Nervii Cranieni

Uploaded by Ilie Madalina

 0 ratings · 86 views · 17 pages

AI-enhanced title

Document Information 

Original Title
5. nerviiSave
cranieni

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved

Share this document @grvee krb`eg`e

@grvee krb`eg`e su`t e` `uibr dg 2< se su`t gkfevbcg`te ku `grvee spe`bce.Kgcg 2<
pgrgkfe dg `grve krb`eg`e bsehurb au`ktee intnree,sg`setevg, vghgtbtevg se sg`znrebcgbcg bcg
gxtrgietbtee kgabcekg.
Facebook Twitter
Aegkbrg `grv krb`eb` brg n nrehe`g rgbcb, bckbtuetb de` `ukcgee `grvecnr krb`eg`e
setubte e` pbrg`kfeiuc tr`kfeucue kgrglrbc ( ku gxkgpteb pgrgkfee E se EE ) se n nrehe`g
bpbrg`tb bckbtuetb de` cnkuc dg gigrhg`tb de` `gvrbx. Tru`kfeurecg bkgstnr `grve strblbt
e`vgcesurecg ig`e`hgbcg se egs de` kuteb krb`eb`b pre` hburecg dg cb lbzb krb`eucue, uctgrenr


sg destrelueg nrhb`gcnr pg kbrg cg e`grvgbzb.
Gxestb ; tepure dg `grve krb`eg`e=
-0intnre= EEE, EQ, QE, VE, VEE
Email-0sg`znrebce= E, EE, QEEE
-0iekste= Q, QEE, EV, V
-sensoryfibres Olfactory(1) Intermediate Glossopharyngeal([X)
Did you find this document useful?
-motorfibres sensory:nose motor:
submaxillaryand
motor:
pharyngeal
sublingualgland musculature
Optic(Il)
sensory:eye sensory: sensory:
anteriorpartoftongue posteriorpart
andsoftpalate oftonque.
intermediate tonsil,pharynx
nerve Vestibulocochlear(VIII)
sensory:
innerear

Trochlear(IV)
motor:superior
obliquemuscle vostibular
cochlear
Abducent(VI) Vagus(X)
Is thisrectusmusclemotor:alleye
content inappropriate? Report this Document
motor:externalOculomotor(III) motor:
heart,lungs.
musclesexcept bronchi,
thosesuppliedby gastrointestinal
IVandVI tract
sensory:
heart,lungs.
bronchi,trachea,
larynx,pharynx,
gastrointestinal
Trigeminal(V) tract,oxiomaroar

sensory:face,
sinuses,teeth,etc.
Facial(VII)
motor:muscies motor: Accessory(XI)
ofmastication muscles Hypoglossal(XII) moronasiero-

ofthe motor:muscles cleidomastbidand

ofthetongue trapeziusmuscles
92007EnovoloodiaBritannica.Inc face

Plata în rate
Flanco

2. @grvuc ncabktev

@grvuc ncabktevg kn`stetueg prgcu`hergb pgreagrekb b kbecnr se strukturecnr ncabktevg

kg`trbcg.
Zreiuc `gurn` gstg rgprgzg`tbt dg kgcucgcg ncabktevg de` pbrtgb supgrenbrb b
iuknbsge `bzbcg ( pbtb hbclg`b ), bxn`ee bkgstnr kgccucg hrupbtg e` aecgtg pcgxeanrig 9
`grvuc ncabktevg, kbrg strblbtg cbib keuruetb b gtineducue se pbtru`dg e` kuteb krb`eb`b se
sg tgrie`b e` lucluc ncabktev.
Bc dnucgb `gurn` gstg rgprgzg`tbt dg kgcucgcg ietrbcg bcg luclucue ncabktevg 9 kg`truc
preibr ncabktevg, bxn`ee bkgstnr kgccucg anrigbzb kbecg kg`trbcg ncabktevg kbrg sg tgrie`b
e` kg`tree ncabkteve sgku`dbre ( se`usuc ncabktevg igdebc, cbtgrbc, sulstb`tb spbteucue b`tgrenr
pgranrbt ) se kg`tree ncabktevg tgrtebte ( knr`uc Bin`, u`kus, `ukcguc biehdbceb` ).
 Gxbie`brgb au`ktege ncabktevg sg abkg e` inig`tuc e` kbrg pbkeg`tuc sg
pcb`hg dg e`bpg`tg`tb se sg rgbcezgbzb bstagc=
-0[g rnbhb pbkeg`tuc sb e`kfedb nkfee.E`kgpb`d ku `brb prgsupusb bagktbtb,E sg db
pbkeg`tucue sb iernbsb sulstb`tg iernzetnbrg(sbpu` sbu kbagb).@W sg vb gagktub tgstuc
ku sulstb`tg e`tg`s ndnrezb`tg prgkui bin`ebkuc, dgnbrgkg bkgstg sulstb`tg pnt ae
pgrkgputg se ku trehgig`uc (pg`tru kn`sgrvb`te, seiucb`te ).
 Tuclurbrecg pbtncnhekg bcg `grvucue ncabktevg su`t=
-0B@N[IEG 9 pegrdgrgb seitucue ncabktevg pre` cgzbrgb `grvucue sbu kbecnr
ncabktevg.Kbuzgcg pnt ae=
-prnkgs gxpb`sev bc gtbmucue b`tgrenr (ig`e`henbig ncabktevg,
ig`e`henbig brepb iekb b sag`neducue, T nrletn-arn`tbcg),ig`e`hetg lbzbcg,arbkture dg
lbzb dg krb`eu,e`tnxekbtee gxnkghg`g(bcknnc, knkbe`g, tblbhesi )
-kbuzg cnknrghen`bcg= re`etg, pncepe,nlstruktee `bzbcg, se`uzetg
-0FEZN[IEG 9 deie`ubrgb seitucue ncabktevg.Kbuzgcg pnt ae=
-D],`gvrnzg, sd FEK, trbuibtesig krb`eg`g, L. Zbroe`sn`(prgknkg,
e`be`tg dg bpbreteb sd. gxtrbpyrbiedbc),l. Bczfgyigr
-0FEZG\N[IEG 9 krgstgrgb kbpbketbtee ncabktevg.Kbuzg=
-iehrg`g, fepgrternedesi, stbre bcgrhekg
GV= [d. Anstgr-Og`gdy-b`nsieg dg pbrtgb cgzeu`ee (cgzeu`g dg lucl ncabktevg)
-btrnaeg nptekb ku kgketbtg pgreagrekb dg pbrtgb cgzeu`ee
(kniprgseg dg `grv nptek)
-0DE[N[IEB 9 destnrseu`gb iernsucue pnbtg ae dbtb dg u`gcg igdekbig`tg
( kcnrag`eribe`b, b`tel-bipek, strgptnieke`b, tgtrbkekce`b, igtrn`.,bzbtenpre`b,

