| CONCEPTSIN a Box ‘Action and © —— _ tion forces [eee] ead os sec ee between] [ Fricion mass and weight 4.1 The Concept of Force Perhaps the first thing that comes to the mind of a student in a general course in physics is that force is a push or a pull exerted upon a body. But a more scientific concept of force is obtained when we consider the effect of that push ot pull. Consider that a person is exerting an upward pull on a barbell in an effort to life ic. If he is strong enough, he may succeed in lifting the barbell. If not, che pull that Fig. M1. A Force is « push he exerts only tends to move'the barbell _Molionofg On Apel aa ull that tends to change the stat up. Based on this, we may now define force! ™°%E Wo train cong bya eS 1” Massis of Belgium mand in a more technical way. ied to his teeth. Incredible, butt of a force may also change the size org chapter. hape of the bod “sides affecting the State of ody. This effect. Moti _ : oe of the body, the applicati “€ Will be Considered ina ls 7® + Exploring Life Through Science— Physics4,2 Fundamental Forces ; EEL IPhysics In nature there are two general types of | Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton read the Bible daily since he was 12 years of age. He viewed his own scientific work as a method by which to reinforce belif in biblical ru, Hele hl ech ; “person shoul the eh reading, establish for himself an understanding act y of the universal truth it contains. Other than The year 1666 was consi-dered his pushes, pull, friction, and other forces considered esa eat forte peas impor e i in this chapter are nonfandamental and are due to ea gravicon bexol at the leysich electromagnetic force acting at the atomic le 24, He also invented the integral calculus Physicists have been working on theories chat™ and. wih the help of another mathemoficien, y svouldunify thefundameneal forces; chat istoconsider | Pe Status) calculus. His findings were ? : eT |ofer published in his two books on physics Tl of these forces as different forms of just one basic *Pringpia" and “Optiks in 1687 and in 1704, force. So far, the electromagnetic force and the weak son ye nuclear foc ve een happily united to for - oo, the electroweak force through the efforcs of Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg inthe 1970s. They were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics - this achievement. Attempts to farther unify the forces under Grand Unified Theory ate still being so ht. — "1 4.3 Aristotle Versus Galileo ‘Whar is the exact relation between force and philosophers and observers of nature including Aristo? 3 ii euare ofa ‘ndy is ix commana ro Ps = body for it co move and to keep it moving. He added that che velocity of the object is proportional co the force applied. Aristotle's ideas dak cccnemon' sensé-they' were based on most of out CODES everyday experiences. Some 2000 years later, Galileo developed ideas about motion contrary to the Aristotelian rd ‘With his thought experiment on a perfect sphere rolling on an inclined plane ‘free from all exter and accidental obstacles,” he observed that the sphere would speed up when rolling down the slope and slow down when rolling up. When placed on @ Jevel surface, the sphere would neither speed up nor slow down but continue its motion forever. He concluded that the natural tendency of d moving object red to keep it moving. is to continue moving and no force is requi motion? For centuries, this question perplexed Je. Aristotle (384~322 8.c.) considered that the Chapter 4 Dynamics of Translation + 79Building on Galileo's work, Isaac Ne formulated his theory on motion. In his books ie Principia, Newton readily acknowledged his del to Galileo. His analysis of motion was summarize in his three laws of motion. itor Tse Invent ae Dr. Ramon Gustilo i a wo! i Dr. Gustilo hae tes i i sement systems Thee tenon er ft a of accidents oF a desig i¢ arthritis. He also d So far we have discussed and ani ee plocaments which oe nies in different types of motion like uniform motion a distributed by ee Gone : accelerated motion. But why do things move if he United States of ; the first place? Why do some things move faster than the others? Why are some accelerated and ’ others are not? ning all motions Sir Isaac Newton was credited of having been the first to ee laws Sore 8 These laws are appropriately named Newton’s laws on motion, The first law i law is pulling a he dishes. When no large force acts on of time. Hence, the Il may also be used to theend and the paper tablecloth very quickly without dislodging ¢ the tablecloth is pulled very quickly, the dishes for an appreciable lengeh dishes remain at rest. A tissue paper ro demonstraté the first law. Pull slowly at unrolls; pull sharply and ic tears off. ‘The second part of Newton's first | '@W is one concernin, f uniform motion. An object in oe " ij a state of ui Uniform motion wil] law of Newser "S™onstration of the fir 80 « Exploring Life Through Science—Physicgremain in mln ae unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force. We have all experienced being thrown ania while inside a moving vehicle when the brakes were suddenly applied or being thrown outwar it makes a sudden turn. We move with the same velocity as the vehicle while ide it, We continue to i inside i Move forward until a force stops us as in the first situation or changes our direction of motion a8 in second situation, Law of Acceleration The first law asserts that a body cannot itself change its state of motion; but must be acted upon by a force to bring about such change, The first part of the second law tells us that the greater the unbalanced force is, the greater is the acceleration of the body being acted upon. Ifa