Q1: Wavelength of visible light: 400- 700nm

Wavelength of Xrays : 1*10-12 pm– 10*10-9nm

Q2: Snell’s Law:

Snell's law is a formula used to describe the relationship between

the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between
two different isotropic media, such as water and glass.

Refractive Index :In optics the refractive index or index of refraction n of a substance (optical medium) is
a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation, propagates through that medium. It is
defined as

,
where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in the substance. For example, the refractive
index of water is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times as fast in vacuum as it does in water.

Q3: Lens Maker’s Law:

‘t’ is thickness;’1/f’ is effective focal length.

Q4:FieldStop:An opening usually circular in an opaque screen, whose edges determine the limits of the field of
view of an optical instrument/ A round aperture in an eyepiece that limits the field of view.
Aperture Stops & Pupil Stops:

Q5:Abberations:
Q6: Coma:

Q7: Astigmatism:

Q8:ChromaticAbberation:
Q9:Abbe Diagram:

Q10: Field Curvature:

Q11:Distortion
Q12:Fresnel Lens:

Q13:Difference between Fresnel refractive &diffractivelens

Q14:Difference between refractive & diffractive optics

Q15:Achromatization
Q16:Maxwell’s Equations:

Maxwell's equations describe how electric charges and electric currents act as sources for the electric and
magnetic fields and how they affect each other.

Symbols Used
E = Electric field ρ = charge density i = electric current
B = Magnetic field ε0 = permittivity J = current density
D = Electric displacement μ0 = permeability c = speed of light
H = Magnetic field strength M = Magnetization P = Polarization
Here are the equations:

1. Gauss’ Law for electric fields: (The

integral of the outgoing electric field over an area enclosing a volume equals the total
charge inside, in appropriate units.)

2. The corresponding formula for magnetic fields:

(No magnetic charge exists: no “monopoles”.)

3. Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction:

The first term is integrated round a

closed line, usually a wire, and gives the total voltage change around the circuit, which is
generated by a varying magnetic field threading through the circuit.
 4. Ampere’s Law plus Maxwell’s displacement

current:

This gives the total

magnetic force around a circuit in terms of the current through the circuit, plus any varying
electric field through the circuit (that’s the “displacement current”).

Q17:Apochromats:

Q18:1st order,2nd order

Q19:RIBE

Q20:PinDot,ProtrusionCorner,edge,oversize
Q21:Fraunhoffer& Fresnel’s Approximation/Diffraction:
Q22:Strehl Ratio:
Q23:Diagram of an airy disc

Q24:

Q25:Axial resolution vs. lateral resolution?

Axial resolution, also known as longitudinal resolution or azimuthal resolution is resolution in the direction parallel
to the ultrasound beam. The resolution at any point along the beam is the same;therefore axial resolution is not
affected by depth of imaging.
Axial resolution = spatial pulse length/2 or (#cycles in the pulse x wavelength)/2

Clearly, from the above equation we can see that any measure that shortens the length of the ultrasound pulse will
improve axial resolution. For example, decreasing the number of cycles in the pulse or increasing the frequency of
the pulse should improve axial resolution.

By way of contrast, lateral resolution is defined as the ability of the system to distinguish two points in the
direction perpendicular to the direction of the ultrasound beam. Lateral resolution is affected by the width of the
beam and the depth of imaging. Wider beams typically diverge further in the far field and any ultrasound beam
diverges at greater depth, decreasing lateral resolution. Therefore, lateral resolution is best at shallow depths and
worse with deeper imaging.

Q26:Abberations of an optical system

Q27:Gaussian Optics

Q28:Shack Hartmann Test

Q29:Huygen’s principle

Q30:Grating Spectrometer
Q31:Symmetrical& Base Profile: