Z ~— FAMILY-MALVACEAE} 2. (COTTON FAMILY OR MALLOW FAMILY) The plants of this family are cosmo- Phanerogams politan in distribution, although more Dicotyldons# common in tropical (warm) regions: Polypetalae _ e Important genera of this family | Thalamiflorae are Malva, Hibiscus, Gossypium, Malvales Sida, "ele: : - {Malvaceae Chief vegetative features Plants are mostly annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, few. are shrubs (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) or China rose.and rarely trees (Kydia, Bombax). @ Stem is generally covered with stellate (star-shaped branched) hair. A @ Plant parts generally possess mucilaginous sap. Inflorescence : Flowers are solitary terminal or solitary axillary or some- times arranged in raceme or cyme. ———2 Flower Bracteate, bracteolate (bracteoles form a whorl outside calyx called epicalyx, which is protective in function), num- ber of bracteoles is 3-00 or absent in Abutilon, pedicillate, hermaphrodite or bisexual, actinomorphic, complete, hypog- ynous, pentamerous. Scanned with CamScanner50 oy ivation-valvate, 5 sepals, free or united at base, persistent, aestivation-val Corolla 3 aPelals. polypetatous, petals generally large and showy, “aestivation-twisted or imbricate. Androecium Numerous (<0) stamens, monoadelphous and thus forming renin! tube around ovary epipetalous, anthers monothecous, Feniform (kidney-shaped), (Staminal tube fused with petals) and extrorse, Gynaecium 2-cocarpels, with axile plac style long and Fruit Generally capsule, FF. (Floral Formutay Br ® $Bpi ky__, Ks or(s) Aa) Goa. F.D. (Floral Diagram) syncarpous, ovary superior, ovary- mulcaer entation, one or more ‘ovules in each locule, stigmas equal to number of carpels. Fig. - Floral Diagram of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Gurhal) Distinguishing features of family |. Plant parts with mucilaginous sap and stem covered with stellate hairs. 2. Epicalyx (whorl of bracteoles) present, 3. Petals free (polypetalous). 4. Monoadelphous staminal tube, monothecous and ext orse anthers. 5. 2-c carpels, syncarpous with axile-pacenttion, Economic importance The members of this family are sources of fibres, fo, 4, oils and some are ornamentals. ‘Scanned with CamScannerng Is, 's) ar e, Rie Fibre yielding plants HimeTBEHC feos q G. herbaciu ; t ium arboreum, G. im, G. hirsuy I. eas Cotton:fibres are long hairs eee epidermis. «ic also source of cotton seed oil, which is edi Linen an important cattle feed. Oleom arganies and nitroglycerine are other important products, 2. Hibiscus canabinus (Patsan or Deccanhemp): Cortioa fibres from stem are used as jute substitute and are used in making ropes, canvas, floor mats, cardage, ete, 3. Bombax ma! icum Syn. B. ceiba (SemalorKapok : or Silk Cotton tree). : Woolly fibres from pericarp of fruits are source of Kapok or Semal or. Silk cotton. Abutilon theophrasti (Indian Mallow or China jute); This takes good dye and is extensively grown in China, (Il) Food plants 1. Abelmoschus esculentus Syn. Hibiscus esculentus (Lady's finger or bhind or Okra): Young fruits are used as favourite vegetable. (Il) Ornamental plants 1, Althaea rosea (Hollyhock ‘or Gulekhera): Beautiful pink or red flowering plant. 2. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose.or-shoe-flower or gurhal): This is grown extensively as an oman plant with red or pink flowers. 3. Malva sylvestris (Mallow): An annual plant with purple tose flowers, is grown in gardens. (IV) Others 1. Abelmoschus moschatus Syn. Hibiscus moschatus (musk mallow) Stems of this plant are used in clarifying sugar. 2. Urena lobata: Roots and bark are used as cure for hydrophobia, Also fibres obtained from it are used for making coffee sacks in Brazil. 