Vestiar
metalic 3x6
usi cu…

Ra! Metal

dnxnruleke`b, igtntrgxbtuc, kbptnprec, bcnpure`nc, igtanrie`, kbrlbibzgpe`g, ag`etne`,

kndge`g, inrae`b)
-0ZB\N[IEB 9 e`tgrprgtbrgb grn`btb b iernsucue
-0AB@TN[IEB 9 fbcuke`btee ncabktevg
-0KBKN[IEB 9 ierns `gpcbkut
-0BH@N]EE NCABKTEQG 9 eipnselecetbtgb deskreie`bree ncabktevg
-0DBCTN@E[I NCABKTEQ 9 `gpgrkgpgrgb u`nr iernsure
Indeaekbre bcg gpetgceucue ncabktevg pgriet verusurecnr, pren`ecnr se b`uietnr igtbcg
hrgcg sb pbtru`db e` krgegr dg-b cu`huc kbecnr ncabktevg.
Iernsuc gstg bagktbt de` devgrsg intevg kb=
-0e`be`tbrgb e` vbrstb
-0kbusg dg b`nsieg lecbtgrbcb=rbkgbcb se trbuibtesiuc `bsucue
-0lnce `gurncnhekg bssnkebtg ku fypnsieb=l. Zbroe`sn`, dgig`tb, dgaeketuc dg vet L2<
-0b`nsieb u`ecbtgrbcb=tuinrb arn`tbcb
-0dg nlekge fypnsieb gstg bsnkebtb ku tuclurbre dg hust
<. @grvuc nptek

@grvuc nptek abkg pbrtg e`tghrb`tb de` trbktuc kgrglrbc bc kbecnr nptekg kbrg bsehurb
au`teb vezubcb.
Kgcucgcg sg`znrebcg- kn`urecg ( gcgig`tgcg rgkgptnbrg pg`tru kucnre e` rgheu`gb
kg`trbcb ibkucbrb b rgte`ge ) se lbstn`bsgcg ( de` strbtuc EE bc rgte`ge, pg`tru deagrg`tgcg
cuie`nbsg bcl-`ghru, despusg pg e`trgbhb rgte`b )
Zreiuc `gurn` bc kbee nptekg gstg rgprgzg`tbt dg kgcucgcg lepncbrg de` strbtuc bc EQ
cgb bc rgte`ge.
Anvgb de` kg`truc rgte`ge g rgspn`sblecb dg vgdgrgb kg`trbcb.
Bc dnecgb `gurn` gstg kgcucb iuctepncbrb de` strbtuc QEEE bc rgte`ge, bxn`ee bkgstnr
dgutn`gurn`e kn`vgrh sprg pbpeccb nptekb se egs de` hcnluc nkucbr pre` pncuc pnstgrenr
bckbtue`d `grvuc nptek kbrg e`trb e` g`dnkrb`eu pre` hburb nptekb. Kge dne `grve dupb u`
skurt trbegkt sg u`gsk e`be`tgb fepnaezge bckbtue`d kfebsib nptekb u`dg aelrgcg tgipnrbcg
ese kn`te`ub trbegktuc fnincbtgrbc se aelrgcg `bzbcg sg e`krukesgbzb. Dg cb kfebsib pcgbkb
lb`dgcgtg nptekg kbrg kn`te` aelrgcg rgte`ge tgipnrbcg fnincbtgrbcg se aelrgcg rgte`ge
`bzbcg kn`trbcbtgrbcg.

Gamă largă de produse

epantofi.ro

Bc trgecgb `gurn` setubt e` hb`hencuc hg`ekucbt cbtgrbc, treietg prgcu`here bxn`ekg

sprg sknbrtb kgrglrbcb pg kgcg dnub luzg bcg skezuree kbckbre`g sul anrib rbdebteecnr
Hrbtencgt (rbdebteecg nptekg ), knrtgxuc Nkkepetbc ‛ breb 28 b cue Lrndib` (breb strebtb).
 [giencnheb au`tege vezubcg kurpe`dg=
2.Bkuetbtgb vezubcb (BQ)-e`tghretbtgb `. nptek
<.Gxbig`uc kbipucue vesubc (KQ)
;.Gxbig`uc au`ducue dg nkfe (AN)
2. BQ 9 kbpbketbtgb dg b pgrkgpg se deagrg`teb anrib, ieskbrgb se kucnrecg nlegktgcnr
BQ sg gvbcugbzb pg`tru aegkbrg nkfe e` pbrtg dg cb n destb`tb dg 7i ku bmutnruc
nptntepurecnr.
[g e`kgpg ketergb ucteiucue rb`d (dg cb kgc ibe iek cb kgc ibe ibrg)
[g pnt dgkgcb uribtnbrgcg=
 Bilcenpeb- deie`ubrgb BQ
 Biburnzb/kgketbtg ‛ pegrdgrgb vgdgree. Kbuzgcg pnt ae= cgzeu`g dg pnc b`tgrenr bc
HN,cgzeu`g dg rgte`b( b`henpbtee, dghg`grgskg`tb pehig`tbrb preietevg, trnilnzb
brtgrge kg`trbcg b rgte`ge, trnilnacgletb vg`ge kg`trbcg),`grve( e`tnxekbtee `eknte`g-
bcknncekg, [I, tblgs, arbkture dg lbzb dg krb`eu), kbe nptekg kg`trbcg ( lb`dgcgtb)
Tgstuc Esfefbrb-sg dgtgktgbzb prntb`npeg ( dbctn`esi9`u vgdg rnsu) se
dgutgr`npeg(`u vgdg vgrdg)
Kgketbtgb krnibtekb bpbrg ibe dgs cb lbrlbtg ( e` prnpnrteg dg ;-4%) sei be rbr cb
agige (:,7%).Btu`ke kb`d gstg instg`etb ( e` kgcg ibe iuctg kbzure)
deskrnibtnpseb gstg prnvnkbtb dg u` krninzni V kbrg brg u` iek dgagkt.
Qgdgrgb krnibtekb e` zn`b rnsu-vgrdg gstg kndbtb pg krninzniuc V, dg bkggb
gstg `uietb trbsbturb cghbtb dg sgx.Dbkb u` lbrlbt brg u` krninzni V
dgagkt,vb suagre dg deskrnibtnpseg. Dbkb agigeb brg u`uc dgagkt se u`uc knrrgkt, g
bvb ae dnbr purtbtnr dg dgagkt.
 @ektbcnpeb ‛ deie`ubrgb BQ e` kursuc zecge
 Fgigrbcnpeb ‛ deie`ubrgb BQ e` biurh ses prg sgbrb
<.KQ 9 spbteuc pg kbrg-c pgrkgpg u` HN ig`te`ut e` pnzeteg aexb
Gxestb 4 kbdrb`g( < tgipnrbcg- supgrens se e`agrenr ) se < `bzbcg (sup se e`a).
[g gxbie`gbzb ku bmutnruc kbipeigtrege ku rgacgx dg kceperg sbu dg bpbrbrg
( knib sbu cb lnc`bvee `gknnpgrb`te )
[g pnt dgkgcb skntnbig( pgtgcg nbrlg de` KQ ) se e`hustbrgb kn`kg`trekb b KQ.

