DOING MORE WITH LESS

A Handbook
On
Energy Conservation And Efficiency
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2011

ISBN:

All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in

any form or by any means without prior permission of Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE) and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).

Content
Krishna Bharali, Fellow, TERI
Neha, Associate Fellow, TERI

Published By

The Energy and Resources Institute Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900
Darbari Seth Block Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, India +91 Delhi (0)11
New Delhi – 110 003 E-mail teripress@teri.res.in
India Website www.teriin.org

Printed in India
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) thanks all people who were involved
directly and indirectly in providing their valuable support and contributions to this
publication–Educators’ Handbook on Energy Conservation and its Efficient Use. The
effort is to come out with a teaching manual that would help the educators learn
about energy conservation. All information provided has been referred from various
websites like http://ncict.net, www.bee.gov.in, www.need.org.

Our special thanks to Mr Sanjay Seth, Energy Economist, BEE for the constructive
advise; Ms Anuradha Bhattacharji, Manager Strategy and HR, BEE for providing
valuable contributions; and Ms Ranjana Saikia, Director, TERI for the stimulating
suggestions and encouragement. A special mention must also be made of Mr Saurabh
Prasad, TERI and Mr Akshay Bery, School student for their inputs on the topic of
Energy Theft and Games respectively.

Sincere thanks to Ms Krishna Bharali and Ms Neha for developing the interesting and
comprehensive content interactive and engaging. Special thanks to Ms Anita Banerji
for the captivating design and illustrations and to TERI Publications for providing
support in editing and production.
 FOREWORD
Over 50% of homes in our country do not have any access to
electricity, or to cooking gas and kerosene. The government is
trying hard to provide adequate energy to all. Large increases
in energy supplies are planned, but they will also fall short of
our needs unless we all use energy wisely

This handbook provides an easy understanding of energy conservation and efficiency

in all the sectors, as well as activities that each one of us can do to use energy
efficiently. It is also a guide for teachers to enable them to include energy
conservation and efficiency in the classroom. It also gives pertinent information on
energy that will be of use in our day to day life.

We hope that the book would enhance awareness on the conservation and efficient
use of energy, thus laying a sound foundation for today's children to take actions
which help them to use energy wisely, and thus help achieve the country's vision of
providing energy to every household .

Ajay Mathur

Director General, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

 MESSAGE
India is a country of young people, and what we call the
demographic dividend also presents a demographic challenge.
How can we get quality teachers and more importantly those
who are imbibed with the right values to be able to guide
school children in becoming responsible citizens apart from
growing up as productive professionals?
One area in which school children have to be educated early in
life is the whole field of energy supply and consumption and its effects on the
environment. If children understand the enormous damage and degradation that we
are imposing on the earth's ecosystems, they would adopt lifestyles which would
ensure efficient use of energy. Today we know that continuing use of fossil fuels will
lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases which are already altering the climate of
this planet, and if we do not take timely action future generations would have
difficulties far more than we have seen thus far.
To be prepared to deal with the realities of tomorrow we first need to empower
people, especially children with the belief that they are a part of the environment and
therefore have a stake in what becomes of it. Educators need to guide children to take
initiative to protect the world they live in. Children are powerful agents of change. It is
through them and by raising their levels of information and awareness can one hope to
execute necessary change keeping the future in mind.
This handbook on Energy Conservation and its Efficient Use will provide guidance to
teachers to enhance learning of students as well as sensitize them on key energy issues
that will impact their lives. The aim is to ignite the mind of each child to perform the
same work using less energy and thus reduce unnecessary energy consumption and
losses.
I hope that through this book a path is paved for a learning process that will guide
children to grow to be responsible and conscientious citizens of the world.

R K Pachauri,
Director-General, TERI
 CONTENTS

mSignificance Of Energy Conservation

And Its Efficient Use 8-12

mEnergy Use In Various Sectors 13-36

mEnergy Star And Labeling 37-45

mElectricity Thefts 46-51

mEnergy Calculator 52-54

mProjects 55-57

mEnergy Efficient Buildings 58-64

mGames 65-74

mEnergy Timeline 75-80

mGlossary 81-86
 Significance Of Energy Conservation
And Its Efficient Use

Energy is the basis of human life. All

Energy crisis is any great bottleneck in our
activities, be it through machines or what we accessibility to energy, such as an unusual rise in
do or what is done to us is either a transfer of the price of energy resources, and usually refers to
energy or the transformation of energy from the shortage of oil and gas and electricity. In a
one form to another. Technologically energy market economy, such a shortage can cause
is a vital infrastructure of economic sudden changes in the price of energy, if either the
supply or the demand changes. It is brought about
development and so its demand is increasing
by a failure of the market to adjust prices in
day by day. Progress in the fields of industry, response to shortages – a decline in the
agriculture, communication, transport and availability of cheap oil. This affects the rest of the
other sectors is necessitating growing economy with many recessions being caused by the
consumption of energy for developmental energy crisis in some form or the other. For the
and economic activities. But the basis of this consumer, a rise in the price of petrol and diesel for
cars and other vehicles, and that of cooking gas
energy is in the form of fossil fuels and the
and kerosene for household use, leads to increased
world's known stocks of these fuels is said to expenditure. This leads to a rise in the price of
last not more than 100 years. This prediction general commodities that have to be transported
is of great concern as it may lead to an energy over long distances.
crisis. Another cause of concern is the
emission of greenhouse gases from the manifold demand of energy and causing serious
environmental damages. Therefore the most cost effective strategy for meeting energy
demands is efficient use of energy and its conservation. This will lead to the wise use of
energy resources and ultimately to sustainable energy management.

81
India is facing shortages in energy demand India is a major producer and consumer of energy:
and supply side. Energy requirement in the l It is the world's eleventh largest energy
country is increasing in a very rapid rate. producer, accounting for about 2.4% of the
India's demand for commercial energy in world's total annual energy production
2020 is expected to increase by 250% from l The sixth largest energy consumer, accounting
today's level. If the country is to provide for about 3.7% of the world's total annual
energy consumption
'power for all by year 2012' as is the
mandate of the government than an l Primary energy demand has grown over the last
thirty years at an average rate of 3.6% a year
additional capacity of 100,000 MW will be
required by 2012. This imposes an extra l India ranks sixth globally in terms of total
electricity generation
demand on the power systems as the per
capita consumption will grow to about 1000
kWh per year by 2012. It has been estimated that nearly 25,000 MW can be saved by
implementing end-use energy efficiency and demand side management measures
through out India. In such a scenario energy conservation and its efficient use can
significantly reduce the need for fresh investment in energy supply systems. It could be
a solution for the heavy dependence on
imports, which results to draining out the In electrical terms, a kilowatt-hour of electricity can
revenue. Moreover creation of new power l light a 100-watt lamp for 10 hours
generation capacity is costly and necessitates l lift a ton 1,000 feet (305 meters) into the air
long gestation period whereas energy l · smelt enough aluminum for a six-pack of soda
efficiency activities can make available cans
additional power at comparatively low l heat 780 kg of water from15.6°C to 37.8°C
investments within a short period of time. It is
estimated that in India saving one unit of energy is equal to generation of three units of
energy. Apart from this although India has a low per capita CO2 emission of 1.38tons,
the country contributed approximately 5% of world total CO2 emission in 2007/08.

It should be remembered that while using energy, a considerable amount of energy is

wasted. Studies have shown that India has a huge scope for energy saving, almost 30%
in the industrial, commercial and the domestic sector. The daily requirement of energy
in peak hours is about 800MW. A 30% saving would yield a saving of more than

91
200MW, which is a considerable amount. This
much saving would result in lowering power
shortage considerably. The main consumers of
energy are domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural and large buildings. By adopting
proper energy efficiency in these areas,
considerable energy conservation may be
achieved. Therefore energy conservation should
become an objective to which all the citizens in
the country can contribute. Whether a household
or a factory, a small shop or a large commercial
building, a farmer or an office worker, every user
and producer of energy can and must make this
effort for his own benefit, as well as that of the
nation.
Keeping in mind that the country has high energy saving potential and thus can bridge
the gap between demand and supply and also reduce environmental emissions the
Central Government brought in the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 to promote
efficient use of energy and its conservation in various sections of economy. A legal
framework is now available for promoting energy efficiency in all sectors of the
economy.
It must be remembered that Energy efficiency does not mean turning down the
thermostat and sacrificing comfort. It means getting the most from every energy unit by
using state-of-the-art technologies to provide daily needs—comfortable homes,
profitable businesses, convenient transportation. It is a cheap, clean way to reduce
energy use and pollution. There are many energy
efficient products, once costly but now
inexpensive and commonplace through which
energy use can be reduced and thereby bring the
pollution level down and also help in conserving
energy.

1
10
Salient Features of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001
The Act empowers the Central Government and, in some instances, State Governments to:
specify energy consumption standards for notified equipment and appliances;
direct mandatory display of label on notified equipment and appliances;
prohibit manufacture, sale, purchase and import of notified equipment and appliances not conforming to
energy consumption standards;
notify energy intensive industries, other establishments, and commercial buildings as designated
consumers;
establish and prescribe energy consumption norms and standards for designated consumers;
prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy and its conservation in new
commercial buildings having a connected load of 100 KW or a contract demand of 120KVA and above;
direct designated consumers to -
designate or appoint certified energy manager in charge of activities for efficient use of energy and its
conservation;
get an energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor in the specified manner and interval of time;
furnish information with regard to energy consumed and action taken on the recommendation of the
accredited energy auditor to the designed agency;
comply with energy consumption norms and standards;
prepare and implement schemes for efficient use of energy and its conservation if the prescribed energy
consumption norms and standards are not fulfilled;
get energy audit of the building conducted by an accredited energy auditor in this specified manner and
intervals of time;
State Governments may –
amend the energy conservation building codes prepared by the Central Government to suit regional and
local climatic conditions;
direct every owners or occupier of a new commercial building or building complex being a designated
consumer to comply with the provisions of energy conservation building codes;
direct, if considered necessary for efficientuse of energy and its conservation, any designated consumer to
get energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor in such manner and at such intervals of time
as may be specified;

A good quality Compact Fluorescent Lamp used to cost more than `500 a decade ago
but now is only around `120. They use 75 to 80 percent less energy than conventional
incandescent lamps and also last 10 times longer. In a conventional lamp most of the
energy consumed by the bulb to produce light is wasted as heat. But CFL lamps do not

1
11
produce heat and consume about 20% less energy than an
incandescent lamp, while producing the same illumination. General
people use electricity for illumination purpose mainly in their houses in
addition to running household appliances. So, designing houses in a
way that maximum available daylight is being utilized will result in
considerable saving of electricity, which in turn will reduce the cost of
energy use. This in turn will not only save money but will also make a
significant contribution towards ecology balance.