3. Kydiacalycina: Commonly called Pula provide timber used for toys, agricultural implements. ate Scanned with CamScannerfamily are cosmopoli- sere although mostly in let ede temperate or cold regions. Important ihn Tans of ts family in ndiaare-Brassica, es R Tberis (Candytuf), Nastur- | Parietales fom Brassicaceae tium, etc. S Chief vegetative feature: : Plants are mostly annual or perennial herbs. ‘nice i : Tap root which becomes fleshy due to storage of food materials. fe agieat © Presence of oil secreting glands containing Myrosin enzyme is the important anatomical feature. The plants of this tan in distribution, Inflorescence . Generally corymb or Corymbose raceme (raceme with pedicels of different length), Flower - Generally ebracteate, pedicillate, bisexyal or hermaphrodite, actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic as in fberis),hypogynous, tetramerous. Calyx 4 Sepals-2 + 2, i.e., in two whorls of two each, outer Sepals are antero-posterior, polysepalous. Corolla 4 petals, polypetalous, cruciform, ie, arranged in cross C+) shaped manner, petals are clawed, sometimes petals may be replaced by stamens (as in Capsella bursa-pastoris), Androecium 6 stamens, polyandrous, tetradynamous condition, ie, 4+2orin two whorls, 4 inner long and 2 outer short, anthers dithecous and introrse, Gynaecium s “ Bicarpellary, syncarpous, Ovaty-superior, unilocular with Parietal placentation, Two carpels are place side by side or fansversely,/At maturity, ovary becomes bilocular due to {oration of false septum (replum), ove, stigma-simple or bifid, eames, Fruit Siliqua (Dry dehiso, i i aie. achiscent fruit formed by nae with replum) or Sil ii ¥8 condensed) or rarely Jomentum oon ven otha, FF. (Floral Formutay Ebr: @gt KanCiAraGey, ‘Scanned with CamScannerFig. 4.5, Floral Diagram of Brassica campestris _— — (Pilisarson) Distinguishing features of the family 1. Oil secreting glands or cells in vegetative parts of the plants 2. Inflorescence—corymb. (l 3. Cruciform (*-shaped) corolla-hence named | “Cruciferae’. casters nas 4, “Tetradynamous condition of androecium. 5. Bicarpellary,syncarpous gynaecium with parietal placen-_ tation. 6. Presence of false septum or replum in ovary. 7. Fruitis siliqua. Economic importance of family : ‘The members of this family are sources of vegetables (Food), oils, medicines, spices and some are ornamentals, () Vegetables (Food) 1. Brassicacampestris vat. sarson (Pili Sarson): Tender shoots are used as source of vegetable (Sarson Ka Saag). 2. Buoleracea ya. botrtis (Cauliflower ot Phool gobhi): ‘Underdeveloped inflorescence is used as source of vegetable. ' 3. Baleracea vat. capitata (Cabbage or Band gobhi), Leafy buds are source of vegetable. \ 4. “B. oleracea vat. caulorapa (gongylodes)—(Knol-Khol, ‘or Ganth gobhi)-Thickened fleshy stem is source of vegetable. 5, Brassica rapa.(Turnip or Shalgam): Fleshy roots are eaten. | 6. Raphanus sativus ‘Radish or Mooli): Fleshy roots | ‘and pods are sources of vegetable. | (ll) Oils 1. Brassica campestris: Seeds are source of Colza oil (Sarson Ka Tel), rr Scanned with CamScanner49 2. Brassica napus or B. campestris var. toria— Seeds ‘are source of ‘Indian rape oil’ or Tel toria. 3. Brassica juncea (Indian mustard or Rye): Seeds produce oil. 4. “Brassica alba and B. nigra: White mustard and Black _ “Tnustard or Kali Rye). 5. Erucasativa (Taramira): Taramira oil is obtained from seeds, which is used as a cooking medium. After extraction of oil from all these seéds, oil cake is left, which is nutritious cattle feed and is also used as fertilizer (Ill) Medicines and spices 1. Rorippa montana: \t is stimulant and also a good appetizer. Lepidium sativum: Liver troubles, asthama and piles are cured by tender shoots. Cherianthus cheiri: Fever and bronchitis are cured by the seeds of this plant. Lobularia: Used in gonorrhoea. Iberis amara: \n gout and rheumatism. ~ . . B. alba, B. nigra ai i are use as_spices. (IV) Ornamentals 2. 