Vestiar
metalic 3x6
usi cu…

Ra! Metal

;.@grvuc nkucnintnr
Gstg u` `grv intnr.
@grkuc nkucnintnr kniu` (intnr se vghgtbtev )=-EEE
-nrehe`g e` igzg`kgabc, e` kbcntb pgdu`kucbrb
vg`trbc dg bpgduktuc [ycveus
-intnr e`grvgbzb uribtnree iuskfe= redekbtnr bc pcgnbpge supgrenbrg,
drgptuc supgrenr,drgptuc e`agrenr, drgptuc e`tgr`, nlcek iek.
-vghgtbtev= `ukcgu Gde`hgr-Xgstpfbcc dg u`dg ebu `bstgrg al psy pt kn`strekteb
pupecbrb (ienzb)
@ukcguc cue Zgrceb kbrg bsehurb ieskbrecg dg kn`vgrhg`tb bcg hcnlecnr nkucbr
Kn`trncgbzb = -0 pupecgcg ( ienzb )
-0\edekb pcgnbpb
-0bknindgbzb krestbce`uc
4.@grvuc trnfcgbr ( EQ )
@grvuc trnfcgbr (pbtgtek )-intnr
-nrehe`g e` igzg`kgabc
-e`grvgbzb intnr iuskfeuc nlcek ibrg
Gstg u` `grv gxkcusev intnr.Gstg kgc ibe skurt `grv.
Bkgst `grv bmutb cb ieskbrecg HN e` mns se gxtgr`
E` kbz dg cgzeu`gb bpbrg depcnepeb vgrtekbc bkg eipegdekb pbkeg`tuc sb knlnbrg
skbrecg.Kbpuc gstg usnr bpcgkbt e`be`tg se dg pbrtgb lnc`bvb.
Bagktbrgb bkgstue `grv bpbrg anbrtg rbr se`hurb.
 E`grvbteb se rncuc iuskfecnr gxtrbnkucbre

Vestiar
metalic 3x6
usi cu…

Ra! Metal

Controllingcranial
Name Action nerve

Lateralrectus Moveseyelaterally VI(abducens)

Medialrectus Moveseyemedially IlI(oculomotor)
Superiorrectus Elevateseye Ill(oculomotor)
Inferiorrectus Depresseseye I(oculomotor)
Inferioroblique Elevateseveandturnsitlaterally III(oculomotor)

Superioroblique Depresseseyeandturnsitlaterally IV(trochlear)

(c)

1. @grvuc bldukg`s (nkucnintnr gxtgr`)- QE

Gstg u` `grv intnr.
@grvuc bldukg`s (nkucnintnr gxtgr` )-intnr
-nrehe`g e` pu`tg (pcb`sguc vg`trekucucue EQ )
-e`grvgbzb intnr iuskfeuc drgpt gxtgr`
@ukcguc intnr brg nrehe`gb e` pnrteu`gb pn`te`b(tghig`tuc pn`te`) b pcb`sgucue Q,
EQ , anrib`d eiprgu`b ku hg`u`kfeuc `grvucue QEE gie`g`tb tgrgs.
Bkgst `grv brg kgc ibe cu`h trbsgu pg lbzb dg krb`eu se trgkg pg cb`hb vbrauc
stb`kee tgipnrbcg.
Au`kteb sb gstg dg b gagktub b ldukteb HN(prevergb cbtgrbcb).
Dbtnretb sg`selecetbtee krgskutg cb kniprgseg (FEK) pnbtg trbdukg pbrgzb=
-0bddukteb nkfeucue bakgtbt

-0strblesi kn`vgrhg`t

-0depcnpeg nrezn`tbcb

@grvee nkucnintnre ( EEE, EQ, QE )-gxbie`brg

Tnte nkucnintnree strblbt se`usuc kbvgr`ns se pbtru`d e` nrletb pre` ab`tb

sag`nedbcb.
Gxbi`eb`rgb `grvecnr nkucnintnre kupre`dg=
2.bspgktuc ab`tge pbcpglrbcg
<.pnzeteb hcnlecnr nkucbr

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125

million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

;.intecetbtgb bktevg gxtre`sgkb b hcnlecnr nkucbr

4.kn`vgrhg`tb nkucbrb
7.pupecb se rgacgxgcg pupecbrg
Gxbie`brgb nkucnintreketbtee=
2.Bspgktuc ab`tge pbcpglrbcg=Ab`tgcg pbcglrbcg su`t ghbcg, ku ieke gxkgptee
kn`stetuten`bcg.Zbtncnhek putgi bvgb=
-0ieksnrbrgb ab`tge pbcpglrbcg e` ptnzb pcgnbpge supgrenbrg ( cgzeu`g dg
`grv EEE sbu sd. Kcbudg Lgr`brd Fnr`gr (ienzb, g`natbcieg, tuclurbre vbsnintnree, ptnzb
pbcpglrbcb e` cgzeu`ecg seipbtekucue kgrvekbc)
-0cbrhergb ab`tge pbcpglrbcg e` cgzeu`e eretbtevg bcg seipbtekucue kgrvekbc=sd.
Znurnua du Zgtet (seiptnig e`vgrsg sd Kcbudg Lgr`brd Fnr`gr)
<.Znzeteb HN=
Cb prevergb e`be`tg hcnlee nkucbr su`t setubte e` pnzeteg seigtrekb pg ce`eb igdeb`b.
-0e` pbrbcezeb u`ue iuskfe gxtre`sek, hcnluc nkucbr dgvebzb dg pbrtgb npusb
iuskfeucue pbrbcezbt (strblesi).[trblesiuc pnbtg ae kn`vgrhg`t/devgrhg`t, dbr pnbtg ae se
kn`hg`etbc sbu dnlb`det
;.Intecetbtgb hcnlecnr nkucbr=gstg bsehurbtb dg 4 iuskfe drgpte se < iuskfe
nlceke.[g gxbie`gbzb kgrb`d pbkeg`tucue sb uribrgbskb e`dgxuc gxbi`btnrucue kbrg
gstg dgpcbsbt nrezn`tbc,vgrtekbc,nlcek,kbpuc pbkeg`tucue bacb`du-sg e` pnzeteg aexb.
[g pnbtg dgkgcb,depcnpeb ( vgdgrg dulcb),stblesi, ceietbrgb ieskbrecnr HN e`
dergkteb iuskfeucue bakgtbt.
Kb`d su`t bakgtbte ibe iucte iuskfe nkucnintnre sg rgbcezgbzb natbcinpcgheb.Gb
pnbtg ae pbrtebcb ( su`t pre`se sgpbrbtg iuskfee gxtre`sgke be HN sbu iuskucbturg
e`tre`sgkb ) sbu tntbcb ( su`t pbrbcezbte btbt iuskfee e`tre`sgke kbt se kge gxtre`sgke)
-0pbrbcezeb `grvucue EEE-ptnzb pbcpglrbcb, depcnpeg, ceietbrgb ieskbrecnr
HN e` sus,e` mns se e`be`tru, strblesi devgrhg`t, iedrebzb ku blncergb rgacgxgcnr
pupecbrg

-0pbrbcezeb `grvucue EQ ‛ depcnpeg cb prevergb e` mns (gx. Cb urkbtuc

skbrecnr), strblesi deskrgt,rbr vezelec e` sus se e`bu`tru, btetutde`b vekenbsb b
kbpucue(tnrtekncces nkucbr ) ku rntbteb se e`kce`bteb dg pbrtgb sb`btnbsb (pg`tru b
supreib depcnpeb-pbtgtesi)

-0pbrbcezeg dg `grv QE ‛ depcnpeg fnin`eib nrezn`tbcb, strblesi

kn`vgrhg`t, ceietbrgb ieskbrecnr dg cbtgrbcetbtg e` babrb HN, e`kce`brgb kbpucue sprg
pbrtgb bagktbtb

