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JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.
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Published in final edited form as:

JAMA Oncol. 2021 December 01; 7(12): 1882–1890. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.4083.

COVID-19 and cancer: A registry-based pandemic response

Aakash Desai*,1,2, Turab J. Mohammed*,3, Narjust Duma4, Marina C. Garassino5, Lisa K.
Hicks6, Nicole M. Kuderer7, Gary H. Lyman8, Sanjay Mishra9, David J. Pinato10,11, Brian I.
Rini9, Solange Peters12, Jeremy L. Warner9, Jennifer G. Whisenant9, William A. Wood13,
Michael A. Thompson14,#
1Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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2Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

3Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
4Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
5University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
6Division of Hematology/Oncology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
7Advanced Cancer Research Group, LLC, Seattle, WA, USA
8Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington/Seattle Cancer Care
Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
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9Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
10Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
11Divisionof Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, Piemonte Orientale University,
Novara, Italy
12Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
13Divisionof Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA

#
Corresponding Author: Michael A. Thompson, MD, PhD, FASCO, Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic at Aurora St. Luke’s Medical
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Center, 2900 W. Oklahoma Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53215, Phone: 414-649-6380, Michael.Thompson2@aah.org.

*Authors have equal contributions
Authors’ contributions: All authors contributed to the writing and reviewing of the manuscript.
Access to data and data analysis: Dr. Thompson had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity
of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Ethics Committee Approval: Individual registries were approved by their respective Institutional Review Boards (IRB’s) for ethics.
Publisher's Disclaimer: Disclaimer: Dr. Desai began a conversation on Twitter which sparked the formation of the COVID-19 and
Cancer Consortium (CCC19) in March 2020. Dr. Duma is the PI of the HOLA COVID-19 study. Drs. Garassino and Whisenant are
co-founders of TERAVOLT. Drs. Flicks and Wood are co-founders of the American Society of Hematology Research Collaborative
COVID-19 Registry. Drs. Kuderer, Lyman, Rini, Warner, and Thompson are co-founders of CCC19. Dr. Mishra is the project
coordinator of CCC19. Dr. Pinato is the chief investigator of OnCovid (NCT04393974). Dr. Rini is the extramural PI of NCCAPS
(NCT04387656). Drs. Rini, Peters, Warner, and Thompson are members of the CCC19 steering committee. Drs. Peters and Whisenant
are members of the ESMO-CoCARE steering committee. Dr. Warner is the PI of the CCC19 registry (NCT04354701). The opinions
expressed in this manuscript are those of the individuals and do not necessarily reflect their respective roles.
 Desai et al. Page 2

14Aurora Cancer Care, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI, USA

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Abstract
Importance: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected patients with cancer worldwide including
causing delays in diagnosis, interruption of treatment and follow-up care, and infection and
premature mortality.

Observations: Despite the challenges during the pandemic, the global oncology community
has responded with an unprecedented level of discovery, collaboration, and technological
innovation through the rapid development of COVID-19 registries that have allowed an increased
understanding of the natural history, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with cancer afflicted
with COVID-19. In this review, we describe the major registry efforts in cancer and COVID-19,
which have led to an improved understanding of the impact and outcomes of COVID-19 in
patients with cancer.
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Conclusion and relevance: An initiative is needed to promote active collaboration between

different registries to improve the quality and consistency of information. We advocate for well-
designed prospective and randomized clinical trials to collect high-level evidence to guide long-
term epidemiological, behavioral, and clinical decision-making for this and future pandemics.

Introduction
Despite increasing vaccine availability, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a
significant threat worldwide. Patients with cancer are a uniquely vulnerable population;1
they are often immunocompromised and are at increased risk of COVID-19-related
complications.2–6 Potential treatments of COVID-19 have been intensively studied; e.g.,
in the United Kingdom’s (UK) RECOVERY trial and the pace of vaccine development
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and deployment has been nothing short of remarkable.7 Despite these successes, patients
with cancer have largely been excluded from these studies. RECOVERY and four other
prospective trials of corticosteroids either did not include cancer as a comorbidity or
were not adequately powered to determine efficacy or safety in the subset of patients
with malignancy.8–12 Most of the vaccine trials did not include patients on active
anticancer treatment or with a recent history of cancer.13,14 Thus, well-designed registries
and retrospective cohort studies remain important tools for increasing our collective
understanding of the natural history and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with cancer.15

Despite the many challenges that the pandemic has created, the global biomedical
community has responded with an unprecedented level of discovery, collaboration, and
technological innovation. One such example from oncology has been the rapid development
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of COVID-19 registries, with major efforts coming from crowdsourcing models that aim to
understand the natural history, risk factors, and outcomes in patients with cancer afflicted
with COVID-19.16 Here, we review and describe the major registry efforts in cancer and
COVID-19 (also summarized in Appendix Table 3). Table 1 summarizes the inclusion
criteria used for each registry described here and the number of patients accrued in the
studies.

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COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19):

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CCC19, a grassroots crowdsourcing initiative that originated via Twitter,17 was the first
among many COVID-19 registries for patients with cancer. The CCC19 has >10,000 cases
reported as of June 1st, 2021, sourced across 128 participating sites in North America.
(Figure 1) Apart from understanding the association of COVID-19 with cancer outcomes,
CCC19 also aims to study factors associated with short- and long-term outcomes of
COVID-19, and cancer treatment modifications made in response to COVID-19.

