
2/
*L"$*98 ' *6*K8' .#6"|*]*"E 6  *8K

-63-
  " 8 69 %  +  ",  NFT = * "+ A&*
.%' % < *+8 *%  .#*"&*;K 8&' 8' #%' 8! "88! 
*"E =
' 8' #%' 8!
  8! "8 (/8! )1/ 8! *"E = (/8! )1/
"88! *"E = (%)
*K8'
shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8!
6 .. 2547 100.32/ 9.1 109.4 64.9 5.0 69.9 35.3 44.7 36.1
20 .. 2547 107.4 10.0 117.4 53.8 7.1 60.9 49.9 28.4 48.1
3 .. 2547 78.7 10.9 89.6 40.8 3.9 44.8 48.1 63.9 50.0
17 .. 2547 67.0 6.7 73.7 30.4 6.5 36.9 54.7 2.0 50.0
1 .. 2547 66.4 8.1 74.5 40.2 6.4 46.6 39.5 21.0 37.5
15 .. 2547 81.3 10.5 91.8 22.4 4.9 27.3 72.4 52.9 70.2
29 .. 2547 86.1 13.9 100.0 33.3 5.9 39.2 61.3 57.4 60.8
11 .. 2547 90.7 8.9 99.6 65.2 6.6 71.8 28.2 25.5 27.9
28 .. 2547 41.2 8.0 49.2 29.9 5.8 35.7 27.5 27.6 27.5
'*L 79.9 9.6 89.5 42.3 5.8 48.1 46.3 35.9 45.4
1/
*K8' =8>#",* ="#$ 2 "%&  =8>#",
2/
'*L6  3 8!

-64-
  " 9 69 %  + *=> ",  NFT = * 8+' .#= * "
+ A&* .%' % <  *%  .#*"&*;K 8&' 8' #%'
8! "88! *"E =
' 8' #%' 8!
  8! "8 (/8! )1/ 8! *"E = (/8! )1/
"88! *"E = (%)
*K8'
shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8!
6 .. 2547 43.12/ 6.4 49.5 17.6 3.0 20.6 59.1 53.1 58.3
20 .. 2547 42.6 7.1 49.7 14.3 3.3 17.6 66.4 53.7 64.6
3 .. 2547 39.1 5.6 44.7 13.1 2.8 15.9 66.6 50.0 64.5
17 .. 2547 33.8 3.5 37.3 12.6 2.3 14.9 62.8 34.3 60.1
1 .. 2547 47.6 5.5 53.1 17.3 2.0 19.3 63.6 63.3 63.6
15 .. 2547 30.5 5.0 35.5 13.4 1.8 15.2 56.1 64.0 57.2
29 .. 2547 23.8 4.0 27.8 20.0 2.8 22.8 16.0 30.8 18.1
11 .. 2547 32.9 3.7 36.6 19.7 3.3 23.0 40.1 10.7 37.1
28 .. 2547 33.8 3.8 37.6 26.7 3.7 30.4 21.0 3.5 19.2
'*L 36.4 5.0 41.3 17.2 2.8 20.0 50.2 40.4 49.2
1/
*K8' =8>#",* ="#$ 2 "%&  =8>#",
2/
'*L6  3 8!

  " 10 69 %  +  => ",  NFT = * 8+'+ A&*
.%' % <  *%  .#*"&*;K 8&' 8' #%' 8! "88! *"E =
' 8' #%' 8!
  8! "8 (/8! )1/ 8! *"E = (/8! )1/
"88! *"E = (%)
*K8'
shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8!
1 .. 2547 28.52/ 3.5 32.0 16.3 1.9 18.2 42.9 45.3 43.1
15 .. 2547 31.8 6.5 38.3 9.9 1.3 11.2 68.9 79.6 70.7
29 .. 2547 47.2 8.2 55.4 42.1 7.0 49.1 10.7 15.0 11.4
11 .. 2547 41.0 5.4 46.3 19.6 2.3 22.0 52.1 56.5 52.6
28 .. 2547 41.2 6.4 47.6 33.1 6.4 39.4 19.8 0.0 17.2
'*L 37.9 6.0 43.9 24.2 3.8 28.0 38.9 39.3 39.0
1/
*K8' =8>#",* ="#$ 2 "%&  =8>#",
2/
'*L6  3 8!

-65-
  " 11 69 %  +  => ",  NFT = * *"–+ A&*
.%' % < *+8 %  *%  .#*"&*;K 8&' 8' #%'
8! "88! *"E =
' 8' #%' 8!
  8! "8 (/8! )1/ 8! *"E = (/8! )1/
"88! *"E = (%)
*K8'
shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8!
2 .. 2547 99.92/ 19.5 119.4 26.9 7.0 33.8 73.1 64.3 71.7
16 .. 2547 58.3 11.0 69.3 20.7 4.3 25.0 64.5 60.7 63.9
30 .. 2547 49.9 11.3 61.2 23.8 4.3 28.1 52.3 61.7 54.1
13 .. 2547 55.4 9.4 64.8 26.2 4.0 30.2 52.7 57.3 53.4
27 .. 2547 49.5 11.1 60.6 20.9 4.5 25.4 57.7 59.6 58.1
11 .. 2547 60.4 8.4 68.8 36.6 6.6 43.2 39.5 20.7 37.2
25 .. 2547 76.3 9.6 85.9 27.0 3.3 30.4 64.6 65.3 64.7
8 .. 2547 86.4 9.6 96.0 35.5 5.5 41.1 58.9 42.4 57.2
21 .. 2547 84.3 10.6 94.9 48.1 8.1 56.2 43.0 23.0 40.8
'*L 68.9 11.2 80.1 29.5 5.3 34.8 56.3 50.6 55.6
1/
*K8' =8>#",* ="#$ 2 "%&  =8>#",
2/
'*L6  3 8!

