Media and Information Literacy.
Uses audio or voice
Involves necessary skills that let a
person interact using different media
platforms and get access to
information around the globe.
Information Age. The media have a
significant role in our society towards
disseminating information, connecting
people, and acting as an agent of
change in our society.
Communication and Media
Information. Communication is
affected by media and information
because of the advancement of
technology and the availability of
different communication services.
Media Literacy. Highlights the capacity
of an individual to understand the
functions of media and determine the
relevant use and worth of media
platforms.
Information Literacy. The
communication or acquiring of data or
facts that relate to the use of media
information.
Technology Literacy. The skill of an
individual to manipulate technology
independently or with the assistance
of others in using the technology in an
efficient and suitable way.
Information and Media Literacy.
Enable people to become a
responsible user and producer of
media and information.
Media. Communication for people
which includes newspapers, radio,
televisions, and the internet.
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s).
During pre-industrial age, about 4.5
million years ago, the early hominids
discovered fire, developed paper from
plants, and built weapons.
Industrial Age (1700s - 1930s).
Economic and societal changes, such
as the substitution of handy tools with
machines like the power loom and the
steam engine.
Electronic Age (1930s - 1980s).
Electronic age started when people
utilized the power of electricity that
made electronic devices like transistor
radio and television work.
Information Age (1900s - 2000s).
Known as the digital age. Use of the
worldwide web through an internet
connection. Rapid technological
advancement and innovation with the
use of microelectronics lead to the
development of laptops, netbooks
mobile phones, and wearable
technology.
Print Media. A type of media paper
and ink is reproduced in a printing
process that is traditionally mechanical
such as books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, newsletters, and
brochures.
Text Media. A simple and flexible
format for conveying ideas, whether
handwritten or printed. May also be
displayed on-screen as part of
broadcast media, multimedia, or new
media.
Typography. The art and technique of
arranging the visual component of the
written word.
Visual Media. Refers to pictures,
photos, images, and graphics used to
channel communication using the
sense of sight.
Informational Graphics (Infographic). A
visual representation of information to
understand the high-volume and
complex data easily.
Cartoons. A sketch or drawing
intended as satire, caricature, or
humor.
Photography. An image created by light
captured on a light-sensitive surface,
which is usually photographic film.
Broadcast Media. Reaches target
audiences using airwaves as the
transmission medium.
Audio Media.
recording as a medium in the delivery
of information.
Multimedia. Concerned with the
computer-controlled integration of
text, graphics, drawings, still and
moving images (video), animation,
audio, and any other media where
every type of information can be
stored, communicated, and handled
digitally.
New Media. A term used to integrate
the different technologies emerging on
one digital platform to organize and
distribute content. Examples are
podcasts, video games, and wikis.
Media Convergence. Merging of
different equipment and tools for
producing and distributing news
through digitization and computer
networking. This is also known as
technological convergence.
Indigenous Knowledge. The distinctive
knowledge kept to a specific group of
people. Local knowledge, folk
knowledge, people’s knowledge,
traditional wisdom, or traditional
science are other terms used for it.
Locally appropriate. Indigenous
knowledge signifies a way of life that
has advanced with the local
conditions.
Restraint in resource exploitation.
Production is for survival needs only;
only those necessary for immediate
survival are taken from the
environment.
Diversified production systems. There
is no abuse of resources; various
strategies are utilized to avoid risks.
Respect for nature. A ‘conservation
ethic’ often exists. Here, the land is
treated as sacred.
Human dependence on nature for
survival. All species are interrelated;
hence, one affects the other.
Flexibility. Indigenous knowledge
means adapting to new circumstances
and being open to outside knowledge.
Social responsibility. There are strong
family and community ties, and with
them, feelings of obligation and
responsibility to preserve the land for
future generations.
Primary Sources of Information. Refer
to “original materials”. The raw
products of written texts.
Examples:
Artifact. Refers to something made or
created by humans, such as a tool or a
work of art, especially an object of
archaeological interest.
Diary. A record with distinct entries
organized by date reporting on daily
activities or other periods.
Patent. The granting of a right to an
inventor by a sovereign authority.
Audio/Video Recording.
Secondary Sources of Information.
Written after an original product. They
are the analyses, interpretations, and
evaluations of primary sources.
Examples:
Indexes. Typically found as one or
more individual volumes at the end of
a set. Ex. Indexes, bibliography,
indexing and abstracting periodicals.
Survey Type. Involves the product of
examination or description of
someone or something. Ex. Reviews,
treatises, and monographs.
Reference Type. Consists of materials
collected from others’ works such as
encyclopedia, dictionary, handbook,
manual and critical tables.
Tertiary Sources of Information.
Involve information that collects and
organizes primary and secondary
sources.
Media and information literacy
involves a full understanding of how
information, signs, symbols, and
meanings are being communicated
through various media.
Language (aka Medium of
Communication). A “system of
arbitrary, vocal symbols that permit all
people in a given culture, or other
people who have learned the system of
that culture, to communicate or to
interact”.