-0sd. Zbre`bud=pbrbcezeb ieskbrecnr dg vgrtekbcetbtg bcg HN

-0sd. Anveccg= pbrbcezeb ieskbrecnr cbtgrbcg bcg HN

4.Kn`vgrhg`tb nkucbrb=
Kn`stb e`tr-n ieskbrg dg bddukteg b HN cb prevergb dg bprnbpg, rgbcezbtb dg
kn`trbkteb seiuctb`b b kgcnr < drgpte e`tgr`e.[g bsnkebzb ku ienzb.Gstg u` bkt rgacgx
bvb`d kg`truc e` `ukcguc cue Zgrceb de` pgdu`kuce kgrglrbce.[g gxbie`gbzb e`vetb`d
pbkeg`tuc sb prevgbskb nlegktuc cb destb`tb dg HN pg kbrg gxbi`btnruc ec bprnpeg
prnhrgsev dg HN
7. Zupecb se rgacgxgcg pupecbrg
Zupecgcg `nribcg su`t rntu`dg, ghbcg, ku kn`tur rghucbt, ku deibgtru dg <-7 ii.
-indeaekbre bcg anrig pupecge=nvbcg, pncehn`bcg, `grghucbtg
-b`eznknreg= pupecgcg su`t e`ghbcg ( e` cugs, e`tgrvg`teg kferurhekbcb pg pncuc
b`tgrenr bc nkfeucue,gtk)
-iedrebzb ( debigtruc pgstg 7ii)-kg`truc kecen-spe`bc bc cue Ludhg de` I[ K8-K6-
T2-T<
W`ecbtgrbcb= e` krezb dg hcbuknib, `gnpcbsi dg dni pcgurbc
Lecbtgrbcb= e` e`tnxekbtee ( btrnpe`ekb,lntuce`ekb ),fepgrternedesi,gtecesi
-ienzb (debigtruc sul < ii ).Kg`truc ienzge sg bacb e` `ukcguc Gde`hgr-Xgstpfbc
W`ecbtgrbcb=e` sd. Kcbudg-Lgr`brd Fnr`gr
Lecbtgrbcb=tblgs,e`tnxekbtee (npebkgg,pbrbtfen`,urgieg),`evgc pn`te` bc
knige
1.\gacgxgcg pupecbrg=
-\gacgxuc antnintnr \AI kn`stb e` bpbreteb ienzge cb cuie`b se iedrebzge cb
e`tu`grek
-\gacgxuc dg bknindbrg cb destb`tb=kn`stb e` prndukgrgb ienzge ku kn`vgrhg`tb
cb prevergb dg bprnbpg se iedrebzb cb prevergb cb dgpbrtbrg
-\AI pnbtg ae `nribc, e`kgt sbu blsg`t
7.@grvuc trehgig` ( Q )
@grvuc trehgig` gstg u` `grv iext ( sg`zetev se intnr ).
@grvuc trehgig` brg ; rbiure= `grvuc natbciek (e`trb e` krb`eu pre` ab`tb
sag`nedbcb ), ibxecbrb supgrenbrb ( hburb rntu`db ), ibxecbr e`agrenr sbu ib`delucbr
( hburb nvbcb ).

Kgcg trge tru`kfeure sg tgrie`b e` hb`hcen`uc Hbssgr setubtg cb vbrauc stb`kee

tgipnrbcg.
Aelrgcg sg`setevg bcg trehgig`ucue sg destrelueg rgheu`ee kgabcekg=tghucgitgcg agtge
e` kgcg ; gtbmg ( ku gxkgpteb u`hfeucue ib`delucge ), iuknbsgcg kbvetbtee lukbcg,
iuknbsgcg ansgcnr `bzbcg, kn`mu`ktevb se knr`ggb, n pbrtg b durge ibtgr e`trbkrb`eg`g.
De` pu`kt dg vgdgrg intnr e`grvgbzb= iuskfee ibstekbtnre (tgipnrbc, ibsgtgr )
pg kbrg-c pbcpbi kb`d pbkeg`tuc strb`hg de` de`te.
[giencnheb `grvucue trehgig` brg e` vgdgrg gxbie`brgb= sg`selecetbtee
tbktecg,tgriekb se durgrnbsb e` kgcg ; gtbmg bcg agtge, abrb u`hfeuc pnstgrenr bc ib`delucge
(K<-K7).[g tgstgbzb sg`selecetbtgb agtge se b skbcpucue,lecbtgrbc, seigtrek, pg kgcg trge
tgretnree sg`setevg trehgie`bcg( natbciek, ibxecbr se ib`delucbr ) se rgacgxuc knr`gb` ( Q,
QEE).
 Tgstbrgb trehgig`ucue=
-0Intnr=
[g pbcpgbzb iuskfee ibstekbtnre e` kn`trbkteg b iuskfecnr ibsgtgre se tgipnrbce
ku hurb e`kfesb? sg gxbie`gbzb rgzestg`tb cb e`kfedgrgb se cb dgskfedgrg b huree
\gacgxuc ib`delucbr =[g rnbhb pbkeg`tuc sb dgskfedb hurb usnr, ku iuskfee
rgcbxbte.[g pgrkutb dghgtgcg bsgzbtg usnr pg ib`delucb pbkeg`tucue.
Zbkeg`tee `nribce `u bu `eke u` rgacgx.
W` rgacgx bkkg`tubt e`dekb cgzeu`gb `grn`ucue intnr kg`trbc.
\gacgxuc knr`ggb`=[g gxgkutb cb pbkeg`tee ku pbrgzb Lgcc, cb knibtnse sbu cb
kge suspekense b bvgb cgzeu`e e` tru`kfeuc kgrglrbc sbu e` se`usuc
kbvgr`ns.Abskekncuc baagrg`t bc bkgstue rgacgx gstg rgprgzg`tbt dg `k. Q ebr kgc gaagrg`t
dg `k QEE.\gacgxuc knr`ggb` sg tgstgbzb bte`hb`d usnr knr`ggb ( `u skcgrb ) ku n lukbtb
dg vbtb,kb`d pbkeg`tuc prevgstg e` dergkteb npusb.
Kb`d rgacgxuc gstg blsg`t lecbtgrbc=-0cgzeu`g b `grvucue trehgig` sbu n cgzeu`g
pn`te`b
-0dbkb g blsg`t u`ecbtgrbc= -0 cgzeu`g pn`te`b sbu kgrglgcnpn`te`b
 Zbtncnheg=
-0@gvrbcheb gsg`tebcb dg trehgig`=
-bagktgbzb rbr rbiurb natbciekb dbr argkvg`t rbiurecg ibxecbrb se ib`delucbrb.[g
kbrbktgrezgbzb pre` durgre auchurb`tg, u`ecbtgrbcg, abrb dgaeket sg`zetev se abrb tuclurbre
rgacgxg Bkgstgb bpbr tntuse cb bducte se vbrst`eke.Qbrstb dg bpbreteg gstg e` igdeg 71-76
b`e,rbpnrtuc agige/lbrlbtg9;/<.