force F, is applied to a body at one time and a force F, at another time, then a k ‘Thus if we push on a car with a certain force F, and at another time push it twice as hard, it will have acceleration twice that as the first. | Sample Example 4.1 f Two forces, one four times as large as the other, pull in che same direction on a 10 kg mass and impart to it an acceleration of 2.5 m/s’. If the smaller force is removed, what is the acceleration of the mass? Solution: ' t Let F, represent the smaller force. ‘Then, F, = 4F, So the net force that gives the 10 kg mass an acceleration of 2.5. m/s* is 5F,. If the smaller force were removed, the force that will accelerate the same mass IN is 4F,. Since we know that the acceleration is directly proportional to Ale the force fora constant mass, then lodyA body SF, _ 2.5 m/s Fig. 43. Acceleration is 4k, 4, inversely proportional to : mass. Ifthe same force is a, =2.0 m/s applied to the two ladies, Lady A will have lesser ccceleration than Lody . Chapter 4 Dynamics of Translation « 81iene is atio of the Practice Exercise 4,1 what is ther a Two forces of magnitudes GN and 4Nacton a bOAY. Tt sacion whet OPP When these forces are acting in the same direction to pe ene, | dm, then acceleration prody,, jtely directed? ater the mass re an The second pare ofthe second law cll us thar the BFEHE! TTT a Ral, ent obje acceleration. If the same force is applied to two differ mt, = Mah, | Sample Problem 4.2 ( 2, What would be the accele! ration of 1.6 ky A certain force accelerates a 3.2 kg mass by 2.4 m/s’. 1:0 Ss when the same force acts on it? oe are given that m,=3.2kg, m=L6kg and 4,=2.4 m/s’. Substituting in x formula Ma, = MA, (3.2 kg)(2.4 m/s*)=(16 kg)a, 4,=48 m/s’ Practice Exercise 4.2 A72N force accelerates mass m, an acceleration of 5.0 m/s”. The same force acts on another ma m, and imparts to it an acceleration of 20.0 m/s’. What acceleration will the same force impart to tk two masses when they are joined together? ‘Newton's second law may be written in equation form as Te should always be remembered that t ~ Weare now in a postion to define the une of force in che mettic system, If cha a : and the acceleration is | mis", che force is 1 newton (N), force of | newean Lie Mass is 1 kiloget a one kilogram mass an acceleration of 1 m/s2, ‘Wton is the force that will gi! he force in the above equation is the A smaller unit of force is the dyne. A force of 1 dyne will giv, femle BNE one Bram mass an acceleration Ldyne =] 8 cm/s? IN=10> dynes 82 + Exploring life Through Science—_phyxicg‘The second law may be stated in another Way. Recall chat v0, a t Substituting in the equation F = ma Fig. 4-4. A karate expert breaking a stack of bricks. When a net force F acts on a body, the impulse it produces is equal to the change in momentum of the body. This statement is called the Imp, The effect of a force on the motion of an object depends on the magnitude of the force and the time the force acts. The stronger the force, the greater the effect. The longer the time the force acts, the greater the effect. Golfers on tee shots, football players on kick-offs, and billiard players maximize both force and time to get stronger impulse. A given change in momentum may be achieved by some combination of force and time. Large force acting for a short time or small force acting for a long time brings about the same change in momentum. For example, a moving car may be brought to an abrupt halt by slamming on the brakes or toa gentle stop by slowly applying the brakes. This concept of smaller force but longet time has many applications. Padded dashboards, helmets, bumpers, fenders, and ait bags in cars are designed to lessen injury to passengers by increasing the time needed to bring Fe. 45. ao. : them to a halt during collision. A stuntman can leap from great heights profecton, Nisea Vales without being hurt by landing on large air bags. In the absence of absorbing either he Helmet Low or landing material, he must bend his knees immediately upon colliding with _Newion’s Second Law. ground. In so doing, he gives the upper part of his body more time to stop. If he landed stiff kneed, he stopped abruptly and the force on his feet may be sufficient to break his bones or jar his teeth. Chapter 4 Dynamics of Translation + 83.Sample Problem 4.3 : In an attempr to assassinate a head of state, a 6.0 g bullet vest and comes to rest in 465 4 seconds, What average braking sikes his bullet pr, he bullet, part tod raveling at 155 mis st force did the vest im Solution: . 006 kg; iniial speed. % = 155 m/s ang ‘We need to solve for che acceleration e We are given that mass m of bullet = 6.0 time #= 465%10~ s, final velocity of. bullet 9, = Substituting values in the equation ny “465x10 a=—3.33x10° m/s? Wx To solve for the force, ‘ F=ma = ST F = (0.006 kg)(—3.3310° m/s’) & F=~2000N The force is negative because it is a braking force. Practice Exercise 4.3 force does the driver of the car experience if he i that the combined mas ofthe car and the driver is 2580 kg Ifeheear han i air b impact time to 0.450 s, what force was experienced by the drivers "ag that increased the Relation between Mass and Weight Alchough they ate closely related, mass and w jancicis. Maus is the measure of the inertia of the bod aussity of aries sale eoutlon Weighs eee vith which a wri i tracted toward che cee of Each, The Sune af mas ee ne ome? The SI unit of weight is the newton. gram, Mass isa scalar quantity, while weighe being a force is g vector quanti On the surface of Earth where che acceleration duc vo snvig i weight of an object with a mass m in accordance with Neo © & the ton’s second is given by ysis law ight are two different BA. « Exploring life Through Science—Physics