JHY@]HF YLFGHE\J\HF _W]@CL ELD@]HKAO

Gahnuchf uftuc dldlfuea tukhs prhctlc mljhnhr cjafac clplrhwhthf khwht ghrurht

G`slf Yldmadmafk > Qhfa Wra Ehfghyhfa, Flrs.D.Clp

Gasusuf @jle >

D\HDDH] _QHE ^AEHF

FAD > 819?8

Wafkcht ?H

Y]@K]HD GAYJ@DH-AAA CLYL]H[HWHF

_LC@JHE WAFKKA AJD\ CL_LEHWHF HEDHG GHEJHF OA]LM@F

Nj. [hjlt F`.=8 Clrthwafhfkuhf, Clghwufk, Oarlm`f , Nhwh Mhrht 7<8<?

Wheuf =9=8/=9==

8
H. Ylfklrtahf

_tr`cl
_tr`cl hghjhe
hghjhe khfkku
khfkkuhf
hf bufksa
bufksa `thc
`thc hcamht
hcamht hjarhf
hjarhf ghrhe
ghrhe cl `thc
`thc dlfkhj
dlfkhjhda
hda
khfkkuhf
khfkkuhf sleafkkh
sleafkkh dlfkhcamht
dlfkhcamhtchf
chf futrasa
futrasa ghf `csaklf
`csaklf yhfk gamutuechf
gamutuechf `thc
taghc tlrplfuea glfkhf mhac. _tr`cl ghpht nukh gahrtachf slmhkha c`fgasa `thc yhfk

dlfkhj
dlfkhjhda
hda clrush
clrushchf
chf chrlfh
chrlfh hjarhf
hjarhf hthu
hthu supjha
supjha ghrhe
ghrhe cl `thc
`thc tlrehdm
tlrehdmht
ht `jle
`jle
hghfyh sudmhthf (asoeldao str`cl) hthu plrghrhehf (ehld`rrehkao str`cl) (Hrud,
=98<). Asoeldao str`cl (f`f eld`rhkac)/olrlmr` vhscujlr hooaglft (ORH) hghjhe
cleajhfkhf bufksa `thc yhfk gahcamhtchf `jle mlrelftafyh supjha ghrhe cl mhkahf
`thc gaslmhmchf chrlfh hghfyh ter`dmus hthu
hth u ldm`ja (@cthvahfus, =987).

Dlfurutt [`rjg Elhjte @rkhfazhta`f

Dlfuru @rkhfazhta`f ([E@) str`cl hghjhe hghfyh
hghfyh thfghthfgh
thfghthfgh
cjafac yhfk mlrcldmhfk olpht hcamht khfkkuhf bufksa `thc b`chj (kj`mhj) glfkhf
klnhjh
klnhjh-kln
-klnhjh
hjh yhfk
yhfk mlrjhf
mlrjhfksu
ksufk
fk sljhdh
sljhdh =7 nhd hthu
hthu jlmae
jlmae yhfk
yhfk dlfylm
dlfylmhmc
hmchf
hf
cldhtahf thfph hghfyh plfylmhm jhaf sljhaf vhscujhr (@gl, =98=). Ghra plfnljhshf
gaht
gahths
hs,, ghph
ghphtt gasa
gasadp
dpuj
ujch
chf
f st
str`
r`cl
cl hghj
hghjhe
he kh
khfk
fkku
kuhf
hf bu
bufk
fksa
sa `t
`thc
hc ch
chrl
rlfh
fh
plfyudmhthf, plfyldpathf hthu plohefyh pldmujue ghrhe dlfunu `thc. Ehj afa
dlfylm
dlfylmhmc
hmchf
hf phs`ch
phs`chf
f ghrhe
ghrhe ghf `csak
`csaklf
lf dlfunu
dlfunu cl `thc
`thc dlfnhg
dlfnhgaa mlrcu
mlrcurhf
rhfk
k
_tr`cl dlruphchf plfyhcat hthu khfkkuhf bufksa`fhj `thc mlruph cljudpuehf
shrhb
shrhb (glb
(glbao
aoat
atflu
flur`
r`j`
j`ka
kao)
o) hc
hcam
amht
ht tlre
tlrehd
hdmh
mhtf
tfyh
yh hj
hjarh
arhf
f gh
ghrh
rhe
e cl `t
`thc
hc.. _l
_loh
ohrh
rh
slglrehfh
slglrehfh str`cl gaglbafasachf
gaglbafasachf slmhkha plfyhcat
plfyhcat `thc hcamht tlrelftafyh
tlrelftafyh supjha
gh
ghrh
rhe
e cl `thc
`thc ch
chrl
rlfh
fh su
sudm
dmht
hthf
hf (str`
(str`cl
cl ascl
asclda
dac)
c) ht
hthu
hu pl
plrg
rghrh
hrheh
ehf
f (str`
(str`cl
cl
eld`rhkac) (Nufhaga, =988). Dujhfyh str`cl afa gaclfhj glfkhf fhdh hp`pjlxy,
chth afa mlrhshj ghra mhehsh Qufhfa yhk mlrhrta ‚dlducuj nhtue— hthu t` stracl
g`wf. Ghjhd plrcldmhfkhffyh jhju gaphcha astajhe ORH hthu olrlmr`vhsoujhr
hooaglft yhfk mlrhrta suhtu cloljhchhf phgh pldmujue ghrhe ghf `thc.

Dlfurut Dasmhoe (=988) str`cl hghjhe shjhe shtu syfgr`dl flur`j`ka yhfk ghpht
dlfadmujch
dlfadmujchf
f clohohthf
clohohthf ghjhd cleaguphf dhfusah. _tr`cl Eld`rhkac
Eld`rhkac hghjhe
pldmujue ghrhe `thc yhfk plohe sleafkkh dlfkehdmht hjarhf ghrhe yhfk f`rdhj
ghf ghrhe dlrldmls cl ghjhd suhtu ghlrhe ga `thc ghf cldugahf dlrushcfyh
(Hgam, =991).

=
M. Lta`j`ka
Wlrehjhfkfyh supjha ghrhe cl `thc phgh str`cl plrghrhehf (str`cl eld`rhkac)
gaslmhmchf `jle hrtlra yhfk dlfsupjha ghrhe cl `thc plohe. Ylfylmhmfyh
dashjfyh tlchfhf ghrhe yhfk dlfghghc tafkka ghf hthu `jle strlss psacas
mlrht. Ylfafkchthf tlchfhf ghrhe yhfk dlfghghc tafkka nukh ghpht
gaslmh
gaslmhmc
mchf
hf `jle
`jle trhudh
trhudh clphjh
clphjh hthu
hthu plfafk
plfafkcht
chthf
hf tlchfh
tlchfhf
f jha
jhaffy
ffyh,
h, slplrta
slplrta
dlfklghf, mhtuc clrhs, dlfkhfkcht mlmhf, ghf slmhkhafyh. Yldmujue ghrhe
plohe ududfyh chrlfh hrtlra tlrslmut mlrgafgafk tapas mlrmlftuc mhj`f yhfk
gaslmut hflurasdh hthu hrtlra yhfk jlolt mlchs pjhc htlr`scjlr`tac (Nufhaga,
=988).
=988). _ljhaf
_ljhaf ehj-ehj
ehj-ehj yhfk
yhfk gaslmu
gaslmutch
tchf
f gahths,
gahths, hgh bhct`r
bhct`r-bhc
-bhct`r
t`r jhaf
jhaf yhfk
yhfk
dlfylmhmchf str`cl (Hrud, =98<) gahfthrhfyh >
h. Bhct`r ]lsac` Dlgas
Bhct`r rasac` dlgas yhfk dldplrphrhe str`cl hghjhe>
8) Hrtlra`scjlr`sas (plfklrhshf pldmujue ghrhe)
=) Hghfyh rawhyht str`cl ghjhd cljuhrkh (bhot`r clturufhf)
?) Dakrhafl (shcat clphjh slmljhe)
m. Bhct`r ]lsac` Yljhcu
_tr`cl slfgara mash tlrnhga chrlfh bhct`r rasac` pljhcu. Yljhcu dlflrhpchf
khyh eagup ghf p`jh dhchf yhfk taghc sleht. Ehj afa tlrjaeht phgh >
8) Clmahshhf dlr`c`c
=) Dlfk`sudsa dafudhf mlrs`gh ghf mlrhjc`e`j
?) _uch dlfyhfthp dhchfhf sahp shna (bhst b``g/nufcb``g)
7) Curhfkfyh hctabaths klrhc/`jherhkh
<) _uhshfh ehta yhfk taghc fyhdhf, slplrta slrafk dhrhe thfph hjhshf yhfk
nljhs
o. Bhct`r rasac` yhfk ghpht gad`gabachsa
8) Eaplrtlfsa (tlchfhf ghrhe tafkka)
Wlchfh
Wlchfhf
f ghrhe
ghrhe tafkka
tafkka dlruph
dlruphchf
chf pljuhf
pljuhfk
k tlrmlshr
tlrmlshr tlrnhg
tlrnhgafy
afyhh str`cl.
str`cl.
Eaplrt
Eaplrtlfs
lfsaa dlfkhc
dlfkhcamh
amhtch
tchf
f hghfyh
hghfyh khfkku
khfkkuhf
hf hja
hjarhf
rhf ghrhe
ghrhe yhfk
yhfk dhfh
dhfh
gahdltlr pldmujue ghrhe hchf dlfkloaj sleafkkh ghrhe yhfk dlfkhjar cl
`thc puf mlrcurhfk. Glfkhf plfkurhfkhf hjarhf ghrhe cl `thc, dhch `thc
clcurhfkhf supjha `csaklf ghf kjuc`sh, jhdh cljhdhhf nhrafkhf `thc hchf