Efficient use of energy and its conservation will succeed only if judicious approaches
towards energy consumption are adopted. Prevention of wastage of energy will save a
lot of energy and contribute in mitigating the impeding energy crisis and the
environmental degradation. After all energy saved is energy produced!

Energy production and usage

account for nearly 80% of air pollution,
more than 88% of GHG emissions, and
more environmental damage than any
other human activity!

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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1
12
 Energy Use In Various Sectors
A. Residential Sector
Background: Household energy is rapidly
moving from inefficiently utilized biomass to
gas and electricity. This fuel transition is
mainly due to an increase in income and the
development of an area. It has also led to a
change in lifestyle and economic activity. The
end use of energy is the same for both urban
and rural households, viz., cooking, water
heating, lighting, and space heating or cooling
in colder or warmer climates. The pattern observed in the usage of household energy
mainly depended on income levels, household sizes, and education levels.

A surprising fact is that an average home produces twice as much

GHGs as an average car! This is so because the emissions produced by
power plants to generate the electricity used to run modern homes are
combined with emissions from things, such as oil or gas stoves used in
homes, which releases CO2 almost twice as much as released by a
typical car's CO2 emissions.

A common concern for energy usage at homes has been the wastage factor. The
wastage is not limited only to the direct use of energy. Indirect usage, in the form
of materials used in daily life, is also considered wasteful, since production of
materials consume a lot of energy. The wastage of water is also another form of
energy consumption as pumping water to homes requires the use of energy.

A full refrigerator retains cold better than an empty one. If your

refrigerator is nearly empty, store water-filled containers inside. The mass
of cold items will enable the refrigerator to recover more quickly after
the door has been opened. On the other hand, don't overfill it, since that
will interfere with the circulation of cold air inside. The simplest solution is
to buy the right size for your family in the first place

13
 Activity 1
Reduction of energy use
Concept:
Efficient use of all kinds of electrical gadgets and appliances play an important
role in conserving energy.
Objective:
To curb energy-wasting habits
Mode:
Individual activity
Time required:
One hour
Methodology:
Make a checklist similar to the one given below.
l

Visit five families from different social backgrounds.

l

Observe where they are wasting energy from the list.

l

‘Y' (yes)is to be given to the families (family 1 - F1, family 2 - F2, family 3 -
l
F3, family4 - F4, and family 5 - F5) for each of the following act observed
Checklist
S.No. Energy wastage F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
1 Lights or fans are on when there is no one in
the room
2 Incandescent bulbs used in
kitchen/bathroom/living room
3 Use of tubelights/bulbs during daytime
4 Tubelights and bulbs are dirty
5 Lights of balcony/outdoors/stairs on
throughout the evening and night
6 Television is on or on standby mode when
nobody is watching
14
 7 Music system is not turned off from the main
switch when not in use
8 Computer is not turned off from the main
switch when nobody is working
9 Devices that generate heat, such as television
and lamps, placed near the air-conditioner
thermostat
10 Keeping the refrigerator door open and
thinking what to take out
11 Heating devices, like a gas or oven, placed
near cooling appliances, like a refrigerator
12 Food taken out from the refrigerator and
immediately put on gas stove for heating
13 Without bringing food to room temperature, it
is placed in the refrigerator
14 Using utensils smaller than the burner while
cooking
15 Ironing just one or two clothes
16 Unnecessary weight lying in the car or bike
17 Not using the recommended grade of motor oil
18 Vehicles not well-tuned
19 Using private transport to go to school
20 Using car/scooter/motor cycle for short
distances, like for buying milk or items of daily
need
Total number of 'Y's

Observation:
Family _______with maximum 'Y' is wasting most of the energy.
l
Family _____ with minimum number of 'Y' is wasting less energy/conserving
l
energy.
Assessment:
l What are some of the actions that can lead to higher energy efficiency of
appliances and eventually lead to reduction in energy consumption?
Imagine there is an energy crisis and electricity is being rationed out. How will
l
you go about your daily routine with the rationed electricity?
15
16
Mode:
Concept:

Objective:

l
l
l

b. Fan
Methodology:
Time required:

surveyed:
a. Tube light
Group activity

c. Electric iron
d. Refrigerator
1 hour 30 minutes

e. Air-conditioner
there by conserve energy
Activity 2

efficient appliances

which are often used are to be

Divide the class into five groups.
technologies to provide daily needs

groups. The following equipments

Market Survey for energy

Assign one appliance to each of these

shopkeeper about the various brands of

Visit your neighbouring market. Ask the
To use energy efficient appliances and
Conservation and efficient use of
energy is getting the most from every
energy unit by using state-of-the-art

Name Features Wattage Durability Maximum Hours Daily Monthly Yearly Life-time Expenditure Total Comparative
of the (A) (expected retail price of usage consumption consumption consumption consumption during the Cost yearly
brand life of the (C) per day E = (A X D) F = (E X 30) G = (F X no of H=GXB lifetime of J=C+I cost
appliance) (D) months) the appliance K=J
(B) (I = H X rate B
of one unit**)

(In kilowatt (In years) (In rupees) (In hours) (In kilowatt- (In kilowatt- (In kilowatt- (In kilowatt- (In rupees) (In (In
[kW* hour [kWh]) hour [kWh]) hour (kWh)] hour [kWh]) rupees) rupees)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

Note: * 1 kwh (Kilowatt-hour) = 1000 W (Watt)

**Rate of one unit is to be checked from your electricity bill
 the selected appliance available in his/her shop. Collect basic information like
brand name, features, wattage of the appliance, durability or expected life of the
appliance, and the cost of two local-made and four company-made appliances.
Information thus collected is to be filled in columns 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the given
table.

After filling in the above information, make calculations to find out energy
l
efficiency as indicated in the table.

The last column of the table will indicate the appliance that would be the best buy.
l

Observation:

Brand_________ will be an efficient appliance.

Assessment:

Compare and make graphic representation of the use of electricity from

l
maximum to minimum in our daily routine

Make a report of the market survey carried out to find the most efficient appliance
l

Points to remember:

Some common wastage areas:

Poor insulation of electric appliances

Faulty wiring

Overrated heating or cooling gadgets

Improper fittings.

Negligence in usage, such as keeping gadgets on when not in use

Habits, such as turning on the TV while reading anything, using unnecessary lights,
etc.

Improper ventilation

Negligence towards maintenance

17
 Improper usage of materials, wasting materials, use of unnecessary packaging, and
bad shopping practices

Wrong placement of fittings and appliances.

Energy efficient appliances:

Consume less energy
~

May cost more but in the long run pays off

~

Has high durability

~

Outcome:
Students will learn where energy can be saved in a home.

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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18
B. Commercial
Background: This sector consists of all
workplaces, such as retail stores, government
and business offices, restaurants and hotels,
and schools and colleges.
In this exercise we will consider only schools
from this sector.

Lighting an empty classroom or

office overnight wastes enough
energy to heat water for 1000
cups of coffee/ tea

In a school maximum wastage occurs in the

energy sector as this is one area where Computers left on overnight waste
up to 7.5 watts of electricity per
consumption level is very high due to various
machine. Energy wasted by unused
reasons. The time the students / teachers computers produces 3m tonnes of
spend in the classroom uses a lot of energy as CO2 a year. On top of this, the heat
there is always some or the other activity in generated by unused computers
puts an unnecessary extra burden
action. Some activities conducted in the labs
on the air conditioning system.
also use energy. Other than these a school
itself requires energy usage in the building –
the corridors, washrooms and other public
areas.

A photocopier left on overnight

wastes enough energy to print
1500 A4 copies

But there is always a scope for conservation of energy and a room for improvement by
bringing down the usage of energy, particularly electricity by efficient usage.

19
 Activity 1
Energy conservation
Concept:
Conserving energy
Objective:
To help students realize that conscious effort helps in conserving energy
Mode:
Individual Activity
Time required:
Half a day
Methodology:
Make a list of equipments / appliances/ gadgets used in the school.
l
Find out the wattage of each.
l
Find out the electric consumption of each.
l
Find out the number of hours each is used per day.
l
Find the rate of electricity per unit from the school electricity bill.
l
l Calculate the electricity consumed per day by each and the cost incurred.
l
Appliance / Number Energy No of Total Total energy *Cost@
gadget / used hours energy consumed ` ––––––
equipment per hour consumed per month per unit
per day

Bulbs (60 watts)

CFL (8 watts)
Ceiling fan (55 watts)
Tube light(40 watts)
Computer(275 watts)
Photocopie (250 watts)
Printer (120 watts)
Fax machine (120 watts)

* To be checked from the electricity bill

20
Observation:
The maximum energy is consumed by ________
Assessment:
Discuss how energy can be saved in the school lab and the
l
computer room
The school building consumes a lot of energy. List some
l
ways how the building can be made energy efficient.

Activity 2
Light bulbs produce heat
Concept:
Together with light energy, light bulbs give off heat energy as well
Objective:
To show that light bulbs can raise the temperature of a room
Mode:
Individual activity
Time required:
1 hour 30 minutes
Materials required:
A table lamp with a long neck (that can be adjusted)
Ô

Two incandescent light bulbs – 60 watts, 100 watts

Ô

Two CFLs – 11 watts, 23 watts

Ô

Ruler
Ô

Thermometer
Ô

Methodology:
On a table top place the table lamp with a 60 watt incandescent bulb
l

Note the temperature on the thermometer and place it on the table

l
21
 Adjust the table lamp in such a way that the light from the bulb falls on it
Switch on the lamp for five minutes and note the temperature.
Let the table top and the bulb to cool off for ten minutes
Repeat for the other bulbs allowing an interval of ten minutes between
each bulb. Also the distance of the thermometer from each bulb must be
the same.
In the table note the readings

S. No. Light Bulb Wattage Thermometer Thermometer Rise in

reading (start) reading (end) temperature

1. Incandescent 60 watts

2. Incandescent 100 watts

3. CFL 11 watts

4. CFL 23 watts

Observation:
Incandescent light bulbs give off more heat than CFLs. The higher the wattage
the more is the rise in temperature. Therefore if a room is being lighted using
incandescent bulbs, an air conditioner will use more energy to bring the room
temperature down.
Assessment:
Make a report of all the areas in your school where you feel the AC / fan is
not giving the right cooling. Why?
Do an energy audit of your school

Points to remember:

Close water taps properly and inform authorities if it is leaking.