4. 5. 6. “ 1. Iberis amara (Candytuft or Chandni) : Winter herb grown for its white, beautiful flowers. 2. Cherianthus cheiri (Wall flower). a Scanned with CamScanner /S: [FAMILY-LEGUMINOSAE OR FABACEAE (LEGUMES OR PULSES FAMILY) This family is third largest family of angiosperms. The main characters of this family are: Phanerogams (i) Polypetalous condition. Dicotyledons (ii) Single carpel (monocarpellary condi- Polypetalae tion). Calyciflorae iii i iti 1 marci Rosales (iii) Perigynous condition and marginal ‘. placentation. Fabaceae This family is.divided into 3 sub-families: 1. Papilionatae or Papilionoideae (Pea family): It is characterized by papilionaceous corolla or butterfly ‘shaped corolla (zygomorphic), descending imbricate Scanned with CamScanner«systematics oF Systematic Botany or Taxonomy of Angiosperms joo» aestivation of corolla and diadelphous condition of Py stamens Caesalpinioideae (Cassia family): It is character- "jzed.by_zygomorphic flowers, ascending imbricate sestivation and.10 stamens (diplostemonous condi- tion of stamens, i, in 2 whorls of 5 each). 3, Mimosoideae (Acacia or Kikar family): Itis charac "terized by actinomorphic or regular flowers, indefinite 55) and exerted stamens, 0. These 3 sub-families of Leguminosae, thus can be distinguished on the basis of corolla and an- droecium. 1 2""9- John Hutchinson raised these stb-families to the rank of family, £¢., Papilionaceae, Caesalpi iceae and Mimosaceae. sei » (FAMILY—PAPILIONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) “This family is cosmopolitan in distribution. Important genera of this family are—Cisum (garden pea), Cicer (Gram), Glycine ‘Soybean), Arachis (Groundnus),-Dalbergia (Shisham), etc Chief vegetative features “The plantso this family archerbs (e.g, Medicago, Trifolium) Sr herbacious climbers (e.g, Pisum and Lathyrus) or shrubs {(Cojanus, Crotolaria) or trees (Dalbergia). ‘e Roots are having nodules which have Rhizobium -poctera, which help in nitrogen fixation. © Leaves are simple or compound. In some cases, all the leaflets (eg. Lathyrus) and in someterminal leaflets (e.g Pisum) are modified into tendrils for urpose. © Euliaccous stipules (ie., stipules, modified into leaf Tike structures) are present (eg, Lathyrus, Pisum), which are assimilatory in function. \ipdises we eat, are obtained from seeds of the members of this family, which are rich source of proteins. (i). Pisum sativum (Garden pea or pea). Gi) Ciéer arietinum (Chick pea or Gram or Bengal gram). (ii) Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea or Red gram or Arhar). + (iv) Signa radiata (Green gram of Moons). ‘Scanned with CamScanner(52 he (WK mungo (Black gram of Urd): (vi) _¥. sinensis (Cow pea or Lobia). u “Lens culinars Syn, L esculenta (Lent or Maso". Phoseolus vulgaris (French bean) Vegetable. (9) P aconiflius (Dal Moth. Z eo Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek or Methi). ‘© Leaves are used as source of ‘vegetable. Seeds are Used as spice (Xi) Glheine mac Soybean) Seeds are very rich n pro- teins (42%). Soya milk is also ‘prepared from it. ech lopogea Groundnut or Pent or Moonp- Seeds also provide Peanut oil, which is used in j_PrSparation of vegetable ghee by hydrogenation xii) Qotichas abiab ivy lum alecandrianum (Cloversor Burseem)-Used as fodder “G0 Letarus sous (Grass pea ork ons. eo ben -Umption of this dal causes lathyrism, which is nce teited win cea aE = deformation and thinning of collagen bres and fibrils ‘This results in lower limbs paralysis. Often ths dal is adulterated with