?
dhta.
=) Ylfyhcat Nhftufk
Ylfyhc
Ylfyhcat
at nhftuf
nhftufk
k slplrt
slplrtaa c`r`fl
c`r`flrr ghf afbhrc
afbhrc da`chr
da`chrg
g (cldht
(cldhtahf
ahf `t`t
`t`t
nhftufk) dlfnhga bhot`r tlrmlshr tlrnhgafyh str`cl. Nhftufk dlruphchf
pusht hjarhf ghrhe tumue. Nach pusht plfkhturhf dlfkhjhda clrushchf,
dhch hjarhf ghrhe tumue puf dlfnhga tlrkhfkku, tlrdhsuc hjarhf ghrhe
dlfunu `thc. Khfkkuhf hjarhf ghrhe atu ghpht dldhtachf nhrafkhf `thc
slohrh dlfghghc hthupuf mlrthehp.
?) Gahmltls Dljatus
Yldmujue ghrhe phgh plfglrath gahmltls dljatus ududfyh jlmae chcu hthu
taghc jlftur. Ehj afa tlrnhga chrlfh hghfyh plfafkchthf hthu plfurufhf
ch
chgh
ghrr kjuc
kjuc`s
`shh gh
ghrhe
rhe sl
slohr
ohrhh tamh
tamh-ta
-tamh
mh sleaf
sleafkk
kkhh gh
ghph
phtt dlfy
dlfylm
lmhm
hmch
chf
f
cldhtahf `thc.
7) Eaplrc`jlstlrjldah
Eaplrc`jlstlr`jldah hghjhe c`fgasa gadhfh chghr c`jlstlr`j ghjhd ghrhe
mlrjlmae. JGJ yhfk mlrjlmae hchf dlfkhcamhtchf tlrmlftucfyh pjhc phgh
pldmujue ghrhe. C`fgasa slplrta afa jhdhcljhdhhf hchf dlfkhfkku hjarhf
ghrhe, tlrdhsuc hjarhf ghrhe cl `thc.
<) @mlsaths
@mlsath
@mlsathss hthu `vlrwla
`vlrwlaket
ket (clkld
(clklduc
uchf)
hf) dlruph
dlruphchf
chf shjhe
shjhe shtu bhct`r
bhct`r
tlrnhgafyh
tlrnhgafyh str`cl. Ehj atu tlrchat glfkhf
glfkhf tafkkafyh
tafkkafyh chghr c`jlstlr`j
c`jlstlr`j ghjhd
ghrhe. Yhgh `rhfk glfkhf `mlsaths, mahshfyh chghr JGJ (J`w-Glfsaty
Jap`
Jap`pr
pr`t
`tla
laf)
f) jlma
jlmae
e tafk
tafkka
ka gamh
gamhfg
fgaf
afk
k ch
chgh
ghrr EGJ
EGJ (Eak
(Eake-
e-Gl
Glfs
fsat
aty
y
Jap`pr`tlaf). \ftuc sthfghr Afg`flsah, slsl`rhfk gachthchf `mlsaths nach
afglcs
afglcs dhssh
dhssh tumuef
tumuefyh
yh dljlma
dljlmaea
ea =< ck/d.
ck/d. slmlfh
slmlfhrfy
rfyhh hgh guh nlfas
nlfas
`mlsaths hthu clklduchf yhatu `mlsaths hmg`dafhj ghf `mlsaths plrablr.
@mlsaths hmg`dafhj
gathfgha glfkhf jafkchr pafkkhfk jlmae ghra 89= od mhka prah ghf 55 od
mhka whfath
2) Dlr`c`c
Dlfurutt mlrmhkha
Dlfuru mlrmhkha plfljatahf
plfljatahf gacltheua
gacltheua mhewh `rhfk-`rhfk
`rhfk-`rhfk yhfk dlr`c`c
dldpufyha chghr bamraf`klf ghrhe yhfk jlmae tafkka gamhfgafk `rhfk-

7
 `rhfk yhfk taghc dlr`c`c. Ylfafkchthf chghr bamraf`klf dldplrdughe
tlrnhgafyh plflmhjhf pldmujue ghrhe sleafkkh pldmujue ghrhe dlfnhga
sldpat ghf chcu. Chrlfh pldmujue ghrhe dlfnhga sldpat ghf chcu, dhch
ghpht dlfylmhmchf khfkkuhf hjarhf ghrhe.
g. Bhct`r rasac` yhfk taghc ghpht gad`gabachsa
8) \sah
_ldhcaf mlrthdmhefyh usah, sldhcaf mlshr rlsac` tlrnhgafyh str`cl. Ehj
afa tlrchat glfkhf glklflrhsa (plfuhhf)
(plfuhhf) yhfk tlrnhga
tlrnhga slohrh hjhdahe. Yhgh
`rhf
`rhfk-
k-`r
`rhf
hfk
k jhfnu
jhfnutt us
usah
ah,, pl
pldm
dmuj
ujue
ue gh
ghrhe
rhe jl
jlma
mae
e ch
chcu
cu ch
chrlf
rlfhh mh
mhfy
fyhc
hc
plfadmufhf pjhc. Ylfadmufhf pjhc yhfk mlrjlmae hchf dlfkhcamhtchf
mlrcurhfkfyh hjarhf ghrhe cl tumue, tlrdhsuc `thc.
`thc.
=) Nlfas Cljhdaf
Gamhfgafk glfkhf plrldpuhf, jhca-jhca olfglrufk mlrlsac` jlmae mlshr
dlfkhjhda str`cl. Afa tlrchat mhewh jhca-jhca olfglrufk dlr`c`c. Mhehyh
tlrmlshr ghra r`c`c hghjhe dlrushc jhpashf pldmujue ghrhe phgh tumue
?) ]awhyht Cljuhrkh
Nach shjhe shtu hfkk`th cljuhrkh dlfglrath str`cl, dhch cldufkcafhf ghra
clturu
clturufhf
fhf cljuhr
cljuhrkh
kh tlrslm
tlrslmut
ut ghpht
ghpht dlfkhj
dlfkhjhda
hda str`cl.
str`cl. @rhfk
@rhfk glfkhf
glfkhf
rawhyht str`cl phgh cljuhrkh dldajaca rlsac` jlmae mlshr uftuc tlrclfh
str`
str`cl
cl gasm
gasmhf
hfga
gafk
fk glfk
glfkhf
hf `r
`rhf
hfk
k yh
yhfk
fk th
thfp
fphh rawh
rawhyh
yhtt str`
str`cl
cl ph
phgh
gh
cljuhrkhfyh.
7) Ylrmlghhf ]hs
Bhcth tlrmhru dlfufnucchf mhewh str`cl phgh `rhfk HbrachChramah slcathr
guh chja jlmae tafkka ghraphgh `rhfk f`f-Chramah. Ehj afa gadufkcafchf
chrlfh tlchfhf ghrhe tafkka ghf gahmltls jlmae slrafk tlrnhga phgh `rhfk
hbrach-chramah ghraphgh `rhfk f`fHbrach Chramah. Ehj afa gaplfkhruea nukh
`jle bhot`r klfltao ghf bhct`r jafkcufkhf.