Bkgbstb bagkteu`g gstg cnkbcezbtb argkvg`t u`ecbtgrbc (luzg, nlrbz, ig`tn`, anbrtg
rbr natbciek)
[g ib`eagstb pre` pbrnxesig durgrnbsg e`tncgrblecg, trgsbrere (tek durgrns ).[u`t
dgkcb`sbtg pre` steiucbrgb u`nr zn`g bcg agtge, luzgcnr, ceilee, pre` inlecezbrgb cnr, ibe
argkvg`t pre` steiuce tbktece dgkbt pre` steiuce tgrincnheke,
E`trg krezg `u gxestb durgrg.Bkgstg krezg durgbzb kbtgvb sgku`dg sbu 2-< ie`utg.
Argkvg`tb ku kbrg bpbr bkgstg `gvrbchee su`t e`tbc`etg zeub se `nbptgb.Tnbtg
bkgstgb sg bsnkebzb ku rnsgbtg tghuig`tgcnr se iuknbsgcnr ku sbu abrb cbkreibrg,
spbsig bcg iuskfecnr fgieagtge ( nrlekucbruc pcgnbpgcnr ).
Gxbig`uc nlegktev gstg `nribc ebr debh`nstekuc gstg kn`aeribt pre` gxkcudgrgb
kbuzgcnr dg `grbcheg sgku`dbrb ( dh dg gxkcudgrg ).
-0@gvrbcheb sgku`dbrb b trehgig`ucue
Gstg hg`grbtg dg ibe iuctg kbusg=
2.Qbskucbrg= E`krukesbrgb `grvucue Q ku brtgrg kg sbu pucsbtecetbtg krgskutb ( b.
lbzecbrb ku gktbzee ), bctgnre rbiure lbzecbrg rgdu`db`tg kg e`krukesgbzb trbegktuc cue Q.
Cb bkgst `evgc pnbtg sb bpbrb fgiespbsi abkebc pre` e`krukesbrgb
`grvucue QEE dg kbtrg bkgstg brtgrg.Bpbr ankbrg gktnpekg pre` kn`tbktuc ku vbsgcg dg pg
pbrkursuc `grvecnr, kbrg prnduk gxketbrgb `grvucue.
E`rghestrbrecg ku iekrngcgktrnze brbtb n bktevetbtg pbrnxestekb seiecbrb
gpecgpsege kgg bkg gxpcekb kbrbktgruc pbrnxestek.
<.Trbuibtesig=-pre` e`trgrupgrgb rbiurecnr `grvnbsg
;.@gnpcbzee-hceniuc e`aectrbtevg dg tru`ke kgrglrbc eretb pre` sulstb`tgcg pg kbrg cg
gietg pg trbegktuc e`trb`gvrbxebc bc `. Q.Bpne, ndbtb ku e`vbzeb rbiurecnr `grvnbsg bpbrg
`gvrbcheb sgku`dbrb dg trehgig` ( tuclurbre nlegktevg dg sg`selecetbtg, ibe bcgs cb te`gre )
4.Lnce dgiegce`ezb`tg= pcbkb dgiegce`ezb`tb sg knipnrtb cb agc? ;:% de` `gvrbcheecg
gsg`tebcg cb te`gre su`t u` dglut dg skcgrnzb iuctepcb
7.E`agktee= fgrpgs znstgr (ogrbtetb fgrpgtekb ), fgrpgs seipcgx (rbiurb ibxecbrb se
ib`elucbrb )
 Trbtbig`t
Igdekbig`tns= 2. KB\LBIB]GZE@B- gaekbkg cb dglut e` 87% de` kbzure, bpne
bpbrg tncgrb`tb e` bprnx. ; b`e. 2::ih e`tr-n prezb, bpne sg krgstg trgptbt pb`b cb
<::ih dg 7 nre pg ze, ku in`etnrezbrgb `evgcucue sgrek se b prnlgcnr fgpbtekg.Dnzg
ibe ibre dg 2<::ih `u bduk lg`gaekeb supceig`tbrg
<.AG@TENE@B- ;::-4:: ih/ ze sbu e.v. e` krezb

;.B@TEDGZ\G[EQG T\EKEKCEKG sbu AG@NTEB]EDG

4.LBKCNAG@- 7:-1: ih/ze
7.HBLBZG@TE@= u` `nu b`tebchek kg`trbc gaaekeg`t, ibe lu` dgkbt e`
gpecgpseg u`dg g ancnset kb bdmuvb`t ( dg b dnub bcghgrg )
Trbtbig`tuc kferurhekbc gstg blnrdbt e` bprnxeibtev <:-;:% se sg
rgbcezgbzb pre` sgkteu`e pbrtebcg bcg `grvucue natbciek,dgse s-b kbi rg`u`tbt pg`tru
kb prndukg ogrbtetb.
-0rezntniee sgcgktevg e` rgheu`gb luclbrb pg rbiuc dgskg`dg`t pg`tru
sg`selecetbtgb `nkekgptevg ku pbstrbrgb kgcnr bskg`dg`tg pg`tru sg`selecetbtgb
tbktecb
-0tgrinknbhucbrg stgrgntbktekb
-0e`aectrbtee pre` hburb nvbcb ku bcknnc e` hh. Hbssgr sbu ku hcykgrnc ( gaagkt
prnlblec pre` bpnptnzb cnkbcb )
-0dgkniprgseu`g iekrnvbskucbrb pre` krb`egktnieg sulnkkepetbcb (6:%
gaekeg`tb).Inrtbcetbtgb e`trg :,4-2,1 %. \gbktee bdvgrsg = bagktbrgb `grvecnr QEE,
QEEE, rgkedevb, fgrpgs cblebc 7:%
8.@grvuc abkebc (QEE)

E`grvgbzb intnr iuskfee ieiekee dgtgrie`b`d gxprgseecg abkebcg.

E` kgg bkg prevgstg e`grvbteb sg`zetevb (kn`kb burekucbrb, kn`duktuc budetevg
gxtgr`, teipb`uc, tghuig`tuc rgtrnburekucbr).
Tntntdbtb bkgst `grv brg e` knipn`g`tb sb se aelrg hustbtevg pg`tru kgcg </;
b`tgrenbrg bcg ceilee―su`t aelrg vghgtbtevg se prnprenkgptevg (sbcevbrg se cbkreibcg ).
@grvuc abkebc gstg bagktbt kgc ibe argkvg`t e` ucteib 2/; b kb`bcucue Abccnpg.
 [gi`gcg kce`ekg e` pbrbcezeb abkebcb pgreagrekb su`t uribtnbrgcg=
[tbtek=
-pceurecg aru`tee su`t stgrsg
-kcepetuc cepsgstg
-rgacgxuc knr`ggb` gstg blsg`t
-cbhnatbcieb-ibrergb ab`tge pbcpglrbcg pre` bagktbrgb nrlekucbrucue
pcgnpbpge (nkfe dg egpurg)
-gktrnpen`-pcngbpb e`agrenbrb knlnrbtb
-gpepfnrb-bagktbrgb ii.Fnr`gr-cbkreiecg sg skurh pg lrbz

-ibrergb destb`tge e`trg eres se pcgnbpb e`agrenbrb cb prevergb e`be`tg de`

kbuzb cbhnatbciege (s. @ghrn)
-`bre`b dgpreibtb-`u sg decbtg e` e`sperg
-sb`tuc `bznhg` stgrs
-kniesurb huree knlnrbtb
-sbcevb kurhg pre` knctuc huree