Switch off all gadgets in the laboratory, once the experiments have been
performed.
22
 Do not leave computers in the stand-by mode.
l

Switch off all the lights and fans of the classroom when going out.
l

If on a particular day, fewer students are

l
present, sit together so that a few lights/fans
can be switched off.
Plant trees that provide shade or act as wind
l
barriers.
Be cautious not to cause damage to school
l
property while playing repairing will require
energy.
In the laboratory, produce as less waste as
l
possible.
Do not use unnecessary packing for your tiffin box.
l

Outcome:
Educate and inculcate the habit of energy saving amongst the students and staff.
Schools should have rules to save energy and thus contribute in mitigating
energy crisis

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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23
C. Transportation
Background: The transport sector
plays a significant role in the overall
development of a nation's economy.
It can ensure an enabling environment
for rapid, efficient, and sustainable
economic growth of a country. But
the growing transport demand
accompanied by rapid urbanization,
increasing vehicular traffic, and heavy
dependence on fossil fuels have raised
the issue of energy security and
environmental quality. This sector includes vehicles used for personal commuting and
for carrying goods. It includes both light vehicles, such as scooters, motorcycles, cars,
jeeps, etc., and heavy vehicles, such as buses, trucks, etc. Besides the vehicles on roads,
other modes of transport, such as trains, ships, and airplanes also form a major part of
the transport sector.

One busload of people takes 40 vehicles

off the road during rush hour, saves
70,000 litres of fuel, and avoids over
17.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide
emissions each year.

24
 Activity 1
Determination of fuel efficiency of a vehicle
Concept:
A fuel efficient vehicle will cover more distance and hence not only conserve
energy but also help in reducing air pollution.
Objective:
To determine the distance covered by vehicles and hence its efficiency
Mode:
Individual activity
Time required:
The time to travel at least 50 kilometers
Methodology:
Observe the odometer reading of two models of scooters (name them as brand I
& brand II respectively) and two models of four wheelers (brand I & brand II)
Note the odometer reading when the fuel tank is filled up
l

Note the reading again when the tank needs to be filed up again
l

Note the quantity of fuel required to fill the tank

l

In the given table note the readings

l

Vehicle Odometer reading Odometer reading Distance Quantity of fuel Fuel

when tank is when tank needs covered required to fill tank efficiency
being filled to be filled (fuel required to
cover distance)
(a) (b) (b) – (a) (d) = (c) / (d)
©
Four wheeler
(brand I)
Four wheeler
(brand II)
Two wheeler
(brand II)
Two wheeler
(brand I)

25
Observation:
Brand ______ of _____ wheeler is the most fuel efficient vehicle
Assessment:
In your opinion do you think car pooling will hinder your output at work? Give
reasons.
Discuss the need for fuel efficiency.

Activity 2
Survey on transportation to school
Concept:
Heavy vehicular density is increasing
the dependence on fossil fuels and
becoming an issue for environmental
quality
Objective:
To reduce transport on the roads and thus
help in bringing down the pollution level
as well as conserve energy.
Mode:
Group activity
Time required:
30 minutes
Methodology:
Divide the class into groups
Each group is to find out the mode of
transport of each one of them in their
group

26
 Note the findings in the given table

Student Locality Distance from Mode of transport (walk, If a student travels

school cycle, school / public bus, by car, number of
2- wheeler, 4-wheeler other students traveling
(4 – seater / more in the same car
than 4 – seater)

Observation:
Students can be identified to use more efficient mode of transport to school
Assessment:
What are the modes of transport commonly used by the students' parents and
l
grandparents?
Make a graphical representation of the modes of transport through the ages.
l

Points to remember:
Some energy conservation measures that can be taken up for
road transport:
Keep vehicles well-tuned
Use more fuel-efficient vehicles
Do not keep the vehicle idle for long periods
Stop start kind of driving consumes more energy than
driving at a constant speed
Use air conditioning only when necessary
27
 Inflate vehicle tyres to the highest pressure recommended by the manufacturer
and make sure wheels are properly aligned.
People traveling to the same destination on a regular basis can join a carpool to
reduce the per capita fuel consumed. If many such carpools can be formed, it
can reduce not only the vehicular traffic on the road, but also the fuel wasted
while waiting at traffic signals.
Outcome:
Awareness of energy saving using energy efficient vehicles, car pooling, public
transport, cycling and walking.

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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28
 Agriculture sector is the third-largest
consumer of power in India. The
government's emphasis on rural
electrification and subsidised tariff
structure for the agriculture sector has
increased power consumption of this
sector. Electricity is largely consumed by
this sector for irrigation purposes, and
for operation of electrical pump sets.

29
 Activity 1

30
 Activity 2

Type of irrigation
Name of crop Yield (Good/ Poor)
Rain fed / artificial

31
Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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32
E. Industrial
Background: The industrial sector
represents all production and
processing of goods, including
manufacturing, construction, farming,
water management, and mining.
It is a major energy-consuming sector
and uses about 50% of the total
commercial energy available. It also
produces more emissions than any
other sector of the economy. Of the
commercial sources of energy, coal and
lignite account for about 56%, oil and natural gas around 40%, hydroelectric power
about 3%, and nuclear power accounting for 1%. Today, the use of cogeneration
equipments for electricity and heating and recycling of waste materials have
considerably brought down energy usage in this sector.

Industrial energy use has

been growing more slowly
than energy use in the
residential, commercial, and
transportation sectors. This is
because industry as a whole
has become a smaller
proportion of the economy,
has shifted to less energy-
intensive types of
manufacturing, and has
already implemented a number
of energy-saving technologies.

33
 Activity 1
Energy conservation

Concept:
Conserving energy
Objective:
To find the areas where energy is being conserved
Mode:
Group activity
Time required:
Half day
Methodology:
Visit a nearby factory
Interview different employees on the energy savings carried out in the factory
Compile the findings
From the findings visit the places you feel energy savings have been carried out
Observation:
The area _______is saving energy
Assessment:
Do you think factories / industries waste a lot of energy? Discuss with examples.
l

Imagine yourself to be the manager of a polluting factory. Make a note of how

you will be able to change it to an energy efficient non - polluting factory.

34
 Activity 2
Framing an agenda for the local community
Concept:
Industries and factories close to residential areas have always been a nuisance.
Apart from consuming a lot of energy and polluting the air there are many
hazardous substances thrown out into landfills or the river.
Objective:
To identify local problems due to the presence of factories / industries and
hence design an action plan to solve the problem
Mode:
Group activity
Time required:
1 hour 30 minutes
Methodology:
A group of 10 – 12 students should be made to sit
l
together to create this agenda.
Each student should be given a role to play from every
l
community. For example, one is representing the
elderly, another from the business community, another
environmentalist, one from the teaching community,
the farmers and so on.
They should review problems, issues and new ideas
l
identified related to energy usage / wastage
They should identify the local problems and design an
l
action plan outlining how to solve these problems.
The students should be encouraged to debate while they
l
act out their chosen role.
They should be able to reach a consensus that can then
l
be submitted to the local Municipal Council.
35
Observation:
Attitudinal changes
Assessment:
Find out the reasons for the environmental degradation in your locality.
l

Has the increase of factories / industries caused the disruption of power supply
l
to your home? Discuss.

Points to remember:

Some conservation measures that can be taken up in the industrial sector:

Undertake regular energy audits.
Plug all oil leakage
Maintain proper combustion
Recover and utilize waste heat from furnace flue
Gases for preheating of combustion air
Control excess air in furnaces
Reduce heat losses through furnace openings
Stop steam leakage
If water is required than only treated water to be used
Outcome:
New ideas and suggestions identified to conserve energy and save the
environment.
Notes ......................................................................................................................
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36
 Energy Star and Labeling
In the year 2006 India launched a comprehensive energy labeling program for
appliances under the framework of the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. It was
spearheaded by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of
India.

Energy Labels
Energy labels are informative labels affixed to manufactured domestic appliances that
enable consumers to compare the energy efficiency of the products. The labels carry
information on energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy cost, or combinations
thereof and help the consumers to make informed purchases that are most energy
efficient.

Different countries have different labels depending on what they would like to highlight.
The following are energy labels of a few countries:

1
37
Through these labels consumers become alert to energy use and costs of appliances and
equipment. It also enables the direct comparison of energy use or efficiency among
different models.

Types of labels
There are various types of labels such as:
· Endorsement labels
· Comparative labels
· Informative labels

Endorsement labels
When a product meets certain specified criteria it is given a “seal of approval” or
endorsed by the approving authority. This seal of approval is the endorsement label.
The purpose of endorsement labeling is to indicate clearly to the consumer that the
labeled product saves energy compared to other similar products in the category. The
following are some endorsement labels of some countries:

The Indian endorsement label -

BEE STAR Version 1- is similar
to the ENERGY STAR version
5.2 of the USA. The ENERGY
STAR is an international
standard for endorsement of
energy efficient products. It was
first created as a US government program during the early 1990s, since then Australia,
Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan and the European Union have also adopted the
program. Devices carrying the Energy Star label, such as computer products and
peripherals, kitchen appliances, buildings and other products, generally use
20%–30% less energy than required by federal standards.

In India this label is used for notebook computers/ laptops as the laptop computer
market is growing at a very fast pace. The desktop computers would be added to
the programme in due course.
1
38
Comparative Labels
These labels allow consumers to compare energy use
among all available models in order to make an
informed choice. These labels could be either on
discrete categories of performance or on a continuous
scale. The rankings are by scales, stars, shaded bars,
and so on.

The following shows the Indian Comparative Label features:

Stars (1-5) display the relative efficiency

of the product

Daily/annual power consumption is used

for comparing the actual energy use
between different models

Important product specifications like

brand, model, type, capacity, efficiency
(EER), etc.

Logo

Informative labels:
These labels provide information on energy
consumption, energy efficiency rating and operating
cost. It does not give any comparison to other models
in the market. Usually common customers find it a
little difficult to understand and so it is very rarely
used in products.