O. Yht`
Yht`ba
basa
sa`j
`j`k
`kaa
@thc dlruphchf mhkahf tumue yhfk shfkht slfsasatab `csaklf ghf kjuc`sh
chrlfhh nhrafkhf
chrlf nhrafkhf `thc taghc ghpht dlfyadphf
dlfyadphf cljlmaehf
cljlmaehf `csaklf
`csaklf ghf kjuc`sh
slplrta ehjfyh phgh `t`t. Dlscapuf mlrht `thc slcathr =% ghra sljurue mhghf,

<
fhduf
fhduf dlfkku
dlfkkufhc
fhchf
hf slcath
slcathrr =<% supjhy
supjhy `csakl
`csaklf
f ghf ;9% kjuc`s
kjuc`sh.
h. Nach
Nach
hjar
hjarhf
hf gh
ghrhe
rhe cl `thc
`thc tlre
tlrehd
hdmh
mhtt dhch
dhch hc
hchf
hf tl
tlrn
rnhg
hgaa ascl
asclda
dahh gh
ghf
f tl
tlrnh
rnhga
ga
khfkkuhf dlthm`jasdl `thc yhfk cldugahf tlrnhga khfkkuhf plrbusa slrlmrhj.
Hrlhh `thc
Hrl `thc gaslca
gaslcathr
thr yhfk
yhfk dlfkhj
dlfkhjhda
hda eap`pl
eap`plrbu
rbusa
sa gaslmu
gaslmutt plfud
plfudmrh
mrh.. Nach
Nach
hjarhf ghrhe cl `thc tlrkhfkku, jlmae ghra ?9 gltac phsalf ghpht dlfkhjhda
taghc shghr ghf ghpht tlrnhga clrushchf nhrafkhf `thc yhfk plrdhflf nach
hjarhf ghrhe cl `thc tlrkhfkku jlmae ghra 7 dlfat (Whrw`t`, =98?). \ftuc
dldplr
dldplrthe
thehfc
hfchf
hf hjarhf
hjarhf ghrhe
ghrhe cl `thc
`thc dhch
dhch tumue
tumue hchf
hchf dljhcu
dljhcuchf
chf guh
dlchfasdl tumue yhatu dlchfasdl hfht`das ghf dlchfasdl hut`rlkujhsa.
Dlchfa
Dlchfasdl
sdl hfhst`
hfhst`das
das mlreum
mlreumufk
ufkhf
hf glfkhf
glfkhf supjha
supjha ghrhe
ghrhe cl `thc
`thc uftuc
uftuc
pldlfuehf clmutuehf `csaklf ghf kjuc`sh. _lghfkchf dlchfasdl
hut`rlkujh
hut`rlkujhsa
sa hghjhe mhkhadhfh
mhkhadhfh `thc dljhcuchf
dljhcuchf dlchfasdl/u
dlchfasdl/usheh
sheh slfgara
slfgara
ghjhd dlfnhkh clsladmhfkhf. Dashjfyh nach tlrnhga eap`csldah `thc dhch
pldmujue ghrhe `thc hchf dlfkhjhda
dlfkhjhda vhs`gajhthsa (Whrw`t`, =98?)
h. Dlchfasdl Hfht`das
@thc gaplrghrhea dljhjua = hrtlra chr`tas ghf = hrtlra vlrtlmrhjas. Hrtlra
chr`ta
chr`tass tlrmhk
tlrmhkaa dhflnhg
dhflnhgaa chr`ta
chr`tass aftlrf
aftlrfhh ghf chr`ta
chr`tass lcstlrf
lcstlrfh.
h. Chr`ta
Chr`tass
aftlrfh dldplrghrhea jhfksufk cl ghjhd `thc ghf mlrohmhfk carh-carh
sltafkka cahsdh `ptacud dlfnhga hrtlra slrlmra hftlra`r ghf dlgah. Chr`tas
lc
lcstl
stlrf
rfhh dldp
dldplr
lrgh
ghrh
rhea
ea whnh
whnhe,
e, jagh
jaghe
e gf
gfhh bh
bhra
rafk
fk,, dlfa
dlfafk
fklf
lfs.
s. Hrtl
Hrtlra
ra
vlrtlmrhjas
vlrtlmrhjas mlrhshj ghra hrtlra sumojhvah.
sumojhvah. Hrtlra vlrtlmrhjas
vlrtlmrhjas dlfohpha ghshr
tlfkc`rhc dljhjua nhjhf tldmus ghra tujhfk yhfk gamlftuc `jle pr`slsus
trhfvlrsl ghra vlrtlmrh slrvachj dujha ghra o2 shdpha glfkhf o8. Dhsuc cl
ruhfk
ruhfk orhfahj
orhfahj dljhju
dljhjuaa b`rhdl
b`rhdlf
f dhkfu
dhkfud,
d, gadhfh
gadhfh hrtlra-h
hrtlra-hrtlr
rtlraa vlrtlm
vlrtlmrh
rh
mlrkhmufk dlfnhga hrtlra
h rtlra mhsajhr. Hrtlra mhsajhr mlrohmhfk dlfnhga = hrtlra
slrlmrh
slrlmrhjj p`stlra
p`stlra`r
`r yhfk
yhfk dldlfu
dldlfuea
ea clmutu
clmutuehf
ehf plrduc
plrduchhf
hhf dlgahj
dlgahj ghf
afblra`r hrtlra mhac mhkahf jhtlrhj j`mus tldp`rhj ghf `ooapathj. Dlscapuf
hrtlra chr`tas aftlrfh ghf vlrtlmrhmhsajhras dlruphchf = sastld hrtlra yhfk
tlrpashe yhfk dlfkhjarhf ghrhe cl `thc, thpa cl guhfyh gashtuchf `jle
pldmujue ghf hfhst`d`sas yhfk dldmlftuc sarcujhsa wajasa. Hrtlra slrlmra
s lrlmra
p`stlra`r gaeumufkchf glfkhf hrtlra slrlmra dlgah ghf hrtlra slrlmra
hftlra`r gaeumufkchf `jle hrtlra c`dufachf hftlra`r sleafkkh tlrmlftuc

2
 jafkchrhf yhfk jlfkchp. F`rdhjfyh hjarhf ghrhe ghjhd hrtlra c`dufachfs
ehfyhj
ehfyhjhe
he slgaca
slgacat.
t. Hrtlra
Hrtlra afa dlruph
dlruphchf
chf plfylj
plfyljhdh
hdhtt majhdh
majhdhfh
fh tlrnhg
tlrnhgaa
plrumhehf tlchfhf ghrhe hrtlra yhfk grhdhtas.
m. Dlchfasdl Hut`rlkujhsa
@csaklf ghf kjuc`sh hghjhe guh ljldlf yhfk plftafk uftuc dlthm`jasdl
slrlmrhj yhfk gaplfuea `jle hjarhf ghrhe slohrh tlrusdlflrus. Hjarhf ghrhe
slrlmrhj gaplrthehfchf glfkhf clolphthf c`fsthf ;<9dj/dlfat. Clolphthf
slrlmrh
slrlmrhjj c`fsth
c`fsthf
f afa gaplrt
gaplrtheh
hehfch
fchf
f `jle
`jle suhtu
suhtu dlchfa
dlchfasdl
sdl e`dl`st
e`dl`sthsa
hsass
sastldac ghf j`ohj ghjhd rhfkch dldplrthehfchf clmutuehf futrasa ghf
ghrhe slohrh hglcuht. Wlrnhgafyh str`cl shfkht lrht eumufkhffyh glfkhf
plrumhehf hjarhfghrhe `thc, mhac chrlfh sudmhthf/`cjusa pldmujue ghrhe
`thc dhupuf plrghrhehf phgh `thc dlfadmujchf taghc hglcuhtfyh supjha
`csa
`csakl
klf
f ghf
ghf kjuc
kjuc`s
`sh.
h. Mlrc
Mlrcur
urhf
hfkf
kfyh
yh `c
`csa
sakl
klf
f ht
hthu
hu dlfa
dlfafk
fkch
chtf
tfyh
yh
chrm`fga`c
chrm`fga`csagh
sagh dlrhfkshfk
dlrhfkshfk pldmujue
pldmujue ghrhe uftuc
uftuc mlrgajhthsa
mlrgajhthsa slmhkha
slmhkha
c`
c`dp
dplf
lfshs
shsaa tu
tumu
mue
e uf
uftu
tuc
c dl
dlfa
fafk
fkch
chtc
tchf
hf hj
hjar
arhf
hf gh
ghrhe
rhe jl
jlma
mae
e mh
mhfy
fyhc
hc..
_lmhjacyh clhghhf vhs`gajhthsa dldmlra lblc phgh tlchfhf aftrhorhfahj.
Clcurhfkhf `csaklf ghjhd `thc (eap`csah) hchf dlfadmujchf ascldah.
Clhghhf
Clhghhf asclda
ascldahh yhfk
yhfk rljhtav
rljhtavll plfglc
plfglc/ol
/olpht
pht ghf ghpht
ghpht pujae
pujae cldmhj
cldmhjaa
gaslmut trhfsalft asoeldao htthocs (WAHs). _ljhdh plra`gl hf`xah (taghc
hgh `csaklf) dlthm`jasd `thc olpht tlrkhfkku. _lj `thc hchf dhta ghf
tlrnhga plrumhehf plrdhflf hfthrh ?-89 dlfat hf`csah.