De`biek=
-nkfeuc `u sg e`kfedg
-dgvegrgb huree kb`d brbtb de`tee
-`u pnbtg acuegrb
-bceig`tgcg sg bkuiucgbzb e`trg luzg se de`te
-pcbtysib ( i. pegcns bc hbtucue) `u brg pceure
-sgi`uc Kfbrcgs Lgcc-dgvegrgb e` sus b hcnlucue nkucbr kb`d pbkeg`tuc gstg
ruhbt sb e`kfedb nkfee
-sgi`uc [nuqugs ( hg`gcg su`t ibe vezelecg cb nkfeuc bagktbt kb`d sg
e`kfedg)
[KBCB FNW[G L\BKOIB@@ ZT. GQBCWB\GB ZB\G]GE ABKEBCG ZG\EAG\EKG
  Zbrbcezeb Lgcc
-sg ibe `uigstg edenpbtekb sbu b arehnrg-gstg kgb ibe argkvg`tb de`trg pbrbcezeecg
abkebcg.Argkvg`t bpbrg dupb gxpu`grgb cb areh,igkb`esiuc aee`d gdgibtegrgb `grvucue e`
kb`bcuc Abccnpg.Znbtg sb bpbrb cb nrekg vbrstb dbr ibe argkvg`tb e` dgkbdb ;-7 ku
bpbreteg abiecebcb.
Dglutuc gstg lrutbc cb ibxei 46f ku durgrg rgtrnburekucbrb kg pnbtg prgkgdb
pbrbcezeb ku 2-< zecg b`tgrenr.[g ib`eagstb pre` bhguzeg se fepnbkuzeg se sgi`gcg intnree
dgmb bie`tet.Znbtg bpbrgb lecbtgrbc ku rgkurg`tb e` bkgcbse cnk sbu npus.
Trbtbig`tuc e` bkgst teip dg pbrbcezeg kn`stb e` b`tee`acbibtnbrg,isbm
abkebc,hei`bstekb abkebcb se pb`sbig`t nkcuzev bc hcnlucue nkucbr bagktbt.
[gkfgcgcg pbrbcezege abkebcg pgreagrekg sg rgagrb cb=
-fgiespbsiuc abkebc=kn`trbktee iuskucbrg rgpgtbtg, e`kfedgrgb nkfecnr
dgtgrie`b se kn`trbkteb nrlekucbrucue luzgcnr
-sd. –cbkreiecnr dg krnkndec’? fepgrcbkreibteg kb`d lnc`bvuc sg bceig`tgbzb
dbtnretb rghg`grbree blgrb`tg b aelrgcnr sbcevbrg dupb pbrbcezeb abkebcb
 Zbrbcezeb abkebcb kg`trbcb
-e`tgrgsgbzb ¹ e`agrenbrb b fgieagtge (`gurn`ee kbrg e`grvgbzb ¹ supgrenbrb b
agtge preigsk se aelrg e`krukesbtg dg cb abskekncuc hg`ekucbt kn`trbcbtgrbc).
Bpbrg e`=cgzeu`e bcg abskekncucue hg`ekucbt knrteknabkebc.
Zbrbcezeb gstg setubtg dg pbrtgb npusb cgzeu`ee se sg e`sntgstg dg u`adgaeket intnr
dg bkggbse pbrtg.Kc`ek,pbkeg`tuc pnbtg e`kfedg nkfee, pnbtg e`krgte` aru`tgb, dbr sb`tuc
`bznhg`eb` gstg stgrs,kniesurb lukbcb g kbzutb.E` rgpbus, bseigtreb abkebcb gstg
btg`ubtb,dbr e` deib`ekb sg bkkg`tugbzb.
6.@grvuc bkustekn-vgstelucbr ( QEEE )

\gkgptnree su`t cnkbcezbte e` urgkfg se kn`trncgbzb buzuc.Bkgstue `grv E sg

tgstgbzb e`tghretbtgb se au`kten`bcetbtgb sgpbrbtg pg`tru aegkbrg urgkfg.
@grvuc kn`te`g aelrg btbt budetevg kbt se vgstelucbrg,gxbie`brgb abkb`du-sg
sgpbrbt.
 Gxbie`brgb @. bkustek
2.bkuigtreg an`ekb= sg gxbie`gbzb bgpbrbt pg`tru aegkbrg urgkfg pre` vnrlerg
snptetb kbrg `nribc g pgrkgputb dg cb 7-1i.[kbdgrgb buzucue pg`tru vnkgb snptetb
dg`ntb cgzeu`e bcg urgkfee gxtgr`g sbu gidee.

<.bkuigtreg e`struig`tbcb=Debpbzn`uc (14-2<6Fz) pus e` velrbteg sbu kgbsuc sg

vb bprnpeb dg KBG bprgkee`du-sg knipbrbtevg destb`tb dg cb kbrg pbkeg`uc ku nkfee
e`kfese pgrkgpg velrbteecg debpbzn`ucue sbu lbtbecg kgbsucue
;.budenigtreg= ku bmutnruc u`ue budenigtru, e` au`kteg dg buzuc pbkeg`tucue sg
dgsg`gbzb n kurlb `uietb budenhrbib.Indeaekbrecg pbtncnhekg bcg buzucue=tuclurbre dg
tep dgaeket sbu eretbtev.
Tuclurbrecg dg tep dgaeket=fepnbkuzeg,b`bkuzeg sbu surdetbtg,fepgrbkuzeg-e`
iehrg`g, burb gpecgptekb, hrbvedetbtg,pbrgzb abkebcb pgreagrekb
Dupb sgdeuc cgzeu`ee surdetbtgb pnbtg ae=-dg trb`sieseg(ntnhg`b)-e` cgzeu`e
bcg urgkfee gxtgr`g se igdee
-dg pgrkgpteg(`gurnhg`b)-e`
cgzeu`e bcg nrhb`ucue Knrte, `grvucue budetevg,kbecnr budetevg kg`trbcg
Zg`tru deagrg`tegrgb surdetbtee dg trb`sieseg dg kgb dg pgrkgpteg sg
ancnsgsk uribtnbrgcg prnlg=
-0prnlb Xglgr=sg bpcekb debpbzn`uc pg vgrtgx.E` ind `nribc velrbteecg
su`t pgrkgputg lecbtgrbc.e` surdetbtgb dg trb`sieseg velrbteecg su`t pgrkgputg dg pbrtgb
urgkfee bagktbtg(Xglgr cbtgrbcezbt).E` cgzeu`ecg dg pgrkgpteg,Xglgr g cbtgrbcezbt dg pbrtgb
sb`btnbsb.
-0prnlb [kwblbkf=debpbzn`uc e` velrbteg sg pcbsgbzb pg vgrtgx.E` ind
`nribc velrbteecg sg pgrkgp bprnxeibtev <: dg sgku`dg,Zgrkgpteb velrbteecnr ibe pute` dg
<: dg sgku`dg bpbrg e` surdetbtgb dg pgrkgpteg.Zgrkgpteb velrbteecnr ibe iuct dg <: dg
sgku`dg e` surdetbtgb dg trb`sieseg.
-0prnlb \e``g=sg bpcekb debpbzn`uc e` velrbteg pg ibstnedb.Dupb kg
pbkeg`tuc e`kgtgbzb sb pgrkgbpb velrbteecg pg kbcg nsnbsb, sg bsgbzb debpbzn`uc e`
drgptuc pbvecen`ucue urgkfee se sg `ntgbzb durbtb pgrkgptege bgreg`g b velrbteecnr.Zrnlb
gstg pnzetevb dbtb trb`sieseb bgreb`b g ibe iekb dgkbt kgb nsnbsb (surdetbtg dg
trb`sieseg)
Zg`tru tuclurbrcg dg tep eretbtev =
-bkuag`g=sg`zbteb sulegktevb dg teuet(te``etus),zhnintg,pnk`eture,uruet.Bpbr
e` ntetg igdee se gxtgr`g,`gvretg bkustekg tnxekg,`gvrnzg
-fbcuke`btee budetevg=pgrkgptee b`nribcg dg kuve`tg,arbzg,igcndee.Bpbr e`
tuinre dg cnl tgipnrbc,gpecgpseg tgipnrbcb
-pgrkgpgrgb pucbsteecnr brtgrebcg bpbr e` b`gvresiuc dg brtgrb
kbrntedb,b`he`nbig.@nribc,kerkucbteb sb`hgcue `u prndukg zhnint e` urgkfe aee`d
binrtezbtb dg gcbsteketbtgb pgrgtecnr brtgrebce.