Among patients aged >18 years with active or previous malignancy and confirmed SARS-
CoV-2 infection, the initial analysis of 928 patients revealed that 43% of patients had
active (measurable) cancer and 39% were on active treatment. Death within 30 days
was documented in 13% of patients.18,19 An update to this original report with extended
follow-up found that 30-day all-cause mortality had increased to 17% for all patients,
and 20% if patients without complete 30-day follow-up were censored.20 Another report
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from CCC19 studied the potential role of COVID-19 treatments in over 2000 patients
with cancer and found no statistically significant 30-day all-cause mortality benefit with
hydroxychloroquine or high-dose corticosteroids alone or in combination. Remdesivir
showed potential benefit; however, the report concluded that the efficacy observed in a
retrospective cohort study and the type of treatment chosen against COVID-19 infection
reflected factors that influenced clinical decision-making and was also impacted by the
disparities in access to the drugs, highlighting the difficulty to provide definitive statements
about drug efficacy from retrospective studies even in the era of COVID-19.19,21

Furthermore, data from this registry showed a VTE incidence of 10% among cancer patients
admitted to the ICU due to COVID19. VTE was more frequently seen among those who
recently received any anti-cancer therapy (5.2% vs. 2.2%) or those with active disease
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progression (7.1% vs 2.0%).22 An update of this data demonstrated that those with active
disease and recent anti-cancer therapy continued to be at particularly increased risk of
VTE and pulmonary embolism (PE). Lastly, this cohort study also suggested that those on
anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy before the admission may be associated with a lower
risk of VTE/PE.23

Subsequently, CCC19 published an analysis of 4966 COVID-19 patients with cancer.24

On multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age, male sex, obesity, comorbidities,
non-Hispanic Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, worse ECOG performance status, hematologic
malignancy (HM), recent cytotoxic chemotherapy, low or high lymphocyte count, high
absolute neutrophil count, thrombocytopenia, elevated creatinine, troponin, LDH, or
CRP were all associated with more severe COVID-19 and worse outcomes. This study
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also highlighted that certain anti-cancer therapies, e.g., R-CHOP, were associated with
particularly high 30-day mortality (>40%). This finding is under additional investigation in
an expanded cohort of hematologic malignancy patients.

A study in press evaluated the association of convalescent plasma (CP) therapy with 30-day
mortality in adults with hematologic malignancy hospitalized with COVID-19 found that the
CP treatment was associated with improved 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI,
0.29-0.92) suggesting a potential survival benefit with CP therapy in this subgroup.25 This

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benefit was also seen in ICU patients (HR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.20-0.80) and those requiring
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mechanical ventilation (HR: 0.32, 95% CI 0.14-0.72).

Finally, CCC19 has many additional studies currently underway, e.g., focusing on the
geriatric oncology population, minority and underrepresented racial and ethnic groups,
prostate cancer, co-occurring infections, sarcoma, and bleeding complications.

The OnCovid Study:

OnCovid is an Imperial College London-sponsored observational study launched in March
2020 with the aim of documenting characteristics and outcomes from SARS-CoV-2
infection in patients with cancer. OnCovid is a pan-tumor registry with purposeful broad
inclusion criteria (age ≥18, confirmed diagnosis of malignancy of any type, and confirmed
diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by nasopharyngeal swab). OnCovid is the first study
contributing to portray the unfolding SARS-Cov-2 epidemic in Europe, documenting a
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case fatality rate (CFR) of 29% in the first report of 204 patients recruited in the
United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain.26 In a follow-up report of 890 European patients, the
OnCovid study reported an overall CFR of 33.6% confirming advanced age, male sex, and
co-morbid burden to predict for complicated COVID-19 and higher risk of death.27 No
detrimental effect was observed from recent exposure to systemic anti-cancer therapies and
receipt of anti-COVID-19 therapies was associated with improved mortality. Mortality in
cancer patients admitted with COVID-19 was concentrated outside oncology inpatient areas
and characterized by highly complex symptomatic needs, highlighting challenges in the
delivery of high-quality palliative care in these patients.28 OnCovid portrayed significant
geographic heterogeneity in COVID-19 outcomes in Europe29 and contributed to clarify the
role of the systemic pro-inflammatory response in predicting for adverse outcomes from
COVID-19 in cancer patients, validating hypoalbuminemia and lymphopenia combined in
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the OnCovid Inflammation Score (OIS) as independent prognostic predictors in these patient
population.30

UK Coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project:

The National Health Service (NHS) from the United Kingdom launched their UK
Coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project (UKCCMP) on 18th March 2020. The UKCCMP
aims to collect pertinent information of patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection and
provide real-time daily updates to individual cancer centers for informed decision-making.
In their preliminary analysis of 800 patients with COVID-19 and cancer, a mortality rate of
28% was reported, largely driven by advanced age, male gender, and a higher number of
comorbidities. Their analysis did not find any significant effect of cancer treatment within 4
weeks on mortality from COVID-19 infection.31
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TERAVOLT:
TERAVOLT is one of the first global registries aimed at understanding the effect of
COVID-19 infection on patients with thoracic malignancies, including patients with small
cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, mesothelioma, carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumors
of thoracic origin, and thymic epithelial tumors. Garassino and colleagues presented initial
data from TERAVOLT, at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 2020

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annual congress including 151/200 (76%) patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and 74%
on active treatment for malignancy.32 The majority of patients came from European centers
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with 152/200 (76%) requiring hospitalization and with a mortality rate of 33% (66/200)
reported among patients with thoracic malignancies. Former or current smoker status, age
>65 years, chemotherapy alone for treatment, and presence of comorbidities were significant
independent factors associated with increased risk of death.32 Updated data on 400 patients
was subsequently reported at the ASCO 2020 Annual Meeting with a 35.5% mortality.33
In addition, in September 2020, results in 1012 global patient population were presented
at the ESMO 2020 virtual congress confirming mortality of 32% (N=326) among patients
with thoracic malignancies infected with COVID-19. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
(ECOG) performance status ≥2, age >65, smoking history, stage IV disease, steroids >10
mg, and chemotherapy alone or no treatment were all found to be significantly associated
with poor outcomes.34 It is important to note that no specific information was available
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regarding the reasons for steroid use, i.e., if it was initiated for certain comorbid conditions
such as COPD or autoimmune disorders or their severity. Therefore, given these unmeasured
and potential unknown sociodemographic confounders, randomized controlled clinical trials
(RCTs) remain the gold standard to definitively answer the efficacy questions for COVID-19
therapies such as corticosteroid therapy.