;
 5

G. Dhfa
Dhfabl
blst
sths
hsaa Cjaf
Cjafas
as
Dlfurut Whrw`t` (=98?), dhfablsthsa cjafas str`cl tlrkhftufk ghra sasa hthu
mhkahf dhfh yhfk tlrclfh, rhth-rhth slrhfkhf, ucurhf jlsa ghf hghfyh
sarcujhsa c`jhtlrhj. Yhgh str`cl eld`rhkac, klnhjh cjafas dljaputa>
h. Cljudp
Cljudpueh
uehf
f whnhe
whnhe hthu
hthu hfkk`t
hfkk`thh mhghf
mhghf slmljh
slmljhe
e (eldap
(eldaphras
hrasl)
l) hthu
eldapjlkah
eldapjlkah (phrhjasas)
(phrhjasas) yhfk tadmuj slohrh dlfghghc.
dlfghghc. Cljudpuehf
Cljudpuehf tlrnhga
hcamht
hcamht hghfyh
hghfyh clrush
clrushchf
chf phgh
phgh hrlh d`t`ra
d`t`rac
c ga c`rtlc
c`rtlcss mhkahf
mhkahf br`fth
br`fthj,
j,

clrushchf
clrushchf afa mlrsabh
mlrsabhtt c`
c`ftr
ftrhjht
hjhtlrhj
lrhj hrtafyh
hrtafyh nach
nach tlrnhga
tlrnhga clrushc
clrushchf
hf phgh
phgh
eldasblr chfhf dhch cljudpuehf `t`t phgh slmljhe cara. Yhsalf nukh hchf
cleajhfkhf c`ftr`j `t`t vujlftlr ghf slfs`rac sleafkkh phsalf taghc ghpht
dljhcuchf lcstlfsa dhupuf bjlcsa.
m. Khfkkuhf slfsamajaths phgh shtu hthu jlmae hfkk`th mhghf Khfkkuhf
slfsamajaths tlrnhga chrlfh clrushchf systld shrhb `t`f`d ghf khfkkuhf
shrhb slfs`rac.
o. Ylfurufhf clshghrhf (c`fbusa, gljaraud, jlthrka, stup`r, hthu c`dh),
tlrnhga hcamht plrghrhehf, clrushchf `thc cldugahf dlflchf mhthfk `thc

hthu tlrnhgafyh khfkkuhf dlthm`jac `thc hcamht eap`csah

g. Hbhsah
Hbhsah (clsuj
(clsujath
athf
f ghjhd
ghjhd maohrh
maohrh)) Hbhsah
Hbhsah hghjhe
hghjhe glbasat
glbasat cldhdp
cldhdpuhf
uhf
c`dufachsa
c`dufachsa maohrh, tlrdhsuc ghjhd dldmhoh,
dldmhoh, dlfujas ghf dldhehda
mhehsh. Hbhsah tlrnhga nach tlrghpht clrushchf phgh hrlh pusht maohrh
pradlr yhfk mlrhgh phgh eldasblr cara daggjl slmljhe cara. Hbhsah gamhka
dlfnhga ? yhatu hbhsah d`t`rac,slfs`rac ghf hbhsah kj`mhj. Hbhsah d`t`rac
hthu lcsprlsab tlrnhga nach hrlh phgh hrlh Mr`oh, yhfk tlrjlthc phgh j`mus
br`fthj `thc. Yhgh hbhsah nlfas afa phsalf ghpht dldhehda jhwhf maohrh
tlth
tlthp
pa phsa
phsalf
lf tagh
taghc
c ghp
hpht
ht dlf
dlfku
kufk
fkch
chp
pch
chf
f gh
ghf
f cls
lsuj
ujat
athf
hf ghj
hjhd
hd

dlfkufkchpchf maohrh. Hbhsah slfs`rac tlrnhga chrlfh clrushchf phgh hrlh

[lrfaocl, yhfk tlrjlthc phgh j`mus tldp`rhj. Yhgh hbhsah slfs`ra phsalf
tagh
taghc
c gh
ghph
phtt dlfl
dlflra
radh
dh st
stad
aduj
ujhsa
hsa pl
plfg
fglf
lfkh
khrhf
rhf tlthp
tlthpaa ph
phsa
salf
lf dhdp
dhdpu
u
dlfkufkchpchf pldmaohrhhf. _leafkkh rlsp`f pldmaohrhhf phsalf taghc
fy
fyhd
hdmu
mufk
fk hthu
hthu c`
c`el
elrlf
rlf.. Yhgh
Yhgh hbhsa
hbhsahh kj
kj`m
`mhj
hj ph
phsa
salf
lf gh
ghph
phtt dlrl
dlrlsp
sp`f
`f
pldmaohrhhf mhac dlflradh dhupuf dlfkufkchpchf
dlfkufkchpchf pldmaohrhhf.

l. Gashtrah (maohrh olglj hthu plj`)

Dlruphchf clsujathf maohrh tlruthdh ghjhd hrtacujhsa sleafkkh uohphffyh
dlf
dlfnhg
nhga tag
taghc nljh
nljhs.
s. Fhdu
hduf gldac
ldacah
ahf,
f, phsa
phsalf
lf gh
ghp
pht
htdl
dld
dhe
hehd
hdaa
pldmaohrhhf, dlfujas, dlfglfkhrchf dhupuf dldmhoh. Gashrtrah tlrnhga
chrlfh clrushchf flrvus orhfahj sleafkkh tlrnhga cljldhehf ghra `t`t mamar,
jaghe ghf jhrafk. Yhsalf nukh tlrghpht clsujathf ghjhd dlfkufyhe ghf
dlfljhf
dlfljhf.. b. Khfkku
Khfkkuhf
hf plfkja
plfkjaeht
ehthf,
hf, gapj`p
gapj`pah
ah Yhsalf
Yhsalf ghpht
ghpht cleajh
cleajhfkh
fkhf
f
plfkjaehthf hthu nukh phfghfkhf dlfnhga khfgh, khfkkuhf jhphfk
phfghfk phgh shjhe shtu sasa. Ehj afa tlrnhga chrlfh clrushchf phgh j`mus

tldp`r
tldp`rhj
hj hthu phralthj
phralthj yhfk
yhfk ghpht
ghpht dlf
dlfkeh
kehdmh
dmhtt slrht
slrht shrhb
shrhb `ptac
`ptac phgh
phgh
c`rtlcss `csapathj.
c`rtlc `csapathj. Khfkkuhf
Khfkkuhf plfkjaehth
plfkjaehthf
f nukh ghpht gaslmhmchf
gaslmhmchf chrlfh
clrushchf phgh shrhb orhfahj AAA, AR ghf RA.
k. Gasbhkah
Gasbhkah hthu clsujathf dlfljhf tlrnhga chrlfh clrushchf flrvus orhfahj
AU.. _ljh
AU _ljhdh
dh dlfl
dlfljh
jhf
f m`
m`ju
juss gag`
gag`r`
r`fk
fk `j
`jle
le jagh
jaghe
e gh
ghf
f kj
kj`t
`tta
tass dlfu
dlfutu
tup
p
cldugahf dhchfhf dhsuc cl ls`pehkus
 e. Afc`ftaflfsah Afc`ftaflfsah mhac m`wlj dhupuf mhgglr slrafk tlrnhga
chrlfh tlrkhfkkufyh shrhb yhfk dlfshrhba mjhgglr ghf m`wlj.