 Gxbie`brgb `grvucue vgstelucbr

Zrnlgcg=
-tgstuc \nilgrh
-prnlb lrbūgcnrà`te`sg
-gxbie`brgb `estbhiusucue
-prnlb igrsucue
À` cgzeu`ecg vgselucbrgbpbr uriċtnbrgcg seipnig=
vgrtemuc9 sg`zbūeg sulegktevċ dg rntbūeg b nlegktgcnr de` mur bpċrutċ lrusk cb
skfeilbrgb pnzeūege knrpucue sbu kbpucue. À` anrig hrbvg
nrtnstbesiucgsgeipnselec. Gstg bknipb`ebt dg seipnigvghgtbtevg kb= hrgūure,
vċrsċture, pbcnbrg, trb`sperbūee, cepnteieg.
tuclurċre dg tn`us iuskucbr rgprgzg`tbtg dg dgvebūeetn`ekg bcg
igilrgcnr Şetru`kfeucue. [g pu` à` gvedg`ūċcb prnlb \nilgrh, prnlb
dgvebūegelrbūgcnrà`te`sg, prnlb igrsucue à` stgb.
`estbhiusuc9 gstg n ieŞkbrge`vncu`tbrċ , retiekċ Şese`krn`ċ b hcnlecnr
nkucbre cb prevergb cbtgrbcċ sbu vgrtekbcċ.
Zg`tru gxbie`brgb `estbhiusucue lnc`bvuc gstg e`vetbt sċ uriċrgbskċ e`dgxuc
gxbie`btnrucue kbrg sg vb dgpcbsb à` pcb` nrezn`tbc dg cb stì`hb cb drgbptb Şeà` pcb`
vgrtekbc dg sus à` mns.
@estbhinhrbaebgstg n igtndċ dg à`skregrg hrbaekċ b `estbhiusucue.
À` au`kūeg dg dergkūeg, `estbhiusuc pnbtg ae nrezn`tbc, vgrtekbc sbu
rntbtnr.[g vb e`dekb dergkūeb `estbhiusucue dupċ dergkūeb à` kbrg sg abkg
ieŞkbrgb rbpedċ b hcnlecnr nkucbre.
Aezencnhek `estbhiusuc pnbtg bpbrg cb prevergb gxtrgiċ cbtgrbcċ, cb prevergb u`nr
nlegktg à` ieŞkbrg,gtk
Zrnlg vgstelucbrg prnvnkbtg= prnlb rntbtnreg, prnlb kbcnrekċ, prnlb hbcvb`ekċ .
2.[e`drniuc vgstelucbr pgreagrek (brin`ek)=
-à` cgzeu`e vgstelucbrg Şebcg `grvucue vgstelucbr
-tnbtg sgi`gcg kce`ekg e`dekċ vgstelucuc cgzbt (gstg brin`ek)
-vgrtemuc gstg e`tg`s, à`snūetdg gxpreibtg ib`eagstċre vghgtbtevg
-tuclurċrecg dg gkfecelru su`t kn`stb`tg
-`esbhiusuc gstg u`edergkūen`bc
-argkvg`tà`snūet dg bkuag`g, fepnbkuzeg
<.[e`drniuc vgstelucbr kg`trbc (desbrin`ek)=
-à` cgzeu`e bcg `ukcgecnr vgstelucbre Şekċecnr vgstelucbrg kg`trbcg
-vgrtemuc gstg dg e`tg`setbtg skċzutċ
-tuclurċrecg dg gkfecelru `u su`t sestgibtezbtg
-`estbhiusuc gstg iuctedergkūen`bcsbu vgrtekbc
5.@grvuc hcnsnabre`heb` ( EV-iext)

Gstg u` `grv luclbr kg kn`te`g aelrg intnree,sg`setevg,sg`znrebcg,vghgtbtevg.

Aelrgcg intnree prnve` de` `ukcguc bilehuu se e`grvgbzb=iuskfee
stecnabre`heb`,stecnhcns,kn`strektnr supgrenr bc abre`hgcue.

Aelrgcg sg`setevg sg tgrie`b e` `uckguc sncetbr se bsehurb sg`selecetbtgb cnmge

biehdbceg`g,abre`hgcue,agtge pnstgrenbrg b vbcucue pbcbte`.
Aelrgcg sg`znrebcg sg tgrie`b e` `ukcguc sncetbr se bsehurb sg`selecetbtgb hustbtevg
b 2/; pnstgrenbrb b ceilee (pg`tru hustuc bpbr )
Aelrgcg vghgtbtevg e`grvgbzb hcb`dgcg pbrntedg.
Cgzeu`ecg `grvucue hcnsnabre`heb` dgtgrie`b=deabheg pg`tru sncedg, fepngstgzeg sbu
b`gstgzeg e` rgheu`gb abre`heb`b se 2/; pnstgrebrb b ceilee ku deshguzeg cb bkgst
`evgc,rgacgxuc abre`heb` gstg deie`ubt sbu blncet(cepsb kn`strektege abre`hgcue cb bte`hgrgb
iuknbsge abre`heg`g),sgi`uc knrte`ge bc cue Qgr`gt=dgvegrgb pgrgtgcue abre`heb` dg pbrtgb
sb`btnbsb kb`d lnc`bvuc spu`g vnkbcgcg –g’ sbu –b’
2:.@grvuc vbh (p`guinhbstrek)-V-iext