Media Language. Denotes how media
producers make meaning about a
certain medium they are producing
and how they transfer that meaning to
their target audience.
Denotative meaning is the literal
meaning of the media text while
connotative meaning refers to the
various interpretations that the text
suggests to the audience which are
often associated with their culture,
values, beliefs, etc.
Media codes and conventions are the
very foundations of all the existing
media.
Media codes. Have an established
meaning, denotation, or connotation,
to the target audience.
Conventions. Refer to the possible
methods in which codes are organized
in a product.
Types of Media Codes:
Symbolic Codes. Audience based. The
meaning of the product is not based on
the product itself but on the
interpretation of the audience.
Technical Codes. Refer to codes
specific to a media form alone.
Written codes. The formal written
language used in creating a media
product.
Types of Conventions:
Form Conventions. Ways in which the
types of media codes are expected to
be arranged.
Story Conventions. Refer to the basic
structures of narratives.
Genre Convention. Refer to the
common use of the elements of
narratives such as the characters,
settings, or themes in a certain type of
media.
Media Producers. Refer to the people
who initiate, plan, and produce media
texts.
Stakeholders. Refer to people or
organizations that share the same
interests or intentions.
Audience. A significant element in
delivering media texts.
Audience Analysis. The process of
looking into the demographics and
psychology of the audience.
Audience Engagement. This refers to
the reaction of the audience to the
media text.
Audience Expectations. This refers to
the anticipation of the audience about
the text.
Audience Foreknowledge. This refers
to the exact information which the
audience brings about the media
output.
Audience Identification. This refers to
the connection built by the media text
to the audience.
Audience Placement. This refers to the
strategies producers use to make the
audience feel that the media text is
made specifically for them.
Audience Research. This refers to the
monitoring of the audience before,
during, and after the production of the
media text.
Piracy. The unauthorized reproduction
or use of a copyrighted book,
recording, television program,
patented invention, trademarked
product, etc.
Intellectual Property (IP). Refers to
creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic works;
designs; and symbols, names and
images used in commerce.
World Intellectual Property Geographical Indications and The Labor of Laziness. The writer takes
Organization (WIPO). The global forum Appellations of Origin. Signs used on the time to paraphrase most of the
for intellectual property services, goods that have a specific geographical paper from other sources and make it
policy, information, and cooperation. origin and possess qualities, a all fit together.
reputation or characteristics that are
Types of Intellectual Property: The Self-Stealer. The writer “borrows”
essentially attributable to that place of
generously from his or her previous
Copyright. A legal term used to origin.
work.
describe the rights that creators have
Fair Use. you can use copyrighted
over their literary and artistic works. Sources Cited
material without a license only for
Republic Act 8293 Intellectual Property certain purposes. These include The Forgotten Footnote. The writer
Code of the Philippines Commentary, Criticism, Reporting, mentions an author’s name for a
Research, Teaching. source, but neglects to include specific
Copyright Validity Period information on the location of the
Literary Works Lifetime of the Creative Commons. An American non-
material referenced.
author + 50 profit organization devoted to
years after expanding the range of creative works The Mis informer. The writer provides
death available for others to build upon inaccurate information regarding the
Art 25 years from legally and to share. sources, making it impossible to find
the date of them.
creation Digital Citizenship. The norms of
Photographic 50 years from appropriate, responsible technology The Too-Perfect Paraphrase. The writer
Work publication use. properly cites a source, but neglects to
Audio-Visual 50 years from put in quotation marks on text that has
Netiquette. Set of rules for behaving
Work publication been copied word-for-word, or close to
Sound 50 years from properly online. Respecting other
it.
Recording year recording users’ views and displaying common
took place courtesy when posting your views to The Resourceful Citer. The writer
Broadcast 20 years from online discussion groups. properly cites all sources, paraphrasing
Recording date of and using quotations appropriately.
Digital Footprint. A trail of data you
broadcast The paper contains almost no original
create while using the Internet.
Trademark Valid for 10 work!
years ad may be Plagiarism. The act of using another
renewed for a The Perfect Crime. The writer properly
person's words or ideas without giving
periods of 10 quotes and cites sources in some
credit to that person.
years places but goes on to paraphrase other
Invention Patent Valid for 20 Types of Plagiarism: arguments from those sources without
years from filling citation.
date application Sources Not Cited

The Ghost Writer. The writer turns in

Patent. An exclusive right granted for another’s work, word-for-word, as his
an invention. or her own.

Trademarks. A sign capable of The Photocopy. The writer copies

distinguishing the goods or services of significant portions of text straight
one enterprise from those of other from a single source, without
enterprises. alteration.

Industrial Design. Constitutes the
ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an
article. May consist of three-
dimensional features, such as the
shape or surface of an article, or of
two-dimensional features, such as
patterns, lines, or color.
The Putlock Paper. The writer copies
from several different sources,
tweaking the sentences to make them
fit together while retaining most of the
original phrasing.
The Poor Disguise. The writer has
altered the paper’s appearance slightly
by changing key words and phrases.