1
39
Use of Labels

These labels help in comparing the energy efficiency of products. Hence their use will
help:

lConsumers - in energy bill reduction

lConsumers - in selecting energy efficient appliances
lConsumers - to use less energy
lManufacturers - to improve the energy performance of their models
lManufacturers - in creating competition amongst themselves so that more
energy efficient products are manufactured
lNation - in conservation of energy and thus have a positive impact for the
future

The following (in the case of a refrigerator) shows how labels will provide
critical information for decision making

Star Level Annual Energy Use (kWh) Annual Running Cost* (`)

1 - Star 948 3792

2 - Star 759 3036
3 - Star 607 2428
4 - Star 484 1936
5 - Star 364 1456

*For a 250 liter model

(assuming `4.00/kWh electricity cost)
Difference in running cost between 2 star and 5 star models
3036 – 1456 = 1580 per year
Refrigerators have a longer life, but even in the first five years
Savings = (1580 x 5=) 7900
Such a huge difference in cost makes sense to buy a 5 star product

1
40
Points to be considered while buying a refrigerator:

lAlways check energy label

lLarger the refrigerator, greater the energy consumption and there will be
wastage of space and energy

lIf two different sized refrigerators use same amount of energy then it is better
to buy the larger one as more space will be kept cold with same amount of
electricity

lIt is usually less costly to run one large refrigerator than two smaller ones. But
energy consumption must be checked.

Decision Making Process for Appliance Purchase

Normally the buying of an appliance follows a typical pattern or process. The nitiating
factors for the purchase of an appliance could be many. OldAppliance running into
trouble

lAvailability of an attractive scheme / promotion offer

lImmediate peer group purchase

lBreak away from joint family - setting up of new home

lPester power of teenage /adolescent children

All these factors result in the need for an appliance and the whole process of consulting
with friends and relatives and looking up advertisements and market surveys begin.
While on the market survey dealers try to influence the purchase. It is then that a proper
evaluation of the product is required and this is where the usage of labels helps.
Initiating factors… Start
Final Purchase Need for an Appliance

Product Evaluation Check with friends/relatives

Dealer Influence Advertising

Market Survey
1
41
Top candidates for energy efficiency labels

The following is a list of appliances and electrical goods where the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE), Govt. of India has given their approval for use of their energy
labels:

Sr. No. Appliances Labels

1. Frost Free Refrigerators Comparative label

2. Tubular Florescent Lamps Comparative label

3. Air Conditioners Comparative label

4. Washing Machines Comparative label

5. Direct Cool Refrigerators Comparative label

6. Motors Comparative label

7. Pump Sets Comparative label

8. Ceiling Fans Comparative label

9. LPG Stoves Comparative label

10. Color Tvs Comparative label

11. Storage Water Geysers Comparative label

12. Distribution Transformers Comparative label

13. Laptops and Notebooks Endorsement label

1
42
Comparison between a window air conditioner and a split system

Air conditioners have three main parts viz. compressor, condenser and evaporator.
The compressor and the condenser lie outside the area to be conditioned and the
evaporator inside the room as this is the part which actually cools the room air.

Features Window AC Split AC

Design The compressor, The split consists of two

condenser and units – an outdoor unit
evaporator and the consisting of the
motor all lie in the same compressor and the
base. Therefore half the condenser and an
AC lies inside and half indoor unit consisting of
lies outside the room the evaporator

Space Occupies more space Occupies less space

Installation Easier Cumbersome

Multiple units Multiple cooling units Multiple cooling units

are not possible are possible with single
outdoor unit catering to
multiple indoor units

Running cost Consumes almost the Consumes the same

same amount of units amount of units

Noise level Noisy Quieter as the

compressor lies outside

Service Easy servicing Cumbersome

1
43
 Activity 1
Market Survey
Concept:

Energy labels help in the reduction of energy consumption and hence enable in
the conservation and efficient use of energy

Objective:

To use energy efficient appliances to conserve

energy and thereby reduce electricity bills.

Mode:

Group activity

Time required:

1 hour 30 minutes

Methodology:

Divide the class into two groups.

Assign one appliance to each of these groups. The following equipments which
are often used are to be surveyed:

a. Refrigerator

b. Air-conditioner

Visit your neighbouring market. Check for the BEE Labels.

Make a note of the number of stars, annual energy use, and the annual running
cost in a table

Calculate the difference of the running cost between the stars (as shown in the
box for a 250 liter refrigerator)
1
44
Observation:

Brand __________ will be an efficient appliance

Assessment:
Make a report of the market survey carried out to find the most efficient
appliance

Points to remember:
Check whether the energy label has the proper BEE logo
See that the stars (1-5) are properly displayed. This gives the relative efficiency
of the product
Look for daily / annual power consumption which will help in comparing the
actual energy use between different models
Check for important product specifications like brand, type, model etc.
Outcome:
Energy labels impact consumer choice and leads to elimination of less efficient
models.
It also leads to behavioral changes in consumers and paves the way for energy
conservation and its efficient use.

Notes:.......................................................................................................................
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1
45
 Electricity Thefts
Electricity is at the centre of focus all over
the world as it forms the foundation on
which rests the economic development
of the country. This is so because it is
impossible to think about life without
electricity. It has become the basic
necessity of modern man, right from
machines installed in the factories,
down to the electrical and electronic
appliances used at home; everything
requires electricity.

From generation of electricity to

making it available to end consumers, the electricity industry is divided into three
sectors (with different companies present in each sector) responsible for specific
tasks, namely as follows.

1) Generation – The sector looks after production of electricity at power

plants/ stations.

2) Transmission – The sector is responsible for transfer of electricity from

power generation stations to the places where electricity is to be
consumed—the load centres. The load centres may be thousands of
kilometres away from the generation station.

3) Distribution – The sector is responsible for making electricity available to

end consumers in cities/ towns and rural areas.

All the electricity produced and sent through transmission lines (wires) does not reach
its destination. Some electricity is lost in the process due to technical reasons, like
heating of wires, sparks at the joints, and so on. It is very difficult to eliminate these
losses. However, losses in generation and transmission are very less compared to the
losses in distribution of electricity. The distribution of electricity, on an average,
suffers a huge loss, to the tune of 40%–50%, out of which 60%–70% is due to theft
46
1
 of electricity. It means if 100 units of electricity are
produced at the power plants, approximately 14
units are lost, due to technical reasons, at the power
plants and during transmission of electricity to the
place of utilization. Out of the remaining 86 units
of electricity received at the place of utilization,
approximately 43 units are lost due to theft of
electricity (60% approx. of 43 units, that is, 25.8
units) and non-issue of bills or non-collection of payments (remaining 40% of 43 units,
that is, 17.2 units). The electricity companies try to recover the entire amount
incurred in making electricity available to consumers from its genuine consumers. Thus,
the genuine consumer suffers and is subjected to inflated electricity bills. Therefore,
eradication of electricity thefts is one of the important needs of the hour for bringing
about changes in the electricity sector and for protecting the genuine consumers.

Defining electricity theft

Electricity theft is a complex phenomenon with many

facets. People resort to an array of tactics to steal
electricity:

Hooking the distribution lines passing near the

l
premises without meter/ legal connection in the
premises (illegal connection).

Tampering with the meter to decrease its

l
readings, that is, units recorded (theft).

Attaching cables on either side of the meter

l
with an aim of bypassing the meter, so that
electricity does not pass through the meter.
Thus, the electricity being consumed is not
recorded in the meter (theft).

Encouraging irregularities in billing (fraud)

l

Non-payment of bills
l

1
47
 Fraud : If a consumer deliberately tries to deceive the utility in bill payment, it is known as
fraud. A common practice for conducting a fraud is to influence utility staff so as to
introduce billing irregularities, such as non-issue of bills, issue of lower bills or intentional
non-payment of electricity bills.

Some aspects of unpaid bills may not come under the category of energy theft like person or
organization/enterprise, on whose name the meter has been installed, going bankrupt or the
inability to pay bills due to irregular issue of bills.

Solution for electricity theft

The theft of electricity may be controlled by the following methods.
Increasing community partnership: Community can be made part of theft
l
controlling efforts, if awareness is created among community members about
the ill effects of electricity theft.
Increasing surveillance and monitoring of distribution lines and meters: Increased
l
vigilance, use of modern technologies, and rigorous prosecution of theft cases
by the utility will deter consumers from committing electricity theft.
Installing tamper proof meters: Latest tamper-proof meters, which may be
l
remotely monitored, could be installed to prevent theft of electricity.
Laws against electricity theft
It is important to note that electricity and its adequate supply is in the concurrent list
of India. Thus, both the Central government and the state governments may
formulate laws and regulations on the subject. The laws formulated to govern the
power sector have been revised from time to time by the Central government to meet
the urgent need for better working of the sector. The last revision of the Act related to
electricity was carried out in the year 2003, when the Central government
implemented the Electricity Act, 2003.
The Act focuses on discouraging people in getting involved in theft or fraud related to
electricity, by making such theft or fraud a punishable offence. The Act states that
anyone found guilty of electricity theft, tampering/destroying electricity meters, or
any related activity, depending upon the nature of the crime, may be punished with
fine or imprisonment, or both.
1
48
Section 135 of Electricity Act, 2003

“Whoever, dishonestly,-

a) taps, makes or causes to be

made any connection with
overhead, underground or
under water lines or cables, or
service wires, or service
facilities of a licensee…

b) tampers a meter, installs or uses

a tampered meter, current
reversing transformer, loop
connection or any other device or method which interferes with accurate
or proper registration, calibration or metering of electric current or
otherwise results in a manner whereby electricity is stolen or wasted…

c) damages or destroys an electric meter, apparatus, equipment, or wire or

causes or allows any of them to be so damaged or destroyed as to
interfere with the proper or accurate metering of electricity, so as to
abstract or consume or use electricity…

Punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years
or with fine or with both”

Section 138 of Electricity Act, 2003

“Whoever :

a) unauthorisedly connects or reconnects any meter/apparatus with any

electric line or disconnect from an electric line...

b) lays, causes to be laid or connects up any works with licensee's works...

c) maliciously injures any meter/apparatus, alters the index or prevents the

meter/indicator/apparatus from duly registering...