gram dal. vo (Timber 5 sisso0 (Shisham or Indian red wood) and D. shisham or Indian rose wood oF In n black ) Ornamentals (@) Butea monosperma (Palas or Dh red flow: ad thus itis sso called “fame ef teers } “flame of the forest ii) Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet pea or Wild pea)- Variousl; coloured: flowers, eae (IV) Other miscellaneous plants Aby atti or Crab’s eye). ‘Seeds ofthis plant are used by jewellers for weighing Each ead ie - Durpose, onstant weight 1.15 grains, © Leaf juice is used for cure of Jeucoderma (skin disease). @ ° and pericycle of stem (bast fibres) are obtained, sed for making ropes, mats, et, © Itis also important “Green manure? crop.. Gil) Indigofera tinctoria (Indigo or Neel)-Indigo dye used in dyeing and printing cotton, is obtained from this plant. ii)“ Crotolaria juncea (Sun hemp)-Fibres from phloem Tay-oy ragalus gunmifer~"Gum tragacanth’, yp, G6) Asrazls Briged ws emul, in cosmnch i connerly et ele nd. is Indian Tel 1a abra (Liquorice or Sweet wood rrhiza glabra (Liquorice or Sweet wood o, Gye ous ofthis pantare Used insore thos, ALPINIACEAE (CASSIA FAMILY) FAMILY—CAES: his family are distributed in tropica, o vi) The plants of t warm) areas. a cof this family are-Casta (Senn), Bavking ath Co vm ‘Delonix (Gulmohar), Tamarindus Imi, (Kachnas), Caesalp ete, tvegetative rT yy reas) shrabeay trees (Bauhinia, Cassia fistula, Delos, ef.) florescence 2 " 9 1 raceme. In Cassia fistula-pendulous raceme, Flower Bracteate, pdicillate, zygomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous or perigynous, pentamerous and showy. Calyx 5 sepals free or united, odd sepal is anteri imbrieate or quincuntial type- Corolla —-S petals fee, posterior petals smaller and is innermost, aestivation— ascending imbricate type-—~————~ ‘Androecium 10 stamens, polyandrous (free), sometimes stamens'may bbe reduced to staminodes (e.g., in Cassia). Generally-diplostemonous condition, ie., stamens in 2 whorls of 5 each, anthers-dithecous and introrse, Gynaecium i Monocarpellary condition (1 carpel), ovary-superior or ‘lightly inferior, unilocular with marginal placentation, Style - generally sickle-shaped. Fruit Legume or pod. FF. (Floral Formula) Br. $Kser)Cs Atooess 5G. > ‘Scanned with CamScanner —————(Floral Diagramy ME» we) Fig. 4.8. Floral Diagram of Cassia fistula (Amaltas) Economic importance of fami (Food plants \ (i) Bauhinia‘ variegata (Kachnar}—Flower buds are used as vegetable. Tamarindus in ‘condiment, (il) Medicinal plants (j) Cassia fistula (Senna or Amaltas)— The pulp of, fruits a5 well as leaves are laxative and hence used in ‘churns’. Saraca indica (Ashok)—One of the most sacred ‘res of India and its bark is used in troubles of manstruation. imi ‘The fruits are used as (1) Ornamentals, (i) Caissia fistula (Amaltas)-Beautiful yellow flowers. (ii) Delonix regia (Gulmohar)-Scarlet flowers. ii) Saraca indica (Ashok or Sita Ashok)-Orange flowers, used for decoration of temples. (iv). Parkinsonia aculeata(Vilayati Kiker)-Fragrantyellow flowers are grown on road sides, railway platforms, etc. as ornamental plant, (IV) Others (i) Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan)-Heart wood of this provides a red orange dye, which is source of ‘Gulal’ used in Holi festival. (i) Haematoxyto called tension is obtained from wood o Plant, which is used a8 atin in anatomical pres parations. FAMILY—MIMOSACEAE & (MIMOSA FAMILY OR KIKER FANILY) The plants of this family are distributed in tropical as well as sub-tropical regions of the world. ‘© Important plants of this family are Acacia (Babool or Kiker), Mimosa (Chui-mui), Prosopis, etc. Chief vegetative features The plants of this family are mainly trees or shrubs or undershrubs (xerophytic). © Stem is