a. Rlrtak`, duhj, dufthe, fylra clphjh, tlrnhga chrlfh plfafkchthf tlchfhf

aftrhcrhfahj, lgldh slrlmra

L. Yldl
Yldlra
racs
cshh
hhf
f Ylf
Ylfuf
ufnh
nhfk
fk
Hghpuf pldlracshhf plfufnhfk phgh _tr`cl Eld`rhkac dlfurut Dutthqaf,
(=995) yhatu>
h. Hfka`krhba _lrlmrhj> Dlflftuchf plfylmhm str`cl slohrh splsabac slplrta
plrghrhehf hthu `mstrucsa hrtlra
m. _afkjl Ye`t`f Ldassa`f O`dputlg W`d`krhpey (_YLOW)> \ftuc

dlfgltlcsa juhs ghf ghlrhe hmf`rdhj ghra `thc, yhfk nukh dlfgltlcsa,
dlj`chjashsa, ghf dlfkucur str`cl( slmljud fhdphc `jle pldafghahf OW-
_ohf)
o. OW _ohf> Yldafghahf afa dldplrjaehtchf slohrh splsabac jlthc lgldh,
p`sasa eldht`dh, hghfyh nhrafkhf `thc yhfk afbhrc hthu ascldah ghf

89

p`sasafyh slohrh phsta

g. D]A > Dlfkkufhchf klj`dmhfk dhkfltac uftuc dlflftuchf p`sasa ghf
mlshr tlrnhgafyh plrghrhehf `thc ehsaj yhfk gaghphtchf hrlh yhfk
dlfkhjhda jlsa ghf afbrhc hcamht ghra eld`rhkac
l. LLK> Yldlracshhf afa mlrtunuhf uftuc dljaeht dhshjhe yhfk tadmuj ghf
ghdphc
ghdphc ghra
ghra nhrafk
nhrafkhf
hf yhfk
yhfk afbrhc
afbrhc sleafk
sleafkkh
kh dlfuru
dlfuruffy
ffyhh adpjus
adpjus jastrac
jastrac
ghjhd nhrafkhf `thc
b. Yldlracshhf Jhm`rht`raud > Ghrhe rutaf, kujh ghrhe, uraf rutaf, oharhf
slrlmr`spafhj, HKG, ma`cadah ghrhe, ljlctr`jat.

B. Ylfh
Ylfhth
thjh
jhcs
cshf
hfhh
hhf
f
Hghpuf plfhthjhcshhhf dlgas dlfurut Dutthqaf (=995) yhatu>
h. Ylfhthjhcshfhhf Dlgas
8) Dlfurufchf clrushchf ascldac slrlmrhj Wafghchf hwhj gab`cuschf uftuc
dlfylj
dlfyljhdht
hdhtchf
chf slmhfy
slmhfyhc
hc dufkca
dufkcaf
f hrlh asclda
ascldac
c glfkhf
glfkhf dldmlr
dldmlrach
achf
f
`csaklf, kjuc`sh ghf hjarhf ghrhe yhfk hglcuht glfkhf dlfk`ftr`j hthu
 dldplrmhaca gasratdah slrth tlchfhf ghrhe.
=) Dlfklf
Dlfklfghj
ghjach
achf
f eaplrt
eaplrtlfsa
lfsa ghf dlfuru
dlfurufch
fchf
f WAC Glfkhf
Glfkhf dlfafk
dlfafkkac
kachf
hf

clphjh 8<-?9 glrhnht dlfkeafghra bjlxa ghf r`thsa clphjh yhfk mlrjlmaehf,
pldmlrahf glxhdltehs`f.
?) Ylfk`mhthf h. Hfta C`hkujhf > Elphraf uftuc dlfurufchf clolfglrufkhf
plrghrhehf phgh bhsl hcut m. @mht Hfta Wr`dm`tac > Yldmlrahf afa
gaehrhpchf dlfolkhe plrastawh tr`dm`jatac hthu ldm`jac o. Gaurltach >
\ftuc dlfurufchf lgldh slrlmrhj
7) Yldmlghehf
Lfghrtlrlct
Lfghrtlrlct`da
`da chr`tas
chr`tas gajhcuchf
gajhcuchf uftuc dldplrmhaca
dldplrmhaca plrlghrhf
plrlghrhf ghrhe
`thc.

m. Ylfhthjhcshfhhf Clplrhwhthf
8) Y`sasa clphjh ghf mhghf 8<-?9 glrhnht. Y`sasa darafk hphmajh dufthe ghf
m`jle dujha d`majashsa mlrthehp nach eld`gafhdach sthmaj.
=) Mlmhschf nhjhf fhbhs ghf plrthehfchf vlftajhsa yhfk hglcuht.
?) Whfgh-thfgh vathj ushehchf sthmaj

88

7) Mlgrlst
<) Ylrthehfchf clsladmhfkhf oharhf ghf ljlctr`jat
2) Eafghr
Eafghraa clfhac
clfhachf
hf sueu,
sueu, mhtuc
mhtuc,, c`
c`fst
fstaph
aphsa,
sa, hth
hthu
u oharhf
oharhf suota`
suota`f
f yhfk
yhfk
mlrjlmae
 8=

K. Hsuehf
Hsuehf Clplrh
Clplrhwht
whthf
hf Wl`r
Wl`rata
atass
h. Ylfkchnahf
Hghpuf
Hghpuf B`cus
B`cus plfkchnahf
plfkchnahf phgh cjalf glfkhf _tr`cl Eld`rhkac
Eld`rhkac dlfurut
Whrw`t` (=98?) yhatu>
8) Aglftaths Calf Dljaputa
Dljaputa aglftaths cjalf (fhdh, udur, nlfas cljhdaf,
cljhdaf, sthtus,
sucu,
sucu, hkhdh,
hkhdh, hjhdht,
hjhdht, plfgag
plfgagach
achf,
f, gahkf`
gahkf`sh
sh dlgas,
dlgas, thfkkh
thfkkhjj D]_,
D]_, ghf
thfkkhj plfkchnahf gahdmaj) ghf aglftaths plfhfkkufk nhwhm (fhdh, udur,
plfgagachf, hkhdh, sucu, eumufkhf
eumufkhf glfkhf cjalf, plclrnhhf,
plclrnhhf, hjhdht).
=) Cljuehf \thdh

Hghpuf cljuehf uthdh yhfk slrafk ganudpha yhatufyh cjalf dlfkhjhda

cljldhehf hfkk`th klrhc slmljhe mhghf, mahshfyh cjalf dlfkhjhda maohrh
plj`, mahshfyh cjalf clsujathf ghjhd mlrc`dufachsa ghf plfurufhf tafkcht
clshghrhf.
?) ]awhyht Clslehthf _lchrhfk
Clhghh
Clhghhf
f afa mlrjhf
mlrjhfksu
ksufk
fk slohrh
slohrh dlfghg
dlfghghc
hc mhac
mhac slghfk
slghfk dljhcu
dljhcuchf
chf
hctavaths hthupuf taghc slghfk dljhcuchf hctavaths. Klnhjh yhfk dufouj
 slplrta
slplrta duhj,
duhj, fy
fylra
lra clphjh
clphjh,, dufthe
dufthe mhechf
mhechf clnhfk
clnhfk shdpha
shdpha taghc
taghc shghr,
shghr,
cljudpuehf slphrue mhghf hthu khfkkuhf bufksa `thc yhfk jhaf.