-66-
  " 12 69 %  +  => ",  NFT = * *"–+ A&
* .%' % < *+8 *%  .#*"&*;K 8&' 8' #%' 8! "8
8! *"E =
' 8' #%' 8!
  8! "8 (/8! )1/ 8! *"E = (/8! )1/
"88! *"E = (%)
*K8'
shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8!
6 .. 2547 23.12/ 5.1 28.3 7.9 2.0 9.9 66.0 60.9 65.1
20 .. 2547 58.3 7.6 65.9 25.1 1.8 26.9 57.0 76.7 59.2
3 .. 2547 16.4 4.6 21.0 10.7 3.1 13.8 35.0 32.1 43.3
17 .. 2547 62.4 7.8 49.4 30.7 6.6 37.3 50.8 15.0 24.4
1 .. 2547 84.6 15.3 100.0 39.5 5.1 44.6 53.3 67.0 55.4
15 .. 2547 52.6 12.9 65.5 7.7 5.3 13.0 85.4 58.8 80.2
29 .. 2547* 30.3 8.4 38.7 12.3 5.9 18.3 59.3 29.4 52.8
11 .. 2547 80.4 12.1 92.6 -** - - - - -
28 .. 2547 115.2 17.1 132.3 57.4 7.9 65.4 50.2 53.6 50.6
'*L 58.2 10.1 66.0 23.9 4.7 28.6 57.1 49.2 56.6
1/
*K8' =8>#",* ="#$ 2-3 "%&  =8>#",
2/
'*L6  3 8!
*
8'   29 *"E  Red corral
**
!8! *"E =

-67-
  " 13 69 %  + < L'", J DFT = * *"–+ A&*
.%' % <  %  *%  .#*"&*;K 8&' 8' #%' 8!
"88! *"E =
' 8' #%' 8!
  8! "8 (/8! )1/ 8! *"E = (/8! )1/
"88! *"E = (%)
*K8'
shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8! shoot root 9 8!
2 .. 2547 24.32/ 2.0 26.4 6.0 0.5 6.5 75.5 75.4 75.5
16 .. 2547 16.3 1.4 17.7 3.7 0.3 4.0 77.3 78.0 77.4
30 .. 2547 12.1 3.3 15.4 3.0 1.3 4.2 75.5 61.6 72.6
13 .. 2547 7.5 2.1 9.6 2.8 1.2 4.0 62.7 43.5 58.5
27 .. 2547 2.3 0.8 3.2 2.3 0.6 2.9 0.0 28.0 7.4
11 .. 2547 8.2 1.4 9.6 1.0 0.7 1.7 87.4 52.4 82.3
25 .. 2547 16.7 5.5 22.2 4.9 2.5 7.4 70.7 54.5 66.7
8 .. 2547 42.3 4.0 46.3 21.7 2.8 24.5 48.8 29.4 47.1
21 .. 2547 26.1 3.8 29.9 14.4 3.4 17.8 44.8 11.3 40.5
'*L 17.3 2.7 20.0 6.6 1.5 8.1 60.3 48.3 58.7
1/
*K8' =8>#",* ="#$ 2-5 "%&  =8>#",
2/
'*L6  3 

-68-
  " 14 /8$@& (biological control product)  ! 
!  &} ]/,!/8%6% ' 
8; Trichoderma harzianum ].*K("#*) 6
( / # 96) 2x108 cfu/g 186 %,' 5 "*! J  
 *+  *‹ 10220
, *;A Trichoderma harzianum ], ;& 6
( / # 96) 108 cfu/g 1/87-88 ;%= 40
J %= 8   *‹ 10900
, *;A Trichoderma harzianum ], ;& 6
(  96 ) 109 spore/ml 1/87-88 ;%= 40
J %= 8   *‹ 10900
, *;A Trichoderma harzianum ], ;& 6
(%*9) 1/87-88 ;%= 40
J %= 8   *‹ 10900
 & Bacillus subtilis ].*K("#*) 6
( / # 96) 1x109 cfu/g 186 %,' 5 "*! J  
 *+  *‹ 10220

-69-
 " 
!  "(@ 
 $ & 

*%*+ * .#*/.'

1 6"$*9 Pythium spp. + /", #",
=' ! .  *]8"#6"Š 2548 #%'   24-25
 2548. $ %! "#8 $#*]88& %+ .'
=$#*]88& %+ .' .
2 "#+ /8$@&== =* '
+ /**9 Pythium #",=' ! . "#
 .%' 8 9  5 #%'   26-29 *] 2548 $ = .
**   . # .. =$#*= =*]8
J *= =#*!*!$%#
3 "#+ /8$@&== .# &*$*+8
.!", #",=' ! 9 *X*8=8
+ *9 Pythium myriotylum. "# .%' 8 9  5
#%'   26-29 *] 2548 $ = .**  
. # .. =$#*= =*]8 J *= =
#*!*!$%#

-70-