Punishable by imprisonment upto 3 years or fine upto `10,000 or both”

1
49
 Activity 1
Detecting Electricity Thefts
Concept:
Eradication of electricity theft will bring down the number of illegal consumers
and help the economy of a country.
Objective:
To foster awareness about electricity thefts
Mode:
Group activity
Time required:
2 days
Methodology:
Visit two localities in your area
l

Note your observations in the table given below:

l

Locality No. of houses having

Connections directly Cables on either Meter seals
from the utility lines side of the meter tampered
bypassing the meter

Observation:
Electricity theft is predominant in locality _____________
Assessment:
Make a graphic representation of your observation
l
Make a report of the area that requires awareness of electricity thefts and its
l
consequences
1
50
 Points to remember:
The illegal lines are easy to detect as they
are often above ground and highly visible.
An electric power system can never be
100% secure from theft. Although in
terms of electricity generated the amount
of theft is only 1% – 2% the financial loss
is high due to the large amount of
electricity distributed.
The financial losses result in lack of profits.This leads to shortage of funds for
investment in expansion of generating capacity and improvement of power
systems.
Not all the electricity generated is transmitted and distributed. Some of it is
consumed by the electric power system in order to produce and distribute the
electricity. This electricity that is consumed by the power stations for lighting,
maintenance, and so on. is not subject to metering and, therefore, not sold in
the commercial sense.
Electric power is lost while being transmitted and distributed when it passes
through transformers and is distributed in small capacity lines. There is a risk of
higher amount of loss with long transmission lines than shorter lines.
Efficiency of transmission and distribution depends a lot on the quality of the
lines and transformers. Better quality and advanced technology can reduce this
loss.
Electricity theft can be estimated, but cannot be measured.
Outcome:
Knowledge and awareness of electricity theft.

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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51
 Energy Calculator
Consumption Appliances Approximate No of Average Approx. Annual
Area Wattage appliances time energy energy
(in hours) consumed consumption
of use per month (kWh)
per day
Lighting Incandescent
bulb

Tube light

Slim tube

CFL

Cooling Air
Conditioning

Desert/Room
Cooler
Ceiling Fan

Table fan
Refrigerator
Heating Water Heater/
Geyser
Room heater

Electric iron
Immersion Rod
Electric kettle
Hot plate
Toaster
Oven
Microwave
Others Radio
Television
Computer
(CPU+monitor)
Laptop
Vacuum Cleaner
Washing machine
Dishwasher
Total units
consumed

52
How to use the calculator:
The wattage of most appliances is stamped on the bottom or back of the appliance,
l
or on its nameplate. The wattage listed is the maximum power drawn by the
appliance.
If the wattage is not listed on the appliance, then the
l
current (in amperes) drawn by the appliance must be
estimated and then multiplied by the voltage used by
the appliance. Sometimes in place of the wattage the
amperes might be stamped on the appliance. If it is not
stamped then it can be found out using an ammeter
which any electrician carry. The reading must be taken
while the appliance is running. This will give the actual
amount of current being used. Electricity in India is 240
volts.
Write the number of devices of each category used in your home. If a particular
l
device is not used keep it blank. For example if there are three 60 W incandescent
bulbs used in your homes then write 3 in the box for number.
Write the total number of hours the devices of a particular capacity are used. For
l
example, if there are two CFLs of 11 W in your home and one of them is lighted
for 2 hours and the other for 4 hours then the average working hours is the total
time / number of devices (2+4)/2 = 3 hours in the box for working hours.
To estimate the number of hours that a refrigerator actually operates at its
l
maximum wattage, divide the total time the refrigerator is plugged in by three.
Refrigerators, although turned "on" all the time, actually cycle on and off as
needed to maintain interior temperatures.
Formula for Estimating Energy Consumption
You can use this formula to estimate an appliance's energy use:
(Wattage × Hours used per day ÷ 1000 = Daily energy consumption (kWh)
(1 kilowatt (kW) = 1,000 Watts)
Multiply this by the number of days you use the appliance during the year for the
annual consumption. You can then calculate the annual cost to run an appliance by
multiplying the kWh per year by your local utility's rate per kWh consumed.

53
Saving through energy efficient appliances

Appliance Wattage Nos. Energy Replacement Energy Energy saved

consumed consumed (b) – (a)
per day per day
(a) (b)

How to save
Suppose incandescent bulbs are being used. Note the
energy consumed.
ü
Now replace these bulbs with CFLs and again note the
energy consumed. û
The difference between the two will give the energy saved.
This when multiplied by the number of days used in a year
will give the annual energy consumption.
Replacement with appliances having energy labels, and
tube lights having electronic chokes are some means
through which energy can be saved.

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

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54
 PROJECTS
a) To create awareness about electricity use and its impact on the environment
Procedure:
Make a list of electrical devices used in the school.
Find out how much carbon dioxide (CO2) is
produced by various devices per year in the school
and record in a table as given below.
Review the results with the class.
Formula that can be used:
Co2 emission per year = wattage x hours of use/year x
rate of CO2/ kWh
(On an average, for fossil fuels, every kWh of electricity
produces approximately 0.85 kg of CO2. This rate depends
on a lot of factors and does not remain constant.)

CO2/ kWh Wattage Hours of use Co2 emission

Device or appliance
(kg) (kw) per year (h) per year (kg)
Computers

Photocopy machines

Printers

Incandescent bulbs

CFLs
Tube lights

Air conditioners
Ceiling fans

Water coolers
Electrical apparatus
(in science lab)
55
Points of discussion:
The environmental impacts of using electricity.
Use of electricity in connection with climate change.
b) To calculate the monthly domestic electricity bill
Every state has its own slab for the energy charges, fixed demand charge and electricity
tax. It could be as follows:
Energy charges
Energy charges
First 200 units Next 200 units Above 400 units
` 2.45 ` 3.95 ` 4.65

Fixed demand charge ` 65/kW for a maximum demand charge of 4 kW

Electricity charge @ 5%
Example:
2 fans = 60 W x 2 = 120 W
1 cooler = 250 W x 1 = 250 W
5 light points = 40 W x 5 = 200 W
lTotal = 570 W= 0.57 kW
Energy consumption = 0.57 x 30 x 8 = 136.8 kWh
Cost = 136.8 x ` 2.45 = ` 335.16
Tax @ 5% = ` 16.758
Fixed demand charge ` 65 x 2 = ` 130 (if the bill is for two months)
Total amount = ` 335.16 + ` 16.758 + ` 130
= ` 481.918
= ` 482.00
Using the information given above, find out your monthly domestic bill.
Points of discussion:
Bill amount can be reduced by using more energy efficient appliances.
Energy can be saved.
56
c) To determine air pollutants in different locations such as a busy road, park and
school during different parts of day
Procedure:
Weigh the index card
Smear petroleum jelly on to the index cards and weigh again
Place them at strategic points at the same height in all the three locations
The cards should be placed during various times of the day:
6:00 am – 10:00 am
10:00 am – 2:00 pm
2:00 p m – 6:00 pm
6:00pm – 10:00 pm
Weigh the cards at various times of the day
Make a graph from the data and compare the different locations

Weight at various time

Weight after
Weight of
Location applying 6:00a.m to 10:00a.m to 2:00a.m to 6:00p.m to
the card
petroleum jelly 10:00a.m 2:00a.m 6:00a.m 10:00p.m

Busy Road

Park
School

The weight of the pollutants can also be determined from the above table
Points of Discussion:
lVariance of air pollutants in the locations

lCause of increase (if any) of air pollutants

Notes: .....................................................................................................................

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57
 Energy Efficient Buildings
Energy efficient buildings are structures that are constructed using environment friendly
and resource efficient material throughout the building's life cycle. There are many
factors like geographical location, prevailing climatic conditions, and locally available
raw material that are taken into consideration while designing green buildings. These
buildings use lesser amount of energy, water and other natural resources and generates
minimum amount of waste. As a result natural resources are conserved.

Green buildings aim at promoting green technologies and the development of energy
efficient systems and materials with a view to radically reduce their energy consumption
and CO2 emissions. Thereby, a green building may be defined as an eco-friendly
building which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources,
generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to other
conventional buildings.
The measures that need to be taken into consideration to make a green building is
distributed over three different phases of construction. They are:
Pre-construction stage
l

Building planning and construction stage

l

Building operation and maintenance stage

l

58
In India, there are three primary rating systems by which a building can be assessed
whether it conforms to an energy efficient building. They are GRIHA, IGBC, and BEE.
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) is a green building rating
system developed by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and adopted by the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). This rating system helps in designing
and evaluating new buildings through its entire life-cycle, i.e., from inception to
operation.
The GRIHA rating system certifies buildings in India according to the climatic zones.
The five climatic zones that have been identified are as follows:

Hot and dry : Ahmedabad and Jodhpur

Hot and humid : Kolkata and Goa

Composite : Hyderabad and New Delhi

Cold : Leh and Ladakh

Moderate : Bangalore
Legends
Hot and dry
Hot and Humid
Composite
Cold
Moderate

Source: http://ncict.net/Examples/Examples.aspx

IGBC (Indian Green Building Council) is the first rating programme developed in India
exclusively for the residential sector. It rates buildings in four different categories:
Green Homes: New residential buildings with construction categories such as individual
homes, high rise apartments, gated communities, row houses, and existing buildings
retrofitted and redesigned.
Green factory: Addresses sustainability in industrial buildings.
New Construction: Helps in designing high performance commercial buildings that is
fully in the scope and control of the owner or the developer.
Core and Shell: Include those where the owners and developers do not control all
aspects of the building's design and construction (leased or rented spaces).
59
BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) rates office buildings on a 1 – 5 star scale, with 5 –
labelled being the most energy efficient. This rating system targets air conditioned and
non–air conditioned office buildings in the following three climatic zones: warm and
humid, composite, and hot and dry.
Case Studies
The green building design and energy efficient features varies from place to place
depending upon the climatic
conditions.
1. RETREAT: Resource Efficient
TERI Retreat for Environmental
Awareness and Training
Climatic Zone: Composite
RETREAT is TERI's vision realized-
the vision of building a sustainable
habitat, which is not just the first of
its kind in this part of the world, but
also one that inspires many such
habitats to be created in the future.
RETREAT is a part of the 36-hectare
TERI campus at Gual Pahari, about
30 km south of Delhi, in the
northern state of Haryana. Built as a
model training complex, RETREAT
demonstrates efficient utilization of
energy, adoption of sustainable
features, integrated use of both
natural resources and clean and
renewable energy technologies, and
efficient waste management. It is a
30-room training hostel with
conference facilities for 100 people,
dining space and a kitchen,
recreational area, computer room,
and a library. RETREAT is totally
60
Key Sustainable Features
Building oriented to face south for winter gains;
l
summer gains offset using deciduous trees and
shading.
South side partially sunk into the ground to
l
reduce heat gains and losses.
East and west walls devoid of openings and are
l
shaded.
Earth air tunnel for the south block to supply
l
conditioned air to the rooms.
Ammonia absorption chillers for the north block
l
PV-gasifier hybrid system to generate producer
gas (containing methane) which runs a diesel
generating set with 70% diesel replacement.
24 solar water heating panels integrated with
parapet wall for hot water
Lighting- provided by compact fluorescent lamp,
l
high efficiency fluorescent tubes with electronic
chokes and innovative day lighting by means of
skylights.
Waste water management system by root zone
system that cleans waste water from toilets,
kitchen, etc. A bed of reed plants (phragmites)
treat the water and the output is used for
irrigation.
independent of the city's grid system and
nearly completely independent of the
city's services and infrastructure.
Moreover the energy planning in the
building has led to a reduced load of 96
kW (peak) from a conventional 280 kW
(peak), showing a saving of 184 kW
(peak).
2. The West Bengal Renewable Energy
Development Agency (WBREDA) office
in Kolkata
Climatic Zone: Hot and Humid
The office building of the WBREDA at
Kolkatta built in 2000 is one of the first
consolidated attempts at green building
Key Sustainable Features
practices in the eastern part of the country.
The enormous amounts of energy Windows on the north and south sides are
consumed in office buildings are a cause provided for day lighting and ventilation.
for great concern. For this reason, the Space planning done so as to reduce air-
WBREDA decided to incorporate energy conditioning loads.
efficiency measures in design of its building Lift lobby acts as a buffer to reduce heat gain
and to use appropriate non-conventional from the west
energy systems. The building layout, Ground surface facing southern and eastern
internal planning, and selection of material sides of the building covered with grass.
have been carefully considered in order to Use of vegetation and water bodies
reduce energy consumption. encouraged in order to modify microclimate.
Office spaces naturally lit by way of raised
roofing with low e-glass and light shelves.
Removal of internal heat by incorporating
ventilation devices.
Energy-efficient lighting with integration of
daylighting.
25-kWP grid-interactive solar photovoltaic
system for meeting major part of the building
load
61
 3. TERI Office Building-cum-Guest House, Bangalore

Climatic Zone: Moderate Climate

TERI, Bangalore is among South

India's First energy efficient and
environmentally sustainable campuses.
It is located at Domur, about 3 km
from the Bangalore airport. It houses
work spaces for the staff, conference
room, a library, a laboratory and a
guest house. Dining and recreational
facilities are shared between the offices
and the guest house. The building is
Key Sustainable Features
designed to house an office block with
The office block is towards the east for high
approximately 75 workstations and a
visibility and the guest house is located on
small guest house.
western side.
Innovative treatment of south wall to cut off
foul smell from adjoining nallah and induce
ventilation
Naturally ventilated building reduces air-
conditioning requirements
Skylit spaces helps in natural lightening
Roof gardens along with earth berms provide
heat insulation and moderates temperature
fluctuations
Rainwater harvesting
Building-integrated solar photovoltaic panels
to generate electricity and hot water
generation
Use of local material like 'kadappa' stone for
southern wall
Provision to treat nallah in the future

62
 4. The Druk Padma Karpo School, Leh
Climatic Zone: Cold Climate
The Druk Padma Karpo School near
Leh is a Buddhist School under the
patronage of the Dalai Lama, and
founded by His Holiness the 12th
Gyalwang Drukpa in 1992. The
school was designed by international
architects Arup Associates in such a
way that it's a model combination of
traditional Ladakhi architecture and
engineering excellence.
The Druk School is located at Shey,
about 15 kms to the south-east of Leh.
Key Sustainable Features
Majority of students and teachers come from
nearby towns and villages and commute using public
transport and school buses and remaining
students are accommodated in the residential
facilities. This reduces the usage of personal vehicle
and saves lot of energy
Classrooms are oriented 30 degree east of south
for natural lighting and space heating
The residential blocks are oriented in the east-west
axis with the living quarters facing south for solar
heat gain
The negligible amount of hard paving in the school
ensures that water from melting snow or rain seep
into the ground and recharging the ground water.
This process is further supported by the natural
soil condition of the area.
Waste wood from locally found willow trees are used
as fuel for the 'Bukhara'
The external walls are made of mud brick and granite
blocks with air gap in between, thus, insulating the
building from cold and windy conditions.
Southern wall with windows for natural lightening
Roof insulation with layer of grass with mud and
clay
Skylight and windows maximize the natural light
and reduces the artificial lighting
Solar energy for generating electricity, heating
water for washing purpose and run computers.
Waste water from bathroom and kitchen is used to
water vegetable gardens
63
 5. CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad
The CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Centre in Hyderabad is designed
using the principles of IGBC and is the
first LEED Platinum rated building in
India. It is located in HITEC City, a major
technology township in Hyderabad.

Key Sustainable Features

An effective combination of closed and open spaces helps in modulating the micro-climate
so that it keeps the building cool and well-ventilated.
· During construction erosion and sedimentation control measures were taken to prevent topsoil
erosion. All paved parking & pathways constructed with pervious materials.
· Use of local materials and materials with low-embodied energy is used, like local stone and waste
construction material are used for external cladding. Old furniture has been used in different
parts of the building.
· Alternative modes of transportation like car pools, bicycles, and cars that run on liquefied
petroleum gas, a low-polluting alternative to conventional gasoline and diesel are prompted.
Facility for charging electric automobiles and electric pool car facility for building occupants
· South side sun glare cut down using Argon glass
· Rain water harvesting
· Swales for storm water collection
· Intelligent designs of windows such as different windows for views and for light reduce the heat
gain.
· To save energy required in the cooling process, the air caught by the wind towers is carried
through an earth-air tunnel which pre- cools the air entering into the AHU’s( Air Handling Unit).
· Jaalis’ on the outer facade of the building also help in cooling, shading and ventilation of the
building.
· Solar energy is used to generate electricity.
Root zone facility for waste water treatment. The treated water is used for flushing toilets and
irrigating the garden.
[For more information refer to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy website (http://ncict.net)]

64
 Games
Awareness of energy
Objective:
To help students understand the usefulness of
energy and the need for its conservation
Procedure:
1. Make a board similar to that of snakes and
ladders except that there will be no snakes or
ladders.
2. In each box write numbers 1 to 100 and the instruction whether a question will be
asked or what was done to be asked. There can also be blank boxes.
3. Make about 20 cards with a question and the answer in each
4. In another set of 20 cards write what have you done questions and the
instructions whether they will move forward or backwards.
5. It can be played with 2 or more person but the cards should be divided equally
amongst all the players.
6. Roll the dice to move
7. When landing on a question space, the person to your left will read the question to
you
8. If the answer is wrong the person will have go back to the starting
9. If it is right the person will remain in the space
10. When landing on a what have you done space, the person to the left will read the
question from what have you done card and will follow the instruction
accordingly
11. If on moving forward or backward the person lands on a ask a question space then
question need not be asked
12. When you finish the board game, you must be on the final question space and
must answer a question to win
13. If you get this question wrong you must go back to the start
65
 Questions:

y behaving
nerg
1. What happens to hy s heat e ?
drogen Wh a t i
r kno wn as
when burned as a fu 2. mirro
el? like a
Ans. It joins with e
oxygen to Mirag
again form water Ans.

sified to
B io m a ss can be ga d
3.
sy nth e si s gas compose 4.
What is the m
produce a on ost polluting
o f h yd ro gen and carb form of transp
primari ly ort?
alled?
o n o x ide . What is it c Ans. Airpla
m nes
gas
n s. S y n g as or biosyn
A

orm
e ra in which f
eo ca m
In a vid ed?
6.
h t e ne rgy stor
is lig
ergy
M a g netic en
5. Does a co Ans.
mputer st
electricity ill use
when not
Ans. Ye shut dow
s n?

8. Name th
e natura
by whic l proces
h oxyge s
with ano n c o m b ines
the
fo s s il fuel creates ther sub
s ta n
7. Which rbon
rapidly t
hat light
ce so
we s t a m ount of ca and hea e nergy
lo t are pro
duced.
dioxide? Ans. C
ombustio
n
tural gas
Ans. Na

66
 ce
is u se d to produ
Biomas s nd
9.
h ic h is a clean a
biogas, w o urce. Whic
h
en e r g y s
efficient iogas con
tain? 10. What do
s d o e s b
two gase xide
es the av
erage
arbon dio kinetic e
n e a nd C nergy of
etha the
Ans. M molecule
s of a
substanc
e determ
Ans. T ine?
emperat
ure

r
l p r o d u c es sulphu
rning coa
11. Bu n a c id ic gas that
a
dioxide, formation
of
e s t o t h e
contribut od to
. T h e r e is a meth
acid rain s before th
ey
t h e g a s e
clean up e
12. What is t
r ele a s ed into th his enviro
a r e lled? nmentally
e r e . W h at is it ca friendly r
oad diese
atmosph specificat l that has
d e s u lp h urisation. ion more
than the
e gas standard
Ans. Flu European
grade
EN590 k
nown as?
Ans. U
ltra Low
Sulphur D
(ULSD) iesel
1 3.
What is
the Liv
Light? ermore
Centen
nial
Ans.
World'
s Oldes
Burning t Conti
nuously
Light B
ulb

67
 electric meter
14. What does an
record? 15. What doe
s the word
consumed
Ans. Energy " petroleu
m" mean?
amount of
(Meters record Ans. Ro
used in ck Oil
electrical energy
kWh)

tand
h a t do e s OPEC s 17.
16. W What
does
for? Ans. ULSD
troleum Ultra stand
r g an iza tion of Pe -Low
Sulph
for?
Ans. O Countries
ur Di
esel
Exporting