7) ]awhyht Clslehthf Gheuju

Hghpuf rawhyht clslehthf gheuju yhatufyh dldajaca rawhyht eaplrtlfsa,
rawhyht GD, dldajaca plfyhcat nhftufk, hfldah, rawhyht trhudh clphjh,
rawhyh
rawhyhtt c`trhsl
c`trhslpsa
psa `rhj
`rhj yhfk
yhfk jhdh,
jhdh, rawhyh
rawhyhtt plfkku
plfkkufhf
fhf `mht-`m
`mht-`mht
ht hfta
hfta
c`hkujhsa, hsparaf, vhs`gajht`r, `mht-`mht hgactab, clklduchf.
<) ]awhyht Ylfyhcat Cljuhrkh
Hghfyh rawhyht cljuhrkh glfkhf eaplrtlfsa, hghfyh rawhyht GD, ghf
hghfyh rawhyht hfkk`th cljuhrkh yhfk dlfglrath str`cl.
2) ]awhyht Ysac`s`sahj

Hghfyh
Hghfyh clhghh
clhghhf
f gadhfh
gadhfh phgh
phgh c`fgas
c`fgasaa afa dldlrj
dldlrjuch
uchf
f mahyh
mahyh uf
uftuc
tuc
plfk`mhthf slohrh c`dprlelfsab, sleafkkh dldlrjuchf mahyh uftuc
pldlracshhf ghf plfk`mhthf slrth plrhwhthf yhfk shfkht dhehj ghpht
dldplfkhruea sthmajaths ld`sa ghf pacarhf cjalf ghf cljuhrkh.

8?

;) Yldlracshhf Basac
h. Wafkcht Clshghrhf
K`fol (=99=) tafkcht clshghrhf dlruphchf phrhdltlr ufthdh yhfk shfkht
plftafk phgh plfglrath str`cl. Ylrjugachna slohrh tljata ghf slohrh
c`dprlelf
c`dprlelfsab
sab uftuc
uftuc dlfkltheua
dlfkltheua tafkcht clshghrhf
clshghrhf ghra cjalf glfkhf str`cl.
str`cl.
Dhohd-dhohd tafkcht clshghrhf tlrmhka hths>
Dlt`gh Wafkcht ]lsp`fsavaths
8) O`dp`sdlftas > c`fgasa sls`rhfk yhfk shghr slplfuefyh, mhac tlrehghp
garafy
garafyhh dhupuf
dhupuf tlrehg
tlrehghp
hp garafy
garafyhh dhupuf
dhupuf tlrehp
tlrehp jafkcu
jafkcufkh
fkhffy
ffyhh ghf

ghpht dlfnhwhm plrthfyhhf yhfk gafyhthchf pldlracsh glfkhf mhac

=) Hphtas > yhatu c`fgasa slsl`rhfk yhfk thdphc slkhf ghf houe thc houe
tlrehghp jafkcufkhffyh
?) Glrajaud > yhatu c`fgasa sls`rhfk yhfk dlfkhjhda clchohuhf klrhchf,
sacjus tagur mhfkuf yhfk tlrkhfkku ghf thdphc khgue kljashe, chohu,
gas`ralfthsa srth dlr`fth-r`fth
7) _`df`jlf > yhatu c`fgasa sls`rhfk yhfk dlfkhftuc fhduf dhsae ghpht
7) _`df`jlf > yhatu c`fgasa sls`rhfk yhfk dlfkhftuc fhduf dhsae ghpht
shghr majh garhfshfk, tlthpa majh rhfkshfk mlrelfta hchf tlrtagur cldmhja
<) _`p`r > yhatu c`fgasa slsl`rhfk
s lsl`rhfk yhfk dlfkhftuc yhfk ghjhd, fhduf dhsae

ghpht gamhfkufchf glfkhf rhfkshfk yhfk cuht, dashjfyh rhfkshfk fylra,

tlthpa taghc tlrmhfkuf sldpurfh ghf taghc ghpht dlfnhwhm plrthfyhhf
glfkhf mhac.
2) _lda-
_lda-O`dh
O`dh > yhatu plfurufhf
plfurufhf clshghrhf
clshghrhf yhfk taghc dldmlrachf
dldmlrachf rlsp`fs
rlsp`fs
tlrehgh
tlrehghp
p plrthf
plrthfyhh
yhhf,
f, taghc
taghc ghpht
ghpht gamhfk
gamhfkuf
ufchf
chf shdh
shdh slchja
slchja,, rlsp`fs
rlsp`fs
tlrehghp rhfkshfk fylra ehfyh slgacat, tlthpa rlbjlcs c`rflh ghf pupaj
dhsae mhac.
;) O`dh
O`dh > yhatu
yhatu plfuru
plfurufhf
fhf clshgh
clshghrhf
rhf yhfk
yhfk shjhfk
shjhfkht
ht ghjhd,
ghjhd, dldmlr
dldmlrach
achf
f
rlsp`fs tlrehghp plrfyhthhf, taghc hgh klrhchf, ghf taghc hgh rlsp`fs

tlrehghp rhfkshfk fylra.

Mlrac
Mlracut
ut tafkch
tafkchtt clshg
clshghrh
hrhf
f mlrghs
mlrghshrc
hrchf
hf schjh
schjh fajha
fajha ghra
ghra sc`r
sc`r yhfk
yhfk
gaghpht ghra plfajhahf KO_ cjalf >
h. Fajha KO_ O`dp`sdlftas > 8< ‟ 87
m. Fajha KO_ Hphtas > 8? ‟ 8=

87

o. Fajha KO_ Glrajaud > 88 ‟ 89

g. Fajha KO_ _`df`jlf > 1 ‟ ;
l. Fajha KO_ _lda O`dh > 7
b. Fajha KO_ O`dh > ?
_chjh C`dh Kjhsk`w
Yhgh clhghhf plrhwhthf slsufkkuefyh gadhfh whctu uftuc dlfkudpujchf
ghth shfkht tlrmhths, _chjh c`dh Kjhsk`w ghpht dldmlrachf nhjhf pafths
yhfk shfkht mlrkufh.
_chjh C`dh Kjhsk`w

]lsp`f Dldmuch Dhth Fajha

_p`fthf 7
Wlrehghp maohrh ?
Wlrehghp fylra =
Waghc hgh rlsp`f 8
]lsp`f Rlrmhj Fajha

Wlr`ralfthsa <
Ylrohchphf yhfk dldmafkufkchf 7
Ylfk
Ylfkku
kufh
fhhf
hf ch
chth
th-ch
-chth
th yh
yhfk
fk taghc ?
taghc
slsuha
_uhrh dlfkkudhd =
Waghc hgh rlsp`f 8

]lsp`f D`t`rac Fajha

Dlfkacuta plrafthe 2
Dlfufnuc tldpht rhfkshfkhf <
Dlfkeafghr ghra stadujus 7
Bjlcsa hmf`rdhj (glc`rtachsa) ?

8<

Lcstlfsa hmf`rdhj (glslrlmrhsa) =

Waghc hgh rlsp`f 8

m. Klrhchf, Clcuhthf ghf C``rgafhsa

C``rgafhsa
Whfgh ghra tlrnhgafyh khfkkuhf flur`j`kas yhatu tlrnhgafyh cljldhehf `t`t
yhfk dlfnhga thfgh plftafk ghjhd str`cl. Yldlracshhf clcuhthf `t`t ghpt
gajh
gajhcu
cuch
chf
f `jle
`jle pl
plrh
rhwh
whtt gl
glfk
fkhf
hf dlfa
dlfajha
jha lc
lctr
trld
ldath
athss gl
glfk
fkhf
hf dldm
dldmlr
lrac
achh
thehfhf mhka `t`t ghf nukh plrhwht mash dlfkkufhchf khyh krhvathsa.