generally covered with bark, often spiny. © Stipules of leaves modified into spines. Phylllodes (leaf petioles modified into flattened leaf like Trictures) are present in some cases (e.g, Acacia). Inflo porltwporite Globose or cymose head (Acacia), spike (racemose) in Prosopis. Flower. Hs Bracteate, pedicllate or sessile, actinomorptic (regular), bisexual, hypogynous or slightly perigynous, pentamerous. Calyx Aaa 5 or 4 (Mimosa) sepals, free or fused, generally valvate aestivation. Corolla “ 5 or 4 petals, polypetalous (free), valvate aestivation. Androecium Generally numerous.(co) stamens, polyandrous (only 4 in Mimosa). exerted (coming out of corolla tube). Anthers dthecous and introrse. —~— Gynaecium Monocarpellary condition, ovary generally superior ot slightly inferior, unilocular with marginal placentation, style—tongand filiform, stigma-simple. Fruitreas par 5) Si ‘8 legume or Jomentum (which is divided into many single- seeded portions). F.F. (Floral Formula) Brg Asus Cours AG (Sora) 4 ‘Scanned with CamScanner3h “BD. (Floral Diagram) - Fig. 4.9. Floral Diagram of ‘Acacia arabica (Kik (Kiker Economic ii importance of family Important plants of this family as well as their uses are: 1. Acacia arabica (Kiker or Baboo!)- ‘Gum arabic’ is obtained from its bark. Also used for fuel purposes. Tannin is also obtained from its bark. Acacia catechu (Khair or Kattha)-‘Kattha’ is obtained from its wood. Lac insects survive on this plant. Albizzia lebbek (Siris)-Fuel wood is obtained. A special type of gum called ‘Sresh’ is obtained from the bark. Prosopis juliflora (Shand or Algaroba) An important soil binder plant in N.West India. Pithecolobium dulce (Ingadulce or Jangal jalebi-or- Raintree)-Hedge plant. Juicy aril surrounding the seed oe ige pl 6. Mimosa pudica (Touch me not or chui-mui)-Shows seismonastic movements. It is annual herb cultivated for purplish flowers. 7. Leucaena leucophloea (White popinae)-This tree is grown under social forestry nowadays. nor Ca aes or Ar of Scanned with CamScanner_ | FAMILY—COMPOSITAE OR ASTERACEAE (SUNFLOWER FAMILY) Thisis the largest family of flowering Phanerogams plants, which includes about.250 genera _| Dicotyledons and 20,000 species. The members of this Gamopetalae family constitute more than 10% _of the . , Inferae total number of species of angiosperms. A \ The plants of this family are distributed Sterales Asteraceae. -- throughout the world. @ Important plants of this family are-TJagetes (Marigold), Helianthus (Sunflower), Lactuca (Lettuce), Chrysan- themum, Carthamus (Safflower or Kusum), Parthenium (Carrot grass or Congress_ grass)... Chief vegetative features The plants are mostly herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. @ Stem and roots generally have oil ducts or oil passages. @ Many species are having milky sap, in their parts. Scanned with CamScanner56 Inflorescence 5d oF capitulum, a type of acemose i Which many Sesile lowes ae presenter bome ona common cone oF convex receptacle, ae Mets ze8 ‘This heads surrounded by an avoldre (a of bac), “At Its base, whictris-protective-in function: ~~~ ‘© Number of flowers in a head varies from 1 (Echinops) ~—to-few-thousand (Heliantins), . * Commonly there are 2 types of florets or lowers ina head f°} Outer or peripheral ray orets:-These re Zygomor- Phic. ligulate, neuter or female, (©) Inner or central dis 5 These are actinomorphic, "wbularand bisexual Maret? Tes “ Such heads having 2 types off ed heads 'N8 2 types of florets are called eferogamaus. © In Xaithium, heads are homégamous,f@. Raving only ‘one type of florets, © Ina head orcapitlum, > ollinated by evens ¢ of inflorescence. all the flowers or florets can be ingle insect; so-its-anradvanced Flower sien . 