18. Why are we n uring

ot being able
to u n it f or meas
ic
use other foss
il fuels such a 19. The bas many
s a b ar rel. How
bituminous sa oil is rrel?
nds and oil sh
ale? ll on s a r e in a ba
Ans. They n ga
eed expensive
processing
before we ca 2
n use them Ans. 4

20. Where wa
s the Exxo
Oil Spill o n Valdez
f 1989?
Ans. Ala
ska

68
What have you done?
2. You see to it
that the food
is brought do
1. wn to the
You have left yo room tempera
ur lights ture before
on at home putting in the
refrigerator
Move back 3 sp Move forward
aces
2 spaces

4. You id
e of clothes le your
3. You iron a pil long pe car for
riods to
at one go the engin heat up
e
1 space
Move forward Move b
ack 2 sp
aces

5. You have bought compact

fluorescent lamp(CFL)
6. You have turned off the
bulbs
lights before leaving a
Move forward 3 spaces friend's house.
Move forward 1 space

do n o t sw itch off engine

7. You more
if the wait is
at red lights 8. You took
nds. the bus in
than 10 seco of your ca stead
r
spaces
Move back 3 Move forw
ard 4 spac
es

9. You keep you

r vehicle tyres
inflated to the
highest pressu anted some
recommended re 10. You have pl
by the manufa .
cturer trees in your garden
Move forward
2 spaces es
Go forward 4 spac

69
 c bags instead of
11. You have used plasti
cery store. urnt coal.
renewable ones at the gro 12. You have b
Move back 2 spaces aces
Move back 3 sp

t know whether
13. You do no ringly
res are properly 14. You use air conditionin
g spa
your vehicle ty
aligned Move forward 4 spaces
aces
Move back 2 sp

16. Your v
ehicle is not
15. You have well tuned a
just recycled al so takes long nd
l to start up
you plastics, m
etals and Move back 4
paper. spaces
Go forward 3
spaces

18. You see to

it that the refrig
at what erator
17. You do not know door is not op
ened every no
gerator w
temperature your refri and then.
is set at Go forward 4 sp
aces
Move back 1 space

19. You have

helped to set
. Y o u h a v e put on the air
20
up an “Energy A ut left the
wareness conditioner b
Club” at school. .
window open
Move forward 3 spaces
spaces Move back 3

70
Energy lost during Transmission
Objective:

To help students understand that energy is lost during transmission from

the source to the end user

Procedure:

1. Ask a group of 10 to 15 students to stand in a line

2. One student will measure about 50 ml of water with a

measuring cylinder and pour into a cup

3. If there is no measuring cylinder mark the level of the

water on the cup

4. The first student in the line will take this cup and the last
student will have an empty cup of the same size

5. Each student will have a spoon

6. The first student will take a spoonful of water from the

cup and transfer it to the second student's spoon. The second will transfer it to the
third and so on till it reaches the last student

7. The last student will transfer the water from the spoon to the empty cup

8. Continue in this way transferring the water from the first student's cup to the last
student until the first student's cup is empty

9. Note the level of the water or measure it with a measuring cylinder

10. The quantity of water will be much less than that was in the first cup

Explain that every spoon of water represented a quantity of energy and loss of
energy occurs during every transfer. Discuss how energy is lost.

After the explanation repeat the game again. Note the amount of water in the last
cup after the game is over. The payers will definitely be more careful in this round
and the water will be more than it was in the first round!
71
Awareness of Energy Consumption by Appliances
Objective:

To help students understand that energy consumption by appliances depend on the

user and so can be controlled and thus help in energy conservation

Procedure:

1. Make drawings of appliances on cards with their wattage as given in the below.

2. Distribute these appliance cards equally among the players.

3. Each player needs to calculate the energy consumed by his/her appliance

using the WATT mentioned on the card.

4. The duration for energy consumption calculation will be given by the

teacher depending on the category they fall into – kitchen appliance, room
appliance, bathroom appliance, classroom, etc.

5. The teachers can keep changing the duration of use

6. Players can make use of the energy calculator from the handbook.

7. Any wrong calculation of energy consumption will be penalized with double

the difference of the correct consumption.

8. Once the round is over collect all the cards and repeat

9. Add the consumption of all the appliances received by the players

10. A player whose appliance consumes the least is the winner

Places Appliances Wattage

Kitchen Microwave Oven 800W - 1500 W

Dishwasher 1200W - 1500W

Coffee Maker 800 - 1200W
Toaster 800 - 1500 W
Electric kettle 2000W

72
 Refrigerator (165 litres) 150W
Refrigerator(210 litres): 170W
Blender 300W
Mixer 127 W

Hot Plate 1200W

Room Air Conditioning 1 Ton 1000 W

Air Conditioning 1.5 Ton 1500 W

Room heater (blower) 1000W

Light bulb 60W, 100W
Compact Fluorescent Lamps 11W, 14W, 23W
Ceiling fans 10 – 15 W
Table fan 10 - 25 W
Exhaust fan 40W

Air Cooler 170W

Bath Room Washing Machine 3000 W

Geyser 1500W

Immersion rod: 1000W

School Laptop Computer 150 W

Desktop Computer+ 15”screen 275 W

Printer 120W

Photostat machine 250W

Fax machine 150W

Radio (stereo) 70W

TV - 19" Color 70 W

TV - 25" Color 33 W

73
 VCR 60 W

Stereo System 140 W

Hair Dryer 1000 W

Vacuum Cleaner 1000W- 1440 W

Iron 1000W

Mobile phone charger 10W

DVD player 20W-25 W

Notes:......................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.
74
 Energy Timeline

lSuggested time at which the Sun's fusion reactions begin,

about 4.5 billion and solar energy reaches the Earth
years ago
lEvidence for the first forest fires on Earth appear in the
geological record
lEstimated time of the first controlled use of fire by humans.
about 350 million But there is a debate on this due to the problem of
years ago distinguishing natural fire events (as from lightning) from
human-produced fire
lEstimated date for the first use of artificial light in lamps, in
500,000 BC the form of a hollow rock, shell, or other such natural
object, fueled with animal fats and using lichens, moss, or
other plant fiber for a wick.
40,000 BC lCoal is in use as a fuel, in various ancient sites such as China
and Wales.
3000 BC lGreeks use water power to turn waterwheels for grinding
wheat into flour.
2000 BC lConstruction of baths using geothermal hot springs
lAristotle provides the first technical definition of energeia,
meaning being – at – work and used it to describe any
340 BC
operation or activity
lThe modern term “energy” is derived from energeia
850 BC lNatural gas utilized in China.
lFrench engineer Salomon de Caux builds a solar-powered
water pump, using glass lenses to heat a sealed vessel
1615
containing water and air. This is regarded as the first use of
solar energy since classical times.

75
1709 lSir Isaac Newton builds an electric generator consisting of a
rotating glass sphere.
lScottish inventor James Watt receives the patent for an
improved version of the Newcomen steam engine that uses a
1769 condenser, separate from the cylinder, to improve
efficiency.
lWatt, the unit of power, is named after him.
1775 lPierre-Simon Girard invents a water turbine.
lSwiss scientist Aimé Argand patents a new type of lamp that
burns much brighter than candles, produces less smoke, and
reduces the danger of fire. It features an oil receptacle, a
1784 round wick lamp with a chimney, and a glass cylinder in
which the flame burns.
lThis becomes the prototype for many subsequent oil lamps
lAlessandro Volta creates the first electric battery (known as
Volta's pile) consisting of alternating zinc and silver disks
1799 separated by felt soaked in brine.
lIt is the first source of a steady electric current.
1800 lVolta announces his invention
lThomas Young states, “The term energy may be applied,
with great propriety, to the product of the mass or weight of
a body, into the square of the number expressing its
1807 velocity.” Thus, E= mv2
2
lThis later was partially corrected to E= 1/2 mv and came to
be known as kinetic energy.
lThe first crude incandescent bulb created by Humphrey
1809 Davy, an English chemist, using two charcoal strips to
produce light, but it was impractical

76
 lThe first true incandescent bulb created by Warren De la
1820 Rue, utilizing a platinum filament to produce light, but it was
too expensive for commercial use
lThomas Johann Seebeck observes that if two dissimilar
metals are joined with a heat difference, it will produce an
1821 electric current. This is called thermoelectricity or the
Seebeck effect.
lIt is used in the development of the semiconductor
lMichael Faraday and Joseph Henry independently discover
1831-1833 the principle of electromagnetic induction, which becomes
the basis for the development of the electric generator and
electric motor.
lSir William Robert Grove builds the world's first gas battery
1839
combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity.
lThis came to be known as the fuel cell.
lJames Prescott Joule states that heat is produced in an
1840 electrical conductor
lThis comes to be known as “Joule's Law.”
lThomas Edison created an incandescent bulb utilizing a
1879 carbonized filament within a vacuum
lThis incandescent bulb became practical and affordable for
consumer use.
lA new type of lighting is invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt
utilizing mercury gas inside a glass tube.
1890 lThese lamps were used for photographic studios and
industries
lYears later these would become the parent of the modern
fluorescent lamps

77
 lJulius Elster and Hans Geitel of Germany develop the first
1893 photoelectric cell which is sensitive to both visible light and
ultraviolet rays.
lEnergy recovery from garbage incineration begins in New
1898 York City
lThis is the first known example of a waste-to-energy system.
lAlbert Einstein proposes that light was actually made up of
small packets of energy called photons. This explains the
photoelectric effect

1905 lEinstein presents his special theory of relativity proposing

that the laws of nature have the same application in all
frames of reference.
2
lHe describes mass and energy as equivalent, E= mc , where
c is the velocity of light.
lBritish engineer Francis Thomas Bacon develops the first
1932 practical modern fuel cell.
lThe General Electric Company introduces the first
1935 fluorescent lamp.
lThe Grand Coulee Dam is completed in Washington State,
1942 U.S. to harness the power of the great Columbia River.
lUnited Nations establishes the International Atomic Energy
1946 Commission.
lAt the National Reactor Testing Station in Arco, Idaho, U.S.
the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-1) becomes the
first nuclear reactor in the world to produce useable
quantities of electric power, lighting four 100-watt light
1951 bulbs.
lPhilip Edwin Ohmart of Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. invents the
radioactive cell, a battery that converts nuclear energy to
electrical energy.