ASCO Registry:
The ASCO Registry aims to capture longitudinal data regarding the impact of COVID-19
on patient care and outcomes during and after the acute COVID-19 illness among
patients in active cancer treatment or disease-free within 12 months of surgical resection.
A data dashboard (updated regularly - https://www.asco.org/asco-coronavirus-information/
coronavirus-registry/covid-19-registry-data-dashboard summarizes demographic, cancer,
and COVID information of the registry cases.35 As ofJune 1st, 2021, it houses data on
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3747 patients submitted from 60 practices and over 60% were on drug-based therapy at
the time of COVID-19 diagnosis. The Registry is collecting robust follow-up information
for up to 2 years after COVID-19 diagnosis, including information on disruptions of cancer
treatment, COVID-19 “long haul” symptoms, and vaccination. Initial results were presented
at the ASCO 2021 Annual Meeting and further analysis is underway. This registry provides
financial support to sites for costs associated with inputting registry data.

American Society of Hematology Research Collaborative (ASH RC) COVID-19 Registry:

The ASH Research Collaborative (ASH RC) COVID-19 Registry is a global public
reference tool that captures data on individuals who have a hematologic condition
(past or present) and tested positive for COVID-19 and/or have experienced a
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post-COVID-19 hematologic complication (A data dashboard (updated regularly -

https://www.ashresearchcollaborative.org/s/covid-19-registry/data-summaries) summarizes
demographic, cancer, comorbidities, and COVID information of the registry cases.). As
of June 1st, 2021, it has data on 1095 patients with hematological conditions including 1013
with HM. The near real-time observational summaries for the ASH RC COVID-19 Registry
are made available on their public-facing data dashboard.36 A unique feature of the ASH
RC COVID-19 registry is that it includes cases from age <5 to >90 years old. More than
50% of patients in the registry are non-white and from across the globe. The most common

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comorbidities documented were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, the highest
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mortality was found to occur among those over 70 years of age.

Initial results from the first 250 patients from 74 sites reported to the ASH RC COVID-19
Registry were published in December 2020.37 Diverse HM were well represented. Overall
mortality was 28% (95% CI 23%-34%), with the greatest risk seen with advanced age,
physician-estimated prognosis for the underlying HM of less than 12 months, and those
with relapsed/refractory disease. In some instances, death occurred after a decision to forego
ICU admission in favor of a palliative approach. The use of COVID-19 directed therapies
throughout the entire cohort was common. Updated results on 656 patients from the ASH
RC COVID 19 registry were presented at the 2020 ASH annual meeting.38 Continued high
risk of mortality in patients with HM and COVID-19 infection (overall mortality 20%) was
observed, with a 33% mortality among those who were hospitalized for COVID-19.
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HOLA COVID-19:
The HOLA COVID-19 study launched on August 4, 2020, is an international collaboration
composed of Latinx oncology professionals and specialists from countries in Latin America,
the Caribbean, and the United States. It is the largest effort focusing on the South American
continent. Approximately 704 specialists responded to a survey over four weeks as a part
of a cross-sectional study to understand how the pandemic affected cancer care in Latin
American countries.39

COVID-19 Outcomes Registries in Immunocompromised Individuals Australia (CORIA):

COVID-19 Outcomes Registries in Immunocompromised Individuals Australia (CORIA)
is an observational cohort study of immunosuppressed populations including patients with
cancer and transplant recipients who test positive for COVID-19. 30 institutions across
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Australia are part of this registry and plan to enroll around 1000 patients.40

European Society for Medical Oncology COVID-19 Care (ESMOCoCARE) Registry:

European Society for medical oncology COVID-19 Care (ESMOCoCARE) Registry
initiative is an international collaborative project among cancer centers and organizations
from across Europe and around the world focusing mainly on Europe and Asia.41 it covers
the heterogeneity of European countries as well as the Asian and Aftrican countries. A
partnership between ESMOCoCARE and the CCC19 has been established with CCC19
sharing its common data dictionary, aiming at a final pooled analysis. This worldwide
collaboration should enable larger sample sizes to address critical questions related to
granular questions for COVID-19 as well as cancer care. Due to the complexitiy of EU
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general data protection regulation application regarding registries, without exception during
COVID-19 pandemic, the first results covering a group of more than 1500 patients were
delayed and will be presented during the ESMO annual meeting in September 2021.

Dutch Oncology COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC):

The Dutch Oncology COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC), a national registry in the
Netherlands, analyzed data from 351 patients with COVID-19 and cancer in the first
analysis.42 The main cancer diagnoses among COVID-19 positive patients were non-small

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cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The overall
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mortality of 32.4% (114/351) was reported and was highest among patients with HM and
lung cancer. Other independent risk factors associated with fatal outcomes included male
gender, age >65 years, comorbidities, and active malignancies.

NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (N-CCaPS):

NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (N-CCaPS) is a prospective observational cancer
study with a planned accrual goal of 2,000 patients with active cancer requiring therapy
and recent COVID-19 infection. This study is conducted through the NCI Experimental
Clinical Trials Network (ETCTN), NCI National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) and, NCI
Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP).43 Importantly, collection of blood at
baseline and throughout treatment will allow for extensive correlative laboratory analyses
including genome-wide association studies, characterization of cytokine changes, serology
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to assess short- and long-term immunity as a result of infection, and COVID vaccination and
coagulation parameters.