_chjh plrafkcht uftuc clcuhthf `t`t

9 Waghc thdphc hgh c`ftrhcsa `t`t

8 Hghf
hfy
yh th
thfgh-t
-thf
hfg
gh ghr
ghraa c`
c`ftrhc
hcsa
sa

= Ghph
Ghphtt mlr
mlrkl
klrh
rhc
c thp
thpaa thc
thc dhdp
dhdpu
u dlf
dlfhe
hehf
hf kh
khyh
yh kr
krhv
hvat
aths
hsaa
 ? Mlrk
Mlrklrh
lrhc
c dlj
dljhw
hwhf
hf khy
khyhh krhv
krhvat
aths
hsaa tlthp
tlthpaa tagh
taghc
c ghph
ghphtt dlj
dljhw
hwhf
hf the
thehf
hfhf
hf
`t`t pldlracsh

7 Mlrk
Mlrklrh
lrhc
c glf
glfkh
khf
f jld
jldhe
he tlreh
tlrehgh
ghp
p the
thehf
hfhf
hf gh
ghra
ra `t
`t`t
`t pl
pldl
dlra
racs
cshh
< Clcuhthf ghf
ghf rlkhfkhf yh
yhfk f`
f`rdhj

8) ]lbjlc
]lsp`f d`t`rac tlrnhga hcamht hghfyh rlbjlc yhfk tlrnhga dljhjua stadujhsa
slfs`ra.
slfs`ra. C`ftr`j
C`ftr`j slrlmra
slrlmra ghf clshghrhf taghc gamutuechf
gamutuechf uftuc
uftuc tlrnhgafyh
tlrnhgafyh
rlbjlc. ]lsp`f hmf`rdhj(mhmafsca) hghjhe amu nhra g`rs` bjlcsa hthu klrhchf
cl hths amu nhra glfkhf hthu thfph dljamhtchf nhra-nhra chca yhfk jhaf.
=) Ylrumhehf Yupaj
Yupaj
Yupaj ehrus
ehrus ghpht
ghpht gafajh
gafajhaa ucu
ucurhf
rhf ghf mlftuc
mlftucfyh
fyh (slmhac
(slmhacfyh
fyh gamuht
gamuht ghjhd
ghjhd
dajjad
dajjadltlr
ltlr).
). _urue
_urue phsalf
phsalf mlrb`c
mlrb`cus
us phgh
phgh tatac
tatac yhfk
yhfk nhue
nhue ghjhd
ghjhd ruhfkh
ruhfkhf.
f.
Yldlra
Yldlracsh
csh ehrus
ehrus dljlth
dljlthcch
cchf
f unufk
unufk nhra
nhra ghra
ghra shjhe
shjhe shtu thfkhf
thfkhffyh
fyh slnhnhr
slnhnhr
glfkhf eagufk phsalf. Hrhechf ohehyh yhfk tlrhfk cl ghjhd shjhe shtu dhth
gh
ghf
f pl
plre
reht
htac
achf
hf hg
hghf
hfyh
yh c`
c`fs
fstr
trac
acsa
sa pu
pupa
pajj yh
yhfk
fk ol
olph
phtt (rlsp
(rlsp`f
`f jh
jhfk
fksu
sufk
fk).
).

82

Ylre
Ylreht
htac
achf
hf mh
mhew
ewhh pu
pupa
pajj yh
yhfk
fk jhaf
jhaf nu
nukh
kh eh
ehru
russ ac
acut
ut c`
c`fs
fstr
trac
acsa
sa (rlsp
(rlsp`f
`f
c`fslfsuhj). Hfas`c`r (pupaj yhfk taghc shdh) ghpht f`rdhj phgh p`pujhsa
yhfk prlslfthsafyh cloaj hthu dufkcaf dlfnhga afgachsa hghfyh gasbufksa
flurhj.
?) Whfgh-thfgh Rathj
Whfgh-thfg
Whfgh-thfghh cjhsac ghra plfafkchthf
plfafkchthf tlchfhf aftrh orhfahj
orhfahj dljaputa
dljaputa clfhachf
clfhachf
tlchfhf
tlchfhf sast`jac
sast`jac ghjhd eumufkhf
eumufkhf glfkhf tlchfhf
tlchfhf fhga yhfk dldmlshr,
dldmlshr, fhga
jldhe hthu jhdmht ghf plrfhphshf taghc tlrhtur.
7) _hrhb Crhfahj

A. @jbhct`raus > shrhb orhfahj A mlrasa slrhmut slfs`rac uftuc afglrh plfkeagu.
Dhth phsalf tlrplnhd ghf jlthcchf mhehf-mhehf hr`dhtao glcht eagufk
uftuc gaaglftabachsa.
AA. @ptacus > Hcuaths vasuhj chshr gafajha glfkhf dlfyurue phsalf dldmhoh
tujash
tujashf
f olthc.
olthc. Clmutu
Clmutuehf
ehf hchf
hchf chohdh
chohdhth
th slmlju
slmljud
d phsalf
phsalf shcat
shcat ehrus
ehrus
gaplrehtachf.
AAA. @cuj`d`t`ras > Dlfkklrhcchf slmhkahf mlshr `t`t dhth
AR. Wr`cjlhr > Dlfkklrhcchf mlmlrhph `t`t dhth
R. Wr
Wrak
akld
ldaf
afhj
hj > _h
_hrh
rhbb tr
trak
akld
ldaf
afhj
hj dldp
dldpuf
ufyh
yhaa ? mh
mhka
kahf
hf>> `p
`pth
thjd
jdac
acus
us,,

dhcsajhras, ghf dhgamujhras. Mhkahf slfs`ra ghra shrhb afa dlfk`ftr`j

slfs`
slfs`ra
ra ph
phgh
gh whnh
whnhe
e gh
ghf
f c`
c`rf
rflh
lh.. Mhka
Mhkahf
hf d`t`
d`t`ra
rac
c dlfk
dlfk`f
`ftr`
tr`jj `t
`t`t
`t
dlfkufyhe. _hrhb afa slohrh phrsahj gafajha glfkhf dlfajha rlbjhc c`rflh3
nach atu mhac phsalf hchf mlrclgap cltach c`rflh gaushp chphs slohrh
eh
ehju
jus.
s. Cldh
Cldhdp
dpuh
uhf
f uf
uftu
tuc
c dlfk
dlfkuf
ufyh
yhe
e gh
ghf
f dlfk
dlfkht
htup
up rh
rheh
ehfk
fk eh
ehru
russ
gahdhta.
RA. Hmguslf > _hrhb orhfahj afa gafajha slohrh mlrshdhhf chrlfh cltakhfyh
dldplrshrhba `t`t lcstrh`cujhr. _hrhb afa gafajha glfkhf dlfyurue phsalf
uftuc dlfkacuta klrhchf nhra pldlracsh cl slkhjh hrhe.

RAA. Bhsahj > Mhkahf slfs`ra shrhb afa mlrclfhhf glfkhf plfklohphf phgh guh
plrtakh hftlra`r jaghe. Mhkahf d`t`rac ghra shrhb afa dlfk`ftr`j `t`t
lcsprl
lcsprlsa
sa whnhe.
whnhe. Wapl
Wapl yhfk
yhfk phjafk
phjafk udud
udud ghra
ghra phrhja
phrhjasas
sas bhsahj
bhsahj plrablr
plrablr
hghjhe mljj‑s phjsa. RAAA. Hcustacus > _hrhb afa gamhka dlfnga ohmhfk-
ohmhfk
ohmhfk c`cjlhr
c`cjlhras
as ghf vlstam
vlstamujh
ujhr,
r, yhfk
yhfk slohrh
slohrh mlruru
mlruruthf
thf dlfk`f
dlfk`ftr`
tr`jj

8;

plfglfkhrhf ghf clsladmhfkhf. _hrhb c`cjlhras gaplracsh glfkhf

c`fguc
c`fgucsa
sa tujhfk
tujhfk ghf ughrh.
ughrh. _hrhb
_hrhb vlstam
vlstamujh
ujhrr dufkca
dufkcaf
f taghc
taghc gaplra
gaplracsh
csh
slohrh rutaf fhduf plrhwht ehrus whsphgh, tlrehghp cljuehf pusafk hthu
vlrtak` ghra phsalf.
AU. Kj`s`bhrafklhj > _lfs`ra> Dlflradh rhfkshfk ghra mhkahf p`stlra`r jaghe
uftuc gapr`sls ga `thc slmhkha slfshsa rhsh. D`t`rac> Dlfklfghjachf
`rkhf-`rkhf ghjhd
U. Rhku
Rhkuss > _h
_hrh
rhbb or
orhf
hfah
ahjj afa
afa mahs
mahshf
hfyh
yh ga
gafa
fajh
jhaa ml
mlrs
rshd
hdh-
h-sh
shdh
dh.. _h
_hrh
rhbb
Kj`s`bhrafklus dldplrshrhba slrhmut slfs`ra phgh slplrtakh jaghe mhkahf

p`stlra`r nukh uvujh ghf jhfkat-jhfkat jufhc._hrhb vhkus dldplrshrhba

jhraf
jhrafk,
k, bhraf
bhrafk
k gh
ghf
f jhfka
jhfkat-j
t-jhf
hfka
katt ju
jufh
fhc
c slrth
slrth dldp
dldplrj
lrjae
aeht
htch
chf
f rlsp`
rlsp`f
f
`t`f
`t`f`d
`d ph
phgh
gh nhft
nhftuf
ufk,
k, jhdm
jhdmuf
ufk,
k, ph
phru
ruph
phru
ru gh
ghf
f us
usus
us eh
ehju
jus.
s. Clta
Cltagh
ghc
c
dhdpuh
dhdpuhf
f uftuc
uftuc mhtuc
mhtuc yhfk
yhfk cuht,
cuht, clsuja
clsujathf
thf dlfljhf
dlfljhf ghf suhrh
suhrh slrhc
slrhc
ghpht dlruphchf plrthfgh hghfyh clrushchf shrhb afa.
UA. Hsls`ras spafhj > _hrhb afa dlfk`ftr`j `t`t-`t`t stlrf`cjalg`d`st`ag ghf
 `t`tt trhplsau
`t` trhplsaus.
s. Yldlrac
Yldlracsh
sh dlfajha
dlfajha shrhb
shrhb afa glfkhf
glfkhf dlfyur
dlfyurue
ue ph
phsalf
salf
dlfkhfkcht mheu hthu dlduthr clphjh ghra shtu sasa cl sasa jhaf tlrehghp
thehfhf, mash nukh ga mhkahf chca ghf thfkhf.

