What is the biological definition of Evolution?

Evolution is when any change in the heritable traits within a population over generations.
New variations and adaptations form in the population groups. Some variations would
become advantageous for survival, so this trait would be passed down to generations, which
is also called heredity.

How does Variation lead to Adaption?

Variation is when random mutations occur in a population. This mutation might be good if it
allows the species to survive. So since the mutation is favored by natural selection, through
directional selections, over geological time, most of the population would adapt to this new
variation. So this becomes descent with modification, where it was not the original population
but had more variations that allowed them to survive.

Why is Natural selection not part of the evolution

Natural selection is not part of evolution, instead, it is a starting point for evolution. Natural
selection is when certain traits are favored by natural selection, so the traits become most
common in the population. Over time, the traits become heredity as they can be passed
down through generations. The effect of natural selection over time becomes evolution, as
only the biggest and best traits survive.

How does natural selection allow populations to survive and reproduce as a whole?
Natural selection’s main function is for populations to survive as a whole. To survive in the
best way possible, the most favorable traits would be passed on to offspring, which is called
heredity. Natural favors the best traits, so natural selection occurs in three ways, directional,
stabilizing, and disruptive selection.

What is the most likely way speciation occurs through natural selection?
Speciation most likely occurs through disruptive selection. Disruptive selection is when the
middle phenotype is less favored than others. So the two extreme ends of the phenotypes
become more common in the population. However, the two extremes phenotypes are less
related to each other. (The middle trait means the population has similar traits). So they
would also gradually mate less, so there would be lesser gene flow, so the alleles become
less diverse and the population has fewer interactions. So the phenotypes would even be
further drift apart, with less common traits. Through one of the isolations (mechanical,
temporal, behavioral, geological) , the population would become different species and
offspring would not be fertile.

Why does convergent evolution have distant common ancestors?

Convergent evolution has distant common ancestors because they have different structures.
Since they have different structures in the past they would have different traits, so they would
have different amino acid sequences, so different functions and structures of the protein.
They would have different functions so the traits would be different. They also would have
different DNA sequences so they would have different common ancestors.

Why are females choosy about mating males? How do the two species mate with each
other? Females have much fewer egg cells than Male cells do. A significant reason for this
is the higher investment females make in each gamete than males, so they have save their
eggs for the very best that would benefit their population. Though some males choose
females in certain species, it is mostly females who become picky about mating with males.
Therefore, the males had to develop sophisticated ways to get the female’s attraction. This
includes intrasexual selection, where males aggressively compete with other males. If they
win the other males, by fighting, they get to mate with the females. Another way is when
instead of fighting, the females choose the best male, which is called intersexual selection.
The males try to best use their traits or their techniques to impress the females, which
includes dancing or decorating their house, hoping for the female to come and mate with
them.

In A caldogram find the species that are most closely related to each other?
Since how close the common ancestor is determined the relatedness of species, you have to
locate the common ancestor on the cladogram. To locate the closest common ancestor, you
have found where both specie’s nodes, which was where speciation was happening. You
have to find the least number of nodes and the shortest amount of times to find the closest
common ancestor. The line represents geological time, as the shortest time represents the
closest common ancestor.

Why does similar amino acid sequence determines the specie’s closeness
Since similar amino acid means similar structure of the protein, which determines the
function of the protein. Similar function of the protein means similar traits, which means that
are closely related. Also, similar amino acid means similar moleculare evidence, DNA which
determines that the species share a close common ancestor.

Why are smaller populations(less diverse gene pool) more vulnerable to random
events such as genetic drift?
Smaller populations have fewer individuals to have a certain trait. So when a genetic drift
occurs, certain portions of the population could be whipped, some alleles in the gene pool
could be wiped out forever.

How does the evidence of anatomical, molecular, and embryology help identify
convergent or divergent evolution?
Because of bone structure and the molecular evidence determine the srtucutre and how
close the species are related to each other, so they are useful for finding the cladogram .
Anatomical evidence shows the bone evidence. The if 2 species have similar or same bone
structures, they are most likely come from a common ancestor. The common ancestor
means that through divergent evolution, they adapted into more diverse environments

Why do populations with more genetic diversity are beneficial for the population?
Populations with more genetic diversity are beneficial for survival. The population would
much more diverse traits. From these diverse traits, they would develop different adaptations
that would become beneficial for survival. New mutations would be formed. Some mutations
would be good, for example, colors in the population, as they can camouflage. Because
more mutations would likely occur in more diverse populations and larger populations have
more diverse gene pools, it is larger populations that would be beneficial for survival. Some
mutations that become favorable by the environment→ by the selection, these random
variations become common traits, since they adapt to the environment.
Gene pool is all the alleles in a population.
A population gains alleles through gene flow so they become more diverse. More gene flow
prevents population leads to speciation.
Genetic drift
A population loses alleles through genetic drift as by random events they lose genetic
diversity. Smaller populations are more vulnerable to change as they less lesser groups that
hold certain alleles, so it is more likely that groups of species disappear together.
Coevolution, the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between
pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another. The
activity of each species that participates in the interaction applies selection pressure
on the others.

For example, evolutionary arms races are when species compete with each other for
survival, which was favored by nature. Nature favors those who have better traits, as
they can survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those who don’t.
Some species help each other survive. Plants and ants get something for giving
something in return. The ants would protect the plants from getting eaten, and the
plants would give them food to eat. Acacia and ants share an evolutionary history,
evolved due to the relationship between 2 species, to help each other survive.

Derived Characteristics mean species share similar traits so they would be the same
species.

Coevolution → process in which 2 or more species evolve in response to changes in

each other