Myeloma Crowd Research Initiative (MCRI) COVID-19 Study:

Certain registries for a specific type of cancer include the Myeloma Crowd Research
Initiative (MCRI) COVID-19 study called the “COVID-19 Myeloma Patient Study”, part
of the HealthTree platform is an innovative, patient-focused tool to collect data on patients
with Multiple Myeloma (MM) or precursor conditions diagnosed with COVID-19 infection.
This study is being spearheaded by myeloma researchers in the US in collaboration with the
non-profit organization, “Myeloma Crowd”. The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation
(MMRF) and International Myeloma Society (IMS) also have initiated similar registries for
MM patients.
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The IMS published its first results from the MM data set comprising 650 patients of
whom 96% had MM and 54% were on first-line therapy for it. High but variable mortality
ranging from 27-57% (average mortality of 33%) was documented among patients based on
the location of the medical facility at the time of hospitalization. Multivariable logistic
regression analysis revealed age, high-risk disease, renal involvement, and suboptimal
MM control were independently associated with adverse outcomes among patients with
concurrent COVID-19 infection.44

Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR):

Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) is an
international joint initiative with 234 centers (188 US and 46 non-US) participating and
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to collect data to determine the impact of COVID-19 on outcomes among patients with
autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). As of June 7th,
2021, data on 3224 patients with confirmed COVID-19 are available. Results from analysis
of 318 patients from the CIBMTR registry showed that patients aged ≥ 50 years (HR 2.53,
95% CI 1.16-5.52); male sex (HR: 3.53, 95% CI 1.44-8.67), and COVID-19 infections
within a year of transplantation (HR: 2.67, 95% CI 1.33-5.36) were associated with a
higher risk of mortality among allogeneic HSCT recipients. In terms of autologous HSCT
recipients, indication of lymphoma was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared

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with plasma cell disorder or myeloma (HR: 95% CI 2.41,1.08-5.38).45 Meanwhile, Frigault
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and colleagues published data that suggested the early and limited use of tocilizumab (IL-6R
inhibitor) may not increase the risk of infection in significantly immunocompromised patient
population.46

Other Efforts:
Similar to the efforts described above, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) is collecting
data on adult patients including those with cancer, planned for surgery, and diagnosed with
COVID-19 infection. The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology is also developing a data
repository, based on policies through the National Cancer Institute (NCI) but is available
for Alliance member sites only. An International Cancer control partnership set up a joint
initiative of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Global Initiative
for Cancer Registry Development (GICR), and the International Association of Cancer
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Registries (IACR) and invited cancer registries across the globe to respond to an online
survey to assess the pandemic impact on the cancer care system. Currently, the results of the
survey have not yet been released.

Discussion
In summary, the results from the registry efforts have allowed us to understand the following
effects of COVID-19 in patients with cancer:

1. The 30-day all-cause mortality among patients with cancer and COVID-19 is
high, with estimates ranging from 13-57%.

2. Overall factors consistently associated with mortality across the registries include
age, sex, and number of comorbidities. (Tables 2)
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3. Cancer-specific factors consistently identified across registries as associated

with high mortality are thoracic malignancy, hematologic malignancy, poor
performance status, and active and progressive malignancy. (Tables 2)

4. Registries with a large sample size have revealed additional vulnerabilities

in this large patient population associated with a higher mortality including
with race/ethnicity and with certain lab parameters, e.g, hypoalbuminemia and
lymphopenia.

5. Identification of the beneficial role of convalescent plasma and remdesivir

against COVID19 has been suggested in patients with cancer, especially for
those with HM. These results will provide context and hypothesis for researchers
to design prospective studies and/or RCT for this vulnerable subgroup.
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Despite the importance of these efforts, we must appreciate that registry data have
important limitations. By design, registries are observational and subject to chance, bias,
and confounding. Most of these registries collect data abstracted from electronic health
records, which may be limited in scope and coverage.47 Severity of comorbidities,
socioeconomic factors, insurance access and coverage, social determinants of health,
and health data relating to COVID-19 illness that is managed outside of the reporting
institution may be missing. Also, long-term outcome data may be lacking in some registries.

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Given the heterogeneity and wide range of variables being collected by various registries
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using inhomogenous and sometimes inconsistent measures, assessing the true prognostic
significance of specific clinical elements remains a challenge. Another major inherent
limitation of the registry-based studies is the potential for selection bias; all except for
CIBMTR, which has federally mandated reporting, should be considered convenience
samples. For example, some cohorts may have a selection bias towards hospitalized patients,
which could overestimate mortality. Although most registries have taken steps to prevent
internally duplicated data entry, the possibility of duplicated data remains, particularly
across registries. Finally, a heterogeneous patient population with missing or inconsistently
available prognostic cancer and non-cancer related confounding factors still limit many of
the studies. A solution for sample size limitations is a carefully conducted meta-analysis,
and potentially merging the data from different cancer registries to create a meta-cohort,
subject to multivariate adjustments. However, data harmonization among disparate variable
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collection is a considerable challenge. None of the registries have been able to collect
comprehensive data on social determinants of health, which may play an important part in
the observed disparities among COVID-19 patients.5

Conclusions and Moving Forward

Currently, most registries are still in the process of collecting and analyzing data, and hence
the available results are best considered preliminary. Consistent collection and reporting
of clinical parameters, along with common data elements and standardized definitions will
be instrumental to attain an improved understanding. Further, well-designed randomized
controlled trials are needed to achieve evidence-based conclusions with a higher degree of
reliability.48 Hence, an initiative is needed to promote active collaboration between different
registries to improve the quality and consistency of information.
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We believe that this pandemic has certainly enlightened us on potential approaches to

better handle any future health crisis. Although a robust global response was seen with
COVID-19, we found that due to variation in inclusion criteria among most registries
(sometimes limited by disease groups or location), there could be a potential for overlap
of information leading to data duplication or redundancy in these scientific efforts. Moving
forward, concerted standardized efforts with individual registries coming together to develop
a common mechanism for consistent data collection and reporting tools will provide faster
as well as more accurate and robust results for clinical implementation. Also, with the
background of the current pandemic, we must identify factors that led to adverse outcomes
among minority populations and proactively tackle them to prevent similar occurrences in
any future pandemic.
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Data from the registry efforts described herein help solve a piece of a puzzle that
must simultaneously be solved through well-designed clinical trials to develop high level
evidence.14 COVID19 pandemic response has demonstrated opportunities to collaborate
with our colleagues across disciplines and geographic boundaries, and strengthen the
healthcare system to continue delivering the highest quality of care to our patients.

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 Desai et al. Page 10

Funding Support:
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SM, BIR, and JLW acknowledge support from P30 CA068485. DJP acknowledges support from the Wellcome
Trust Strategic Fund (PS3416 to DJP). The OnCovid study acknowledges infrastructural support by the Cancer
Research UK Imperial Centre and the Imperial NIHR BRC.

Role of Funding Source:

Funding sources had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Statements:

Dr. Duma reports Consulting/Advisory for: Jansen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Neogenomics and Inivata, Inc.; Speaking
agreements: Clinical Care Options and Physician Education Resources; outside the submitted work.

Dr. Garassino reports grants and personal fees from Eli Lilly, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants
and personal fees from Otsuka Pharma, grants and personal fees from Astra Zeneca, grants and personal fees
from Novartis, grants and personal fees from BMS, grants and personal fees from Roche, grants and personal
fees from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from Celgene, grants and personal fees from Incyte, personal fees
Author Manuscript

from Inivata, personal fees from Takeda, grants from Tiziana Sciences, grants from Clovis, grants from Merck
Serono, grants and personal fees from Bayer, grants and personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from
GlaxoSmithKline S.p.A., grants and personal fees from Sanofi-Aventis, grants and personal fees from Spectrum
Pharmaceutcials, grants and personal fees from Blueprint Medicine, personal fees from Seattle Genetics, personal
fees from Daiichi Sankyo, grants from Merck KGaA, grants and personal fees from Janssen, non-financial support
from MSD, non-financial support from Eli-Lilly, grants from Bayer, grants from Ipsen, grants from MedImmune,
grants from Exelisis, personal fees from Mirati Therapeutics, personal fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals,
outside the submitted work.

Dr. Kuderer reports personal fees from G1 Therapeutics, personal fees from Invitae, personal fees from Beyond
Spring, personal fees from Spectrum, personal fees from BMS, personal fees from Janssen, personal fees from Total
Health, outside the submitted work.

Dr. Lyman reports and Research Grant from Amgen (to institution); Consulting for BeyondSpring, G1
Therapeutics, Samsung, TEVA, outside the submitted work;

Dr. Pinato reports personal fees from ViiV Healthcare, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Falk, personal
Author Manuscript

fees from Bayer, grants and personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Mina therapeutics, personal fees from
EISAI, H3B, personal fees from DaVolterra, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, grants and personal fees from BMS,
outside the submitted work.

Dr. Rini reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Merck, grants, personal fees and non-financial
support from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from GSK, grants and personal fees from Arrowhead Pharmceuticals,
grants and personal fees from Aravive, grants and personal fees from Aveo, grants from Astra Zeneca, grants and
personal fees from Roche, grants from Incyte, personal fees from Synthorx, grants and personal fees from Surface
Oncology, grants and personal fees from Corvus, personal fees from 3D Medicines, personal fees from Alkermes,
personal fees from Shionogi, grants and personal fees from Exelixis, grants, personal fees and non-financial support
from BMS, grants and personal fees from Mirati, grants from Immunomedics, grants from Dragonfly Therapeutics,
grants from Taris, grants from Seattle Genetics, personal fees from Compugen, other from PTC Therapeutics,
outside the submitted work.

Dr. Peters reports personal fees from Abbvie, personal fees from Amgen, personal fees from AstraZeneca,
personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Biocartis, personal fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, personal
fees from Bistrol-Myers Squibb, personal fees from Clovis, personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, personal fees
from Debiopharm, personal fees from Eli Lilly, personal fees from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, personal fees from
Author Manuscript

Foundation Medicine, personal fees from Illumina, personal fees from Janssen, personal fees from Merck Sharp
and Dohme, personal fees from Merck Serono, personal fees from Merrimack, personal fees from Novartis,
personal fees from Pharma Mar, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Regeneron, personal fees from
Sanofi, personal fees from Seattle Genetics and Takeda, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from
Boehringer-Ingelheim, personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, personal fees from Eli Lilly, personal fees from
F. Hoffmann-La Roche, personal fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees
from Pfizer, personal fees from Takeda, non-financial support from Sponsored by Amgen, non-financial support
from AstraZeneca , non-financial support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, non-financial support from Bristol-Meyers
Squibb, non-financial support from Clovis, non-financial support from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, non-financial
support from Illumina, non-financial support from Merck Sharp and Dohme, non-financial support from Merck

JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.

 Desai et al. Page 11

Serono, non-financial support from Novartis , non-financial support from Pfizer, non-financial support from Sanofi,
personal fees from Bioinvent, from (all fees to institution), outside the submitted work.
Author Manuscript

Dr. Warner reports grants from National Cancer Institute, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from
Westat, personalfees from IBM Watson Health, other from HemOnc.org LLC, outside the submitted work.

Dr. Wood reports personal fees from ASH Research Collaborative, grants from Pfizer, grants from Genentech,
outside the submitted work.

Dr. Thompson reports personal fees from Adapative, personal fees from BMS (Celgene), other from Doximity,
personal fees from Elsevier Clinical Path , personal fees from GRAIL/Illumina , other from Syapse, from Takeda,
other from UpToDate, non-financial support from Strata Oncology , outside the submitted work.

Drs. Desai, Mohammed, Hicks, Mishra, Whisenant have nothing to disclose.

Appendix

Appendix
Author Manuscript

Appendix. Table 3

summarizes the efforts of various registries in understanding the effect of COVID-19

infection in patients with cancer.