3: gett. ses, a inaméphic (dsc flores) or zvgomar- BRIE (FaY florets), bisexual or unisexusl “epigynous, pentamerous. Calyx 5 sepals, which are ; jg; Which are generally reduced to persistent tufts of Ri OF thin membranes (pappus) which hes hae ee fruits sc florets and ligulate Fusey 2e"S--ePipetalous,-syngenesious, ie, anthers dre ‘used (filaments free), anthers-dithecous and introrse, Gynaecium ee Bicarpellary, syncarpous,ovaiy— inferior, uniloculay With basal placentation (having single basal ovulé)- Cypsella, i.e, achene with persistent hair or Pappus. FF. (Floral Formula) Ray florets; (a) Ligulate and female : BI OK gpappusy Cis) Ao Gay. (b) Ligutate and neuter: Br. $6 Ks app) Cs) Ao Gp. Disc florets: © mies Br. ©8 Ks (pappasi Gs) Aus) Gay. FD. (Floral Diagram) Le | Dia i Fi ee ranthus annuus Surajmukhi) nguishi f the family tinguishing features o mily mi sans generally herbs having oil ducts in stem and root. " f Inflorescence-head or capitulum. ; rams of Ray and Disc florets of \2- 3. Epigynous flowers: 4. Spas are reduced to ay ‘paps’ 5, 5 epipetalous stamens with syngenesious condition, 6. Bicarpellary, syncarpous gynaecium. with basal placentation. sella fruits. © ne family is considered to be highly evolved or advanced family, because of: (a) Surit Itination. (b) Due to single basal ovule, better development of seed occurs. (c) Syngenesious condition, etc. Economic importance of the fami ‘The plants ofthis family are sources of food, oil, medicines, dye, rubber, etc. Besides, a large number of plants are omamentals and weeds. (W) Sources of food ei (®) Cichorium intybus (Chicory oF Kasni}—Roots are Source of ‘Chicory pander, which is used for blending coffee, i) Lactuca sativa (Garden lettuce or Salad)—This is 4 salad crop and leaves provide a valuable salad throughout the world, Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke or Hathic- hhuk)—The tubers'are source of food or vegetable (having plenty of Inulin) (iv) Trogopogen porrifolium (vegetable: ‘oystér}—Edible, Gi) ‘Scanned with CamScannervornicide anthelmintic) “Santoni dried unopened flower heads, which i Hedman Nerhedy shoes (G 2)! Sermifuge-of in.expelling the-jptestinal © iy “Arnied montana—This plant yields ‘Arnica’, whi Th ie ee a po Gi) Zelipra prostrata (bl Jts extract is used os fh rate pl (iw) Calendiaofficinalis—\Catendii at dried ligulate florets is used a ¥) Taraxacum officinale (Common dendeli Chie ‘Taraxacum? obtained from roots and rhizomes is Tr used as laxative and liver tonic. herbs (um) Sources of insecticide 7 (i) Chnysanthinum marschallit and C cinerthriaefolium . __° Galdaodiy—Flower heads are souree of a commercial secticide ‘Pyrethrum’. Pec- oF Infle (Iv) Sources of oils G Cad inctorius (Safflower, ees) yield oil, which is edible and becausé thas high percent- Flov age of unsaturated fatty acid, so it is Very good for c heart patients. The oil is also used in soaps, varnishes, (rare paints, et. pent © A red dye ‘Kusum? is also, obtained from its flowers, Gah s(; DIO Geriant). Ps 2909" 9g (i'Céreais and'millets: sporiani source of food in the world is cereals having, karyopsis or grain fruit, ¢.g., Triticum vulgare (Wheat), Zea_ mays (Maize), ‘Oryza sativa (Rice), Avena sativa (Oat), Hordeum ‘vulgare (Barley). 5 : ‘Small sized gr stitute fnillets, which also provide food eg. Sorghum vulgare (Jawat), Penniserum syphoides Bajra), Eleucine coracana (Ragi or Mandua), : (Il) Source of sugar: ‘ Saccharum officinarum (Sugar cane) ): Most important source of sugar in world, : (ill) Other plants: () Bambusa sps. . (i) Dendrocalamus sp.: Both () and i) provide bamboo for chairs, baskets, poles, etc. Gi Cynadon dactylon (Doob grass) : Fodder. » (iv) Andropogon muricatus (Khas): Roots provide: khas oil. ‘Scanned with CamScanner