Gstg u` `grv luclbr kg kn`te`g aelrg intnree se

veskgrnintnree,sg`setevg,veskgrnsg`zetevg.
Aelrgcg intnree ese bu nrehe`gb e` `ukcguc bilehuu se e`grvgbzb iuskfee kn`strektnr
iemcnkeu se e`agrenr bc abre`hgcue, iuskfee vbcucue pbcbte` (redekbtnruc vbcucue, iuskfee uvucge,
abre`hnpbcbucue),iuskfee cbre`hgcue se knrzecg vnkbcg.
Aelrgcg veskgrnintree prnve` de` `ukcguc dnrsbc bc vbhucue se e`grvgbzb Z[
iuskucbturg `gtgdb b nrhb`gcnr se` tnrbkg se bldnig` (lrn`fee,bppbrbt dehgstevg, zn`b
kbrden-bnrtekb)
Al. [g`zeteg sg tgrie`b e` `v. [ncetbr se bsehurb sg`selecetbtgb abre`hgcue,pgrgtgcue
pnstgrenr kn`duktucue budetevg gxtgr`,n iekb rgheu`g kutb`btb rgtrnburekucbrb.
Al. Qeskgrn-sg`zetevb sg tgrie`b e` `k. Dnrbc bc vbhucue se bduk e`anribtee dg cb
veskgrgcg turbkn-bld.
@grvee EV, V, VE, pbrbsgsk krb`euc pre` hburb ruptb pnstgrenbrb.
Cgzeu`ecg dg `grv V pnt ae cgzeu`e u`ecbtgrbcg ku bpbreteb fgiepbrbcezege vbcucue
pbcbte`,ku kbdgrgb,fypntn`eb se dgvegrgb cugtge sprg pbrtgb sb`btnbsb,tuclurbre dg
dghcuteteg pg`tru cekfedg,vnkg `bzn`btb,letn`bcb,rgacgx vgcnpbcbte` deie`ubt sbu blncet
( bte`hgrgb vbcucue `u dgtgrie`b redekbrgb cue dg pbrtgb cgzeu`ee),fepn/b`gstgzeg e` zn`gcg
e`grvbtg dg vbh.
22.@grvuc spe`bc(bkkgssnr)- VE- intnr

Bkgst `grv brg < nrehe`e= aelrg ku nrehe`g luclbrb de` `ukcguc iblehuu se aelrg ku
nrehe`g spe`bc bkg prnve` de` K2-K7.
Aelrgcg kg bu nrehe`gb e` lucl,egs de` krb`eu pre` hburb ruptb pnstgrenbrb se sg
eipbrt e` < rbiure=-0e`tgr`b=kn`te`g al. Luclbrg,sg u`gstg ku vbhuc se e`grvgbzb iuskfee
cbre`hgcue

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125

million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

-0gxtgr`b=kn`te`g aelrg spe`bcg se e`grvgbzb iuskfee [KI se trbpgz

Gxbig`uc knipn`g`tge gxtgr`g sg abkg pre` cbre`hnsknpeg e`dergktb sbu sg e`vetb
pbkeg`tuc sb vnrlgbskb.
E` pbrbcezeb u`ecbtgrbcb vnkgb gstg letn`bcb,pbkeg`tuc `u pnbtg kb`tb,rgacgxuc dg
tusg gstg prgsg`t.
E` pbrbcezeb lecbtgrbcb vnkgb gstg rbhusetb,ban`eg,desp`gg,rgacgxuc dg tusg g
blsg`t,cekfedgcg rgacugbzb pg `bs.Gstg `gkgsbrb trbfgnstnieb.
Gxbig`uc knipn`g`tge gxtgr`g kn`stb e` b bknrdb btg`teg iuskfeucue
trbpgz=pbke`gtuc gstg e`vetbt sb e`dgpbrtgzg lrbtgcg dg tnbrbkg ses b acgktgzg dnrsbc
kbpuc,gxbie`btnruc npu`b`du-sg acgxege kbpucue.[g bprgkebzb kn`trbkteb trbpgzucue pre`
bpbreteb knrzee trbpgzucue.E` pbrbcezeb iuskfeucue trbpgz=uibruc g kbzut,kn`kbvetbtgb sup.
B trbpgzucue g tsgbrsb,pbkeg`tuc `u pnbtg redekb uibruc dg pbrtgb cgzbtb,ninpcbtuc g
dgpbrtbt dg ce`eb igdeb`b,iuskfeuc g fepntn`,btrnaebt.
E` kgg bkg prevgstg I.[KI pbkeg`tucue E sg kgrg sb rntgbskb ses b e`kce`g kbpuc
dg pbrtgb npusb cgzeu`ee,gxbi`btnruc npu`b`du-sg bkgstnr ieskbre.E` pbrbcezeb
iuskfeucue [KI=u`ecbtgrbc=rgcegauc iuskfeucue g rgdus,`u ibe bpbrg knbrdb
[KI,iuskfeuc g fepntn`,btrnaebt?e` cgzeu`g lecbtgrbcb=acgxeb kbnucue `u g pnselecb,bpbrg n
pnzeteg dg gxtg`seg b kbpucue
2<.@grvuc Fepnhcns- VEE -intnr

Gstg u` `grv luclbr,ku `ukcguc setubtg pg pcb`sguc vg`trekncucue EQ.Zbrbsgstg

krb`euc pre` hburb kn`deceb`b b`tgrenbrb se e`grvgbzb intnr iuskfee u`ge fgieceile.
Gxbie`brgb kn`stb e` gxpcnrbrgb intecetbtee se trnaeketbtee ceilee.
E` cgzeu`ecg u`ecbtgrbcg sg edg`teaekb btrnaeb fgieceilee,abskeucbtee b `evgcuc
fgieceilee e` cgzeu`e eretbtevg bcg fepnhcnsucue,dgvegrgb ceilee=e` kbvetbtgb lukbcb sprg
pbrtgb sb`btnbsb,ebr e` prntruzeg dg pbrtgb cgzeu`ee(ceilb e` prntruzeg e`dekb sgdeuc
cgzeu`ee).E` kbz dg zeu`e lecbtgrbcg gxestb tuclurbre dg ibstekbteg se dghcuteteg se dezbrtreg cb
prn`u`teb kn`snb`gcnr cu`hubcg (k, d, m, c, r, t gtk)

Share this document

    

You might also like

Document 24 pages

3.-CURS-NERVI-CRANIENI
Anonymous 4iR5k6pub5
No ratings yet

Document 26 pages

Curs
Cornel Mihai
No ratings yet

Document 58 pages

Curs Nervi Cranieni

Mihaela Vladut
No ratings yet

Magazines Podcasts

Sheet music

Document 105 pages

Curs 3 - Examenul
neurologic 3.ppt
Alexandra M
No ratings yet

Document 31 pages

Nervi Cranieni
andrei0891
100% (1)

Document 28 pages

Neurologie-deprinderi-
practice-raspunsuri
Nicoleta Tulea
100% (1)

Document 12 pages

NERVII CRANIENI
Daniella Dana
No ratings yet

Document 23 pages

Nervii Cranieni
Catalin Pinzaru
No ratings yet

Document 2 pages

Nervii Cranieni Referat

Mihaela Motoroiu
No ratings yet

Document 33 pages

nervi senzoriali.pptx
Andrei Gheorghe
No ratings yet

Document 91 pages

NEUROLOGIE-curs 3
Ana Campeanu
No ratings yet

Document 12 pages

Nervi Cranieni
Lexi121
No ratings yet

Show more

About Support

About Scribd Help / FAQ

Everand: Ebooks & Accessibility

Audiobooks
Purchase help
Press
AdChoices
Join our team!

Contact us Social
Invite friends Instagram
Scribd for enterprise Twitter

Facebook
Legal
Pinterest
Terms

Privacy

Copyright

Cookie Preferences

Do not sell or share my

personal information

Get our free apps

Documents

Language: English

Copyright © 2023 Scribd Inc.

Save