Registry Publications/Data summaries Data Source Publication Conclusions

Date

COVID19 and Clinical impact of COVID-19 on Journal 05/28/2020 Among 928 patients
Cancer Consortium patients with cancer (CCC19): a Publication with cancer and
(CCC19): cohort study [18] (Lancet) COVID-19, 30-day
all-cause mortality
was high (13%)
and associated with
general risk factors
(age, male, smoking
status, number
of comorbidities)
Author Manuscript

and risk factors

unique to patients
with cancer
(performance
status, and active
cancer).
Cancer and COVID-19 – Authors’ Journal 10/2020 The update to
reply [20] Publication original report
(Lancet) by Kuderer et
al., with extended
follow-up found
that 30-day all-
cause mortality had
increased to 17%
for all patients, and
20% if patients
without complete
30-day follow-up
were censored.
Utilization of COVID-19 Journal 10/2020
Author Manuscript

In this retrospective
Treatments and Clinical Outcomes Publication cohort study with
among Patients with Cancer: (Cancer unadjusted known
A COVID-19 and Cancer Discovery) and unknown
Consortium (CCC19) Cohort confounders, there
Study | Cancer Discovery [21] was no statistically
significant 30-day
all-cause mortality
benefit with
hydroxychloroquine
or high-dose
corticosteroids
alone or

JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.

 Desai et al. Page 12
Author Manuscript

Registry Publications/Data summaries Data Source Publication Conclusions

Date
in combination;
Remdesivir showed
potential benefit.
No specific
information was
available if the
steroid use was
initiated for
serious comorbid
conditions such
as COPD
or autoimmune
disorders.
Association of Clinical Factors Journal 03/18/2021 Among patients
and Recent Anti-Cancer Therapy Publication with COVID-19
with COVID-19 Severity among (Annals of and a history of
Patients with Cancer: A Report Oncology) or active cancer,
Author Manuscript

from the COVID-19 and Cancer more than half

Consortium [24] were hospitalized
and 14% died
within 30 days.
Worse performance
status, hematologic
malignancy, and
recent cytotoxic
chemotherapy like
R-CHOP were
associated with
more severe
COVID-19
Clinical impact of COVID-19 Presentation 05/28/2020 Cancer type and
on patients with cancer: Data (ASCO 2020) treatment were
from the COVID-19 and Cancer not independently
Consortium (CCC19). [19] associated with
increased 30-day
mortality.
Venous Thrombotic Complications Presentation 07/12-14/2020
Author Manuscript

The largest cancer

in Cancer Patients with SARS- (ISTH 2020) cohort to date
CoV-2 Infection: Report from describing the
the COVID-19 and Cancer higher incidence of
Consortium (CCC19) Registry VTE in COVID-19
Analysis - ISTH Congress patients.
Abstracts [22]

Incidence of and Risk Factors Presentation 12/05/2020 Recent anti-cancer

for Venous Thromboembolism (ASH 2020) treatment, active
Among Hospitalized Patients with disease, known
Cancer and COVID-19: Report high-risk VTE
from the COVID-19 and Cancer cancer subtypes,
Consortium (CCC19) Registry and ICU admission
[23] have increased risk
of VTE and PE,
while pre-admission
anticoagulant/
antiplatelet therapy
may reduce the
risk. Only RCTs
can confirm or
Author Manuscript

refute drug efficacy

findings.
Convalescent Plasma and Pre-print 02/05/2021 The findings
Improved Survival in Patients with of this study
Hematologic Malignancies and suggest a potential
COVID-19 [25] survival benefit in
the administration
of convalescent
plasma to
patients with
COVID-19 infection
and underlying

JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.

 Desai et al. Page 13
Author Manuscript

Registry Publications/Data summaries Data Source Publication Conclusions

Date
hematologic
malignancy.

OnCovid study: Presenting Features and Early Journal 07/07/2020 Multi-variable

Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 Publication analyses confirmed
Infection in Cancer Patients during (cancers) age > 65 and
the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 >2 co-morbidities
Pandemic in Europe [26] to predict for
patient mortality
independent of
tumor stage, active
malignancy, or
anticancer therapy.
Clinical Portrait of the SARS- Journal 10/2020 Mortality was
CoV-2 Epidemic in European Publication 33.6% and
Patients with Cancer [27] (Cancer predicted by male
Discovery) gender, age ≥65,
Author Manuscript

and comorbidity
burden. Delivery
of cancer therapy
was not detrimental
to severity or
mortality from
COVID-19.
1670O Prospective data Presentation 09/19/2020 Mortality in cancer
of first 1,797 hospitalised (ESMO 2020) patients admitted
patients with cancer and with COVID-19
COVID-19 derived from the was concentrated
COVID-19 Clinical Information outside oncology
Network and international inpatient areas and
Severe Acute Respiratory and characterized by
emerging Infections Consortium, highly complex
WHO Coronavirus Clinical symptomatic
Characterisation Consortium [28] needs, highlighting
challenges in the
delivery of high-
quality palliative
Author Manuscript

care in these
patients
Determinants of enhanced Journal 04/06/2021 In comparison with
vulnerability to coronavirus Publication EU patients, UK
disease 2019 in UK patients with (European patients with cancer
cancer: a European study [29] Journal of have been more
Cancer) severely impacted
by the COVID-19
pandemic despite
societal risk
mitigation factors
and rapid deferral
of anticancer
therapy.
Systemic pro-inflammatory Journal 03/09/2021 Contributed to
response identifies patients with Publication clarify the role
cancer with adverse outcomes (Journal of of the systemic
from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the immunotherapy pro-inflammatory
OnCovid Inflammatory Score [30] of Cancer) response in
predicting for
Author Manuscript

adverse outcome
from COVID-19
in cancer
patients, validating
hypoalbuminaemia
and lymphopenia
combined in
the OnCovid
Inflammation
Score (OIS)
as independent
prognostic

JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.

 Desai et al. Page 14
Author Manuscript

Registry Publications/Data summaries Data Source Publication Conclusions

Date
predictors in these
patient population

UK coronavirus COVID-19 prevalence and Journal 08/24/2020 Patients with

Cancer Monitoring mortality in patients with cancer Publication cancer with
Project (UKCCMP): and the effect of primary tumour (Lancet) different tumor
subtype and patient demographics: types have differing
a prospective cohort study - The susceptibility
Lancet Oncology [31] to SARS-CoV-2
infection and
COVID-19
phenotypes.