78
 · Architect Frank Bridgers designs the Bridgers-Paxton
l
1953 Building in Albuquerque, New Mexico
lThis is the first office building to use passive solar heating.
lThe world's first large-scale nuclear power plant begins
1957 operation in Shippingport, Pennsylvania,U.S. The plant
reaches full power three weeks later and supplies electricity
to the Pittsburgh area in the U.S.
lFrancis Thomas Bacon produces an effective working
1959 model of the practical modern fuel cell developed earlier
by him in 1932.
lThe first large-scale geothermal power plant in the U.S.
1960 begins operation at the world's largest steam field, The
Geysers, in northern California.
1963 lJapan installs a 242-W photovoltaic array on a lighthouse,
the world's largest array at that time.
lFord Motor Company develops a sodium-sulfur battery for
use as a power source in electric vehicles.
1972 lThe first large-scale commercial waste-to-energy facility is
used by the Union Electric Company's Meramec Plant in
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. Refuse is shredded and burned
with coal to generate electricity
The International Energy Agency is created, a forum for 26
l
1974
member countries that are committed to taking joint
measures to meet oil supply emergencies reports.
Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) requires that
l
1975 home appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and
washing machines be sold with a label to indicate their
energy usage.

79
 The first spiral shaped CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp)
l
1976 Bulb invented by Ed Hammer, an engineer with General
Electric.
Scientists develop the first hot dry rock reservoir at Fenton
l
1977 Hill, New Mexico to “mine” geothermal energy from
beneath the earth.

1981 An aircraft known as the Solar Challenger flies across the

l
English Channel powered entirely by energy from the Sun.
The Geysers reaches its peak production and produces
l
1987
enough electricity to supply 1.8 million people.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency introduces
l
Energy Star, a government-backed labeling program that
1992
helps businesses and individuals adopt technologies with
greater energy efficiency.

2001 Government of India enacts the Energy Conservation Act,

l
2001

2002 Energy Conservation Act, 2001 becomes effective

l

Mandatory energy labeling programs are in place in thirty

l
2003 five different countries, covering as many as 25 product
types.
India
l launches a comprehensive energy labeling
2006 programme for appliances under the framework of the
Energy Conservation Act 2001

2010 India has its first LED village at Makumpathar, Assam

l

80
 Glossary Of Energy Conservation
And Efficiency Terms

Air Conditioning – The control of the quality, quantity and temperature - humidity
of the air in an interior space

Alternating Current (AC) – Flow of electric charge that constantly changes

direction between positive and negative sides.

Ampere (AMP) - The unit of measure that tells how much electricity flows through a
conductor. It is the unit of electric current.

Appliance –A devisefor converting one form of energy or fuel into useful energy or
work

Backup Power - Electric energy supplied by a utility to replace power and energy lost
during an unscheduled equipment outage.

Ballast - A device that provides starting voltage and limits the current during normal
operation in electrical discharge lamps (such as fluorescent lamps).

Boiler – A vessel or tank where heat produced from the combustion of fuels such as
natural gas, fuel oil or coal is used to generate hot water or steam for applications in
electric power production or industrial process heat

Blackout - A power loss affecting many electricity consumers over a large

geographical area for a significant period of time.

Building Shell or Building Envelope–The structural elements(walls, roof, floor,

foundation) of a building that enclose conditioned space.

Capacity - The amount of electric power for which a generating unit, generating
station, or other electrical apparatus is rated either by the user or manufacturer.

The term is also used for the total volume of natural gas that can flow through a
pipeline over a given amount of time, considering such factors as compression and
pipeline size.

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Catalytic Converter- A device containing a catalyst for converting automobile
exhaust into mostly harmless products

Circuit - One complete run of a set of electric conductors from a power source to
various electrical devices (appliances, lights, etc.) and back to the same power
source.

Climate Change – A term used to describe short and long term effects on the Earth's
climate as a result of human activities such as fossil fuel combustion and vegetation
clearing and burning.

Fluorescent Lamps - A smaller version of the standard fluorescent lamp that can
replace standard incandescent bulbs. It consists of a gas filled tube, and a magnetic or
electronic ballast

Conduction - The transfer of heat energy through a material (solid, liquid or gas) by
the motion of adjacent atoms and molecules without gross displacement of the
particles.
Convection – The transfer of heat by means of air currents

Converter – Any technology that changes the potential energy in a fuel into a
different form of energy such as heat or motion. The term is also used to mean an
apparatus that changes the quantity or quality of electrical energy.

Current (Electrical) – The flow of electrical energy (electricity) in a conductor,

measured in amperes

Dehumidifier – A devise that cools air by removing moisture from it

Direct Current (DC) - Electricity that flows continuously in the same direction

Dimmer – A light control device that allows light levels to be manually adjusted. A
dimmer can save energy by reducing the amount of power delivered to the light
while consuming very little themselves.

Efficiency - The ratio of the useful energy delivered by a dynamic system (such as a
machine, engine, or motor) to the energy supplied to it over the same period or
cycle of operation. The ratio is usually determined under specific test conditions.

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Efficiency (Appliance) Ratings – A measure of the efficiency of an appliance's
energy efficiency
Elector Generator - A device that converts heat, chemical or mechanical energy into
electricity

Electricity– A general term encompassing a variety of phenomenon (lightning,

electric current, static electricity etc) resulting from the presence and flow of electric
charge.

Electromagnetic Fields – These are magnetic and electric fields produced by

moving electrically charged objects. These 60 Hertz fields (that go back and
forth 60 times a second) are associated with electrical appliances, power lines
and wiring in buildings.

Emissions – A substance or pollutant emitted as a result of a process. It could be

anthropogenic releases of gases to the atmosphere consisting of greenhouse gases
(e.g., the release of carbondioxide during fuel combustion).

Energy - The capacity for doing work. Energy may be transformed from one
form into another

Energy Audit - A program carried out by a utility company in which an auditor

inspects a home and suggests ways energy can be saved.

Energy Consumption- The amount of energy consumed in the form in which it is

acquired by the user. The term excludes electrical generation and distribution
losses.

Energy Demand - The requirement for energy as an input to provide products

and/or services

Energy Guide Labels – The labels placed on appliances to enable consumers to

compare appliance energy efficiency and energy consumption under specified
test conditions as required by the Government.

Fossil Fuel - Fuel that was formed in the earth in prehistoric times from remains
of living-cell organisms. These are oil, coal, natural gas or their by-products.
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Frequency - The number of cycles which an alternating current moves through in
each second.

Gigawatt (GW) - One thousand megawatts (1,000 MW) or, one million
kilowatts (1,000,000 kw) or one billion watts (1,000,000,000 watts) of
electricity

Gigawatthour (GWH) - One million kilowatt-hours of electric power

Greenhouse Gases – Those gases, such as water vapour, carbon dioxide,

methane and low level ozone (that are transparent to solar radiation, but opaque
to long wave radiation) which contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Grid – A common term referring to an electricity transmission and distribution

system.

Heat Balance - The outdoor temperature at which a building's internal heat gain
(from people, lights and appliances, machines) is equal to the heat loss through
windows, roof and walls.

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System – All the components
of the appliance to condition interior of a building

Incandescent Lamp - An electric lamp in which a filament is heated by an electric

current in a vacuum or inert gas - filled bulb until it emits visible light.

Insulation – Materials that prevent or slow down the movement of heat

Kilovolt (KV) - One-thousand volts (1,000)

Kilovolt Ampere (KVA)- A unit of apparent power, equal to 1,000 volt-amperes;

the mathematical product of the volts and amperes in an electrical circuit

Kilowatt (KW) - One thousand (1,000) watts. A unit of measure of the amount of
electricity needed to operate given equipment.

Kilowatt Hour (KWH) - The most commonly-used unit of measure giving the
amount of electricity consumed over time. It is one kilowatt of electricity supplied
for one hour.

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Load – The power required to run a defined circuit or system, such as a refrigerator,
building or an entire electricity distribution system
Load Shedding – Cutting off the electric current on certain lines when the demand
becomes greater than the supply
Losses (Energy) – Energy that is converted to a form that cannot be effectively used
during the operation of an energy producing, conducting or consuming system
Megawatt (MW) - One-thousand kilowatts (1,000 kW) or one million
(1,000,000) watts
Megawatt Hour (MWH) -One thousand kilowatt-hours or 1million watt-hours.
Meter - A device for measuring levels and volumes of a customer's gas and electricity
use
Name Plate – A metal tag attached to a machine or appliance that contains
information such as brand name, serial number, voltage, power ratings under
specified conditions, and other manufacturer supplied data
Off -Peak – The period of low energy demand, as opposed to maximum, or peak
demand
Peak Demand - The electric load that corresponds to a maximum level of electric
demand in a specified time period
Phantom Load – Any appliance that consumes power even when it is turned off
Power - Electricity for use as energy.
Power Factor – The ratio of actual power being used in a circuit, expressed in watts or
kilowatts, to the power that is apparently being drawn from a power source,
expressed in volt – amperes or kilo volt - amperes
Power Loss - The difference between electricity input and output as a result of an
energy transfer between two points.
Power Plant - A central station generating facility that produces energy (electricity).
Powerhouse - A structure at a hydroelectric plant site that contains the turbine and
generator.

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Retrofit – The process of modifying a building's structure
Steam Turbine - A device that converts high-pressure steam, produced in a boiler,
into mechanical energy that can then be used to produce electricity by forcing blades
in a cylinder to rotate and turn a generator shaft.
Thermostat – A device used to control temperatures. It is used to control the
operation of heating and cooling devices by turning the device on or off when a
specified temperature is reached
Transformer - A device, which through electromagnetic induction but without the
use of moving parts transforms alternating electric current in one circuit to another
circuit, commonly with altered values of voltage and current
Vent – A component of a heating or ventilation appliance used to conduct fresh air
into, or waste air or combustion gases out of, an appliance or interior space
Volt (V) - It is the amount of force required to drive a steady current of one ampere
through a resistance of one ohm. Electrical systems of most homes and office have
240 volts in India.
Voltage - The difference in electrical potential between any two conductors or
between a conductor and ground. It is a measure of the electric energy per electron
that electrons can acquire and/or give up as they move between the two conductors
Volt – Ampere (VA) – A unit of electrical measurement equal to the product of a
volt and an ampere
Watt (W) – The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere under an electrical
pressure of one volt. It is the product of voltage and current
Watt -hour (WH) - One watt of power expended for one hour. It is one thousandth
of a kilowatt-hour
Wattmeter - A device for measuring power consumption

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