UAA. Eap`kj`sus > _hrhb afa dlfk`ftr`j klrhchf jaghe. _hrhb afa gafajha glfkhf
dlfyurue phsalf dlfnujurchf jaghe. Fajha hghfyh glvahsa khras tlfkhe,
trld`r ghf htr`pa. Nach hgh glvahsa slcufglr tlrehghp clrushchf shrhb,
dhch hchf dlfkhrhe phgh sasa yhfk tlrnhga jlsa.
m. Gahkf`sh Clplrhwhthf
h) ]lsac` plrbusa slrlmrhj taghc lblctab m/g plfurufhf caflrnh vlftraclj cara,
tud`
tud`rr `thc
`thc,, oagl
oaglrh
rh clph
clphjh
jh,, afbh
afbhrc
rc da`c
da`chr
hrg
g hc
hcut
ut,, ea
eapl
plrt
rtlf
lfsa
sa gh
ghf
f
eaplrc`jlstlr`fldah.
m) Y`jh fhphs taghc lblctab m/g glprlsa pusht plrfhphshf, ehdmhthf uphyh

fhphs, khfkkuhf flur`duscujhr ghf khfkkuhf flur`j`kas.

o) Mlrs
Mlrsae
aehf
hf nhjh
nhjhf
f fh
fhbh
bhss tagh
taghc
c lb
lblc
lcta
tabb m/
m/g
g sphsd
sphsdll nh
nhjh
jhf
f fh
fhph
phs,
s, ga
gasbu
sbufk
fksa
sa
flur`duscujlr ghf slcrlsa yhfk tlrthehf.
g) Khfkkuhf d`majaths basac m/g khfkkuhf flur`duscujlr ghf cljldhehf
hfkk`th klrhc

85

l) Khfk
Khfkku
kuhf
hf c`
c`du
dufa
fach
chsa
sa vl
vlrm
rmhj
hj m/g
m/g pl
plfu
furu
rufh
fhf
f sarcu
sarcujh
jhsa
sa sl
slrlm
rlmrhj
rhj,, gh
ghf
f
khfkkuhf flur`duscujlr
b) Khfkku
Khfkkuhf
hf plrslp
plrslpsa
sa slfs`r
slfs`raa m/g khfkku
khfkkuhf
hf plfkja
plfkjaehth
ehthf,
f, plfglf
plfglfkhr
khrhf,
hf,
plfkeaguhf, ghf eap`csah
eap`csah slrlmrhj.
k) Glbasat futrasa m/g cltaghcdhdpuhf dlfljhf dhchfhf
e) ]lsac` khfkkuhf aftlkraths cujat/ nhrafkhf m/g plfurufhf d`majaths
a) Glbasat plrhwhthf gara m/g khfkkuhf flur`duscujlr ghf cljldhehf
 81

F`. Gahkf`sh Cl
Clplrhwhthf _thfghr Ju
Juhrhf C
Cllplrhwhthf _thfghr Aftlrvlfsa Clplrhwhthf Afg`flsah
Afg`flsah (_JCA) (_ACA)

8. ]lsac
sac` plrbusa sl
slrrlmrhj taghc _ltljhe gajhcuchf tafghchf Dhfhnldlf Ylfafkchthf Wlchfhf
lblctab m/g eaplrtlfsa Clplrhwhthf ?x =7 nhd gaehrhpchf Aftrhcrhfahj @mslrvhsa
plr
plrbus
busaa nhrafk
nhrafkhf
hf slr
slrlmr
lmrhj
hj phsalf 8. Aglftachsa plfylmhm plfafkchthf WAC
phsalf
dlfn
dlfnhg
hgaa lblc
lblcta
tabb gl
glfk
fkhf
hf cr
crat
atlrah =. D`fat`r thfgh/klnhjh plfafkchthf WAC
lrah
ehsaj> ?. D`fat`r DHY, ORY, YH[Y, YHY, AOY, ghf
h) Wafkcht clshghrhf c`kfatab OYY, nach plrju
dlfafkcht 7. D`fat`r klj`dmhfk AOY
m) Kljashe dlfuruf <. D`fat`r sthtus plrfhphshf
o) Wlchfhf aftrhcrhfahj dlfuruf 2. D`fat`r afthcl ghf `utput oharhf
g) Clshghrhf dldmhac ;. D`fat`r oharhf slrlmr`-spafhj
Wlrhplutac
8. Dafad
Dafadhjchf
hjchf stadujus glfkh
glfkhf
f dlfyl
dlfylgahch
gahchf
f
jafkcufkhf yhfk tlfhfk
=. Mlrachf p`sasa slda b`wjlr
?. Eafghra dhfuvlr Rhjshvh
7. Olkhe tlrnhgafyh clnhfk

=9
 <. Eafghra plfkkufhhf YLLY
2. Htur vlftajht`r hkhr YhO@= `ptadhj
;. Ylrthehfchf sueu tumue f`rdhj
C`jhm`rhsa
8. C`jhm`rhsa pldmlrahf slghsa ghf hfta
c`fvujshf, nach plrju
=. C`jhm`rhsa pldmlrahf gaurltac `sd`sas
?. C`jhm`rhsa pldmlrahf pljufhc tafnh
Yldhfthuhf Flur`j`kas
@mslrvhsa >
8. D`fat`r ucurhf, mlftuc, clsadltrashf, ghf
rlhctabaths pupaj.
=. D`fat`r tafkcht clshghrhf
?. D`fat`r thfgh-thfgh vathj
7. D`fat`r sthtus plrfhphshf > hfhjash khs ghrhe,
`csadltra fhga, clghjhdhf fhphs, p`jh fhphs, ghf
usheh fhphs
<. D`fat`r rlbjlcs c`rflh

=8

2. D`fat`r clsadltrashf whnhe

;. D`fat`r rlsp`fs mhmafsca
5. D`fat`r rlsp`fs tlrehghp plfk`mhthf.
Wlrhplutac
8. Wafkchtchf brlculfsa pldhfthuhf flur`j`kas,
nach plrju
=. Eafghra hctavaths yhfk ghpht dlfafkchtchf
tlchfhf aftrhcrhfahj
?. Htur aftlrvhj whctu pldhfthuhf slsuha glfkhf
c`fgasa phsalf
7. G`cudlfthsachf ehsaj pldhfthuhf.
Lguchsa
8. Nljhschf tunuhf ghf pr`slgur pldhfthuhf
=. Afb`rdhsachf ehsaj pldhfthuhf.

=. Y`jh Fhbhs taghc Lblctab m/g _ltl

_ltljhe
jhe gajhcuchf
gajhcuchf tafg
tafghchf
hchf hsuehf Dhfhnldlf nhjhf fhbhs
ehdmhthf uphyh fhbhs clplrhwhthf ?x =7 nhd gaehrhpchf @mslrvhsa
p`j
p`jh
h fhb
fhbhs
hs phs
phsalf
alf dlf
dlfnhg
nhgaa lbl
lblcta
ctabb 8. D`fat`r p`jh fhphs (brlculfsa,
glfkhf cratlrah ehsaj> clghjhdhf,usheh fhphs)

==