TERAVOLT: COVID-19 in patients Journal 04/24-29/2020 Data suggests

with thoracic malignancies Publication high mortality
(TERAVOLT) [32] (Lancet and low admission
Oncology) to intensive care
in patients with
Author Manuscript

thoracic cancer
Thoracic Cancers International Presentation 06/01/2020 Data presented
COVID-19 Collaboration (ASC0 2020) at ASCO further
(TERAVOLT): Impact of type corroborated
of cancer therapy and COVID previous evidence
therapy on survival. | Journal of that patients
Clinical Oncology [33] with thoracic
malignancies are
at high risk for
hospitalization.
LBA75 Defining COVID-19 Presentation 09/01/2020 Physicians need to
outcomes in thoracic cancer (ESMO 2020) evaluate the risk
patients: TERAVOLT (Thoracic of mortality from
cancERs international coVid 19 COVID-19 based on
cOLlaboraTion) - Annals of age, smoking status,
Oncology [34] stage of cancer,
performance status,
need for steroids
and specific therapy
in order to
Author Manuscript

determine the
appropriateness for
cancer therapy

American Society of https://www.asco.org/asco- Live Data 4/2020- Data dashboard

Clinical Oncology coronavirus-information/ Dashboard Launch date summarizes
(ASCO) COVID-19 coronavirus-registry/covid-19- demographic and
Registry: registry-data-dashboard [35] cancer information
of the patients at
the time of their
COVID19 diagnosis
for all patients
entered into the
registry

American Society of https:// Live Data 4/1/2020- Data dashboard

Hematology Research www.ashresearchcollaborative.org/ Dashboard Launch Date captures
Collaborative (ASH s/covid-19-registry-data- information on
RC) COVID-19 summaries [36] individuals who
Registry: have a hematologic
condition (past
Author Manuscript

or present) and
tested positive for
COVID-19 and/or
have experienced
a post-COVID-19
hematologic
complication
Paper: Outcomes of Patients Presentation 12/5/2020 Updated results
with Hematologic Malignancies (ASH 2020) from 656 patients
and COVID-19 Infection: A submitted to
Report from the ASH Research the ASH RC
Collaborative Data Hub [37] COVID-19 registry

JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.

 Desai et al. Page 15
Author Manuscript

Registry Publications/Data summaries Data Source Publication Conclusions

Date
were summarized,
and confirmed
continued high
risk for patients
with underlying
hematologic
malignancies
and subsequent
COVID-19
infection. Overall
death rate was
20%, with 33%
mortality for those
with at least
hospitalization-level
severity.
Outcomes of patients with Journal 12/8/2020 Data from the
Author Manuscript

hematologic malignancies and Publication first 250 patients

COVID-19: a report from the ASH (Blood reported to
Research Collaborative Data Hub Advances) the ASH RC
[38] COVID-19 Registry
for Hematology
demonstrate high
overall mortality
for patients
with underlying
hematologic
malignancies
and subsequent
COVID-19
infection. Risks
increased with
age, advanced
disease, and
worse underlying
prognosis.

HOLA COVID19: The HOLA COVID-19 Study: An Journal 11/9/2020 The HOLA
Author Manuscript

International Effort to Determine Publication COVID-19 Study

How COVID-19 Has Impacted (Cancer Cell) aims to understand
Oncology Practices in Latin how cancer care
America - ScienceDirect [39] in Latin American
countries has
been affected by
the COVID-19
pandemic.

COVID-19 Outcomes https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ - -

Registries in NCT04354818 [40]
Immunocompromised
Individuals Australia
(CORIA):

European Society https://www.esmo.ora/covid-19- - -

for medical oncology and-cancer/collaborating-on-
COVID-19 Care registries-studies-and-surveys/
(ESMOCoCARE) esmo-cocare-registry [41]
Registry:

Dutch Oncology LBA79 Dutch oncology Presentation 09/01/2020 The findings in this
Author Manuscript

Cancer Consortium COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC): (ESMO 2020) registry indicate

(DOCC): Outcome of COVID-19 in patients that patients with
with cancer in a nationwide cohort a hematological
study - Annals of Oncology [42] malignancy or lung
cancer have an
increased risk of a
worse outcome of
COVID-19.

JAMA Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2022 December 01.

 Desai et al. Page 16
Author Manuscript

Registry Publications/Data summaries Data Source Publication Conclusions

Date

NCI COVID-19 in https://www.cancer.gov/research/ - -

Cancer Patients key-initiatives/covid-19/
Study (NCCaPS): coronavirus-research-initiatives/
nccaps [43]

Myeloma Crowd https://www.myelomacrowd.org/ - -

Research initiative the-myeloma-crowd-introduces-
(MCRI) COVID-19 the-largest-covid-19-multiple-
Study: myeloma-study/

International Clinical features associated with Journal 12/24/2020 The analysis

Myeloma Society COVID-19 outcome in multiple Publication of the data
(IMS) data set study: myeloma: first results from the (Blood) revealed higher
International Myeloma Society mortality among
data set | Blood | American MM patients and
Society of Hematology [44] that age, high-risk
MM, renal disease,
and suboptimal
Author Manuscript

MM control
were independent
predictors of
poor outcome
with COVID-19
infection.

Center for https://www.cibmtr.org/Covid19/ - -

International Blood Pages/default.aspx
and Marrow
Transplant Research Clinical characteristics and Journal 01/19/2021 Higher mortality
(CIBMTR): outcomes of COVID-19 Publication documented among
in haematopoietic stem-cell (Lancet males, aged ≥50
transplantation recipients: an Hematology) years and HSCT
observational cohort study [45] within 12 months
since contracting
COVID-19 infection
Tocilizumab not associated with Journal 07/02/2020 Short-term use of
increased infection risk after CAR Publication tocilizumab to treat
T-cell therapy: implications for (Blood) cytokine release
Author Manuscript

COVID-19? | Blood | American syndrome does

Society of Hematology [46] not significantly
increase
susceptibility
to infectious
complications.

CCC19; COVID19 and Cancer Consortium, ASCO COVID-19 Registry; American Society of Clinical Oncology
COVID-19 Registry, ASH RC COVID-19 Registry; American Society of Hematology Research Collaborative COVID-19
Registry, CORIA; COVID-19 Outcomes Registries in Immunocompromised Individuals Australia, ESMOCoCARE
Registry; European Society for Medical Oncology COVID-19 Care (ESMOCoCARE) Registry, UKCCMP; UK
coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project, DOCC; Dutch Oncology Cancer Consortium, TERAVOLT; Thoracic cancERs
international coVid 19 cOLlaboraTion, N-CCaPS; NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study, MCRI COVID-19 Study;
Myeloma Crowd Research initiative COVID-19 Study, CIBMTR; Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant
Research, HSCT; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, RCT; Randomized controlled trials.

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Figure 1.
Schematic map of CCC19 cancer centers in North America as participating sites
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 Desai et al. Page 21

Table. 1

with list of major registries including eligibility criteria and number of patients accrued:
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Name of Registry Eligibility Criteria No. Of

patients
accrued

COVID19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19): Age > 18 years with suspected or lab-confirmed COVID-19 and current or >10000
past medical history of invasive malignancy of any type

OnCovid study: age ≥18, confirmed diagnosis of malignancy of any type and confirmed 3000
diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by nasopharyngeal swab.

UK coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project Patients with COVID-19 and active cancer 1044
(UKCCMP):

TERAVOLT: Patients with COVID-19 and thoracic malignancy 1012

American Society of Clinical Oncology COVID-19 positive diagnosis 3747

(ASCO) COVID-19 Registry: One of the following;
1.Patient has active cancer at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis
OR
2. Patient has been cancer-free for less than 12 months AND receiving
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adjuvant therapy at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis

American Society of Hematology Research COVID-19 positive diagnosis with hematological condition (malignant & 1095
Collaborative (ASH RC) COVID-19 non-malignant)
Registry:

HOLA COVID19: Patients with COVID-19 and cancer from Latinx countries -*

COVID-19 Outcomes Registries in Immunocomprised patients (HIV-1-infection, cancer, primary Immune 1000
Immunocompromised Individuals Australia deficiency Disorder, immunosuppression Disorders) who tested positive
(CORIA): for COVID-19.

European Society for medical oncology Patients with COVID-19 and cancer with focus of Europe and Asia 1800
COVID-19 Care (ESMOCoCARE) Registry:

Dutch Oncology Cancer Consortium Patients with COVID-19 and cancer from Netherlands >351
(DOCC):

NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study Patients from all age groups who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a 1,070
(NCCaPS): prior or current cancer diagnosis of cancer

Myeloma Crowd Research initiative (MCRI) Patients with MM who tested positive for COVID-19 1000
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COVID-19 Study:

International Myeloma Society (IMS) data Patients with MM who tested positive for COVID-19 650
set study:

Center for International Blood and Marrow Patients with COVID-19 infection and history of HSCT (autologous and 3224
Transplant Research (CIBMTR): allogeneic)

CCC19; COVID19 and Cancer Consortium, ASCO COVID-19 Registry; American Society of Clinical Oncology COVID-19 Registry, ASH
RC COVID-19 Registry; American Society of Hematology Research Collaborative COVID-19 Registry, CORIA; COVID-19 Outcomes
Registries in Immunocompromised Individuals Australia, ESMOCoCARE Registry; European Society for Medical Oncology COVID-19 Care
(ESMOCoCARE) Registry, UKCCMP; UK coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project, DOCC; Dutch Oncology Cancer Consortium, TERAVOLT;
Thoracic cancERs international coVid 19 cOLlaboraTion, N-CCaPS; NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study, MCRI COVID-19 Study;
Myeloma Crowd Research initiative COVID-19 Study, CIBMTR; Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, HSCT;
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.
*
HOLA COVID-19 is a physician survey study.
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Table 2.

compares the results of important risk factors associated with severe disease and mortality in patients with
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COVID-19 infection from different registries.

Name of CCC19 registry OnCovid UKCCMP TERAVOLT DOCC IMS CIBMTR

Registries study

Risk Factors OR (95% CI) OR (95% OR (95% OR (95% CI) OR (95% OR (95% OR (95%
CI) CI) CI) CI) CI)

1.84 (1.53-2.21) 18 2.6 9.42 1.88 4.26 1.04 2.53

Advanced 1.38 (1.31-1.45)24 (1.4-5.0)26 (6.56-10.02)31 (1.00-3.62)32 (1.89-9.58)42 (1.01-1.08)44 (1.16-5.52)45
age 1.90
(1.37-2.65)27

1.63 (1.07-2.48)18 2.01 (1.46– 1.67 0.53 (0.26 to 1.84 - 3.53

Male sex 2.77)27 (1.19-2.34)31 (1.04-3.23)42 (1.44-8.67)45
1.47 (1.31-1.65)24 1.05)32*

4.5 (1.33-15.28)18 2.4 (1.3– - 2.65 2.02 - -

Presence of 4.2)26 (1.09-7.46)32 (1.02-4.02)42
comorbidities 1.75 (1.24–
2.46)27
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1.28 - 1.18 2.54 - - -

Recent
chemotherapy (1.04-1.58)24(Cytotoxic (0.81-1.72)31 (1.09-6.11)32
use Chemotherapy) (Chemotherapy
alone)

CCC19; COVID19 and Cancer Consortium, VTE; Venous Thromboembolism, ECOG; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, UKCCMP; UK
coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project, DOCC; Dutch Oncology Cancer Consortium, TERAVOLT; Thoracic cancERs international coVid
19 cOLlaboraTion, IMS; International Myeloma Society, CIBMTR; Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, HSCT;
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, HM; Hematological Malignancy, CP; Convalescent Plasma, ICU; Intensive Care Unit.
*
Univariate analysis for TERAVOLT used male gender as the reference variable.
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