EXPT NO: 1 ACTION OF HEAT ON OXIDES

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Lead dioxide PbO2 :

(chocolate brown)
Take the given oxide in
a hard glass test tube
and heat it strongly.
2. Tri-lead tetra oxide
Pb3O4 :
(orange)
Take the given oxide in
a hard glass test tube
and heat it strongly.
1) Colourless, odourless gas evolved that rekindles a glowing 1) The gas is oxygen.
splinter.
2) A yellow residue is left behind which fuses with the glass. 2) The residue is lead monoxide.
1) Colourless, odourless gas evolved that rekindles a glowing 1) The gas is oxygen.
splinter.
2) The residue is brown and on further heating turns yellow and fuses 2) The residue is lead monoxide.
with the glass.

3. Zinc oxide ZnO :

(White) 1) The residue is yellow when hot and on cooling turns back to white 1) The residue is zinc oxide itself.
Take the given oxide in colour. It does not decompose on heating.
a hard glass test tube
and heat it strongly.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 1 of 13
EXPT NO: 2 ACTION OF HEAT ON CARBONATES & BICARBONATES
EQUATIONS: 1) CuCO3 CuO + CO2

2) ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2

3) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Copper carbonate–CuCO3 : 1) A colourless gas is released which turns lime water milky. 1) The gas is carbon dioxide.
(Bluish green)
Take the given carbonate in a 2) Black residue is left in the test tube. 2) The residue is copper (II) oxide.
hard glass test tube and heat it
strongly.

2. Zinc carbonate – ZnCO3 1) A colourless gas is released which turns lime water milky. 1) The gas is carbon dioxide.
(White)
Take the given carbonate in a 2) Yellow residue is left which turns white on cooling. 2) The residue is zinc oxide.
hard glass test tube and heat it
strongly.

3. Sodium bicarbonate –NaHCO3: 1) A colourless gas is released which turns lime water milky. 1) The gas is carbon dioxide.
(White)
Take the given 2) Water vapour condenses to form droplets of water on the 2) Water vapour is evolved.
Sodium bicarbonate in a hard cooler parts of the test tube.
glass test tube and heat it 3) The residue is sodium carbonate.
strongly. 3) White residue is left in the test tube.
RESULT: When metal carbonates are heated and if they decompose, carbon dioxide gas is released.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 2 of 13
EXPT NO: 3 ACTION OF HEAT ON NITRATES
OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Copper nitrate–Cu(NO3)2 : 1) A colourless, odourless gas is evolved that rekindles glowing 1) The gas is oxygen.
(Blue) splinter.
Take the given nitrate in a 2) A reddish brown gas is produced. 2) The gas is nitrogen dioxide.
hard glass test tube and 3) A black residue is left in the test tube. 3) The residue is copper (II) oxide.
heat it strongly.
2. Zinc nitrate – Zn (NO3)2 : 1) A colourless, odourless gas is evolved that rekindles glowing 1) The gas is oxygen.
(White) splinter.
Take the given nitrate in a 2) A reddish brown gas is produced. 2) The gas is nitrogen dioxide.
hard glass test tube and 3) A yellow residue is left in the test tube which turns white on 3) The residue is zinc oxide.
heat it strongly. cooling.

3. Sodium nitrate – NaNO3 : 1) The salt melts.

(White) 2) A colourless, odourless gas is evolved that rekindles glowing 1) The gas is oxygen.
Take the given nitrate in a splinter.
hard glass test tube and 3) A pale yellow residue is left in the test tube. 2) The residue is sodium nitrate.
heat it strongly. NaNO2.

RESULT: When metal nitrates are heated and if they decompose, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are released.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 3 of 13
EXPT NO: 4 ACTION OF HEAT ON HYDRATED SALTS
EQUATION:

CuSO4.5H2O HEAT CuSO4 + 5H2O

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Take the hydrated salt Water vapour is evolved which condenses to form droplets of Water of crystallization is given off so the
in a hard glass test water on the cooler part of the test tube. salt loses its crystalline form and colour
tube and heat it A white residue is left in the test tube and falls to white amorphous powder
strongly.

2 Add few drops of White residue in the test tube turns blue It is a reversible chemical change.
water in the cooled
test tube

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 4 of 13
EQUATION:

FeSO4.7H2O FeSO4 + 7H2O

(Green)

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take the hydrated salt in a hard
glass test tube and heat it
strongly.
1) Water vapour is evolved which condenses 1) Water of crystallization is given off so
to form droplets of water on the cooler the salt loses its’ crystalline form and
part of the test tube. colour and falls to amorphous powder.

EQUATION:
Na2CO3 .10H2O Na2CO3. H2O + 9 H2O

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Take the hydrated salt Water vapour is evolved which condenses to form droplets of Water of crystallization is given off so the
in a hard glass test water on the cooler part of the test tube. salt loses its crystalline form and turns to
tube and heat it A white residue is left in the test tube amorphous powder.
strongly.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 5 of 13
EXPT NO: 5 ACTION OF HEAT ON SUBLIMATING SUBSATNCES
EQUATIONS:
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Take ammonium chloride salt in a
china dish. Place an inverted
funnel on it and plug its mouth
with cotton. Heat it using asbestos
sheet.
White fumes are seen. The fumes rise up and
condenses on the cooler part of the funnel to The salt changes directly to vapour state
form white crystals of ammonium chloride. without changing to intermediate liquid
state.

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Take iodine solid in a china dish. Purple fumes are seen. The fumes rise up and
Place an inverted funnel on it and condense on the cooler part of the funnel to The substance changes directly to vapour
plug its’ mouth with cotton. Heat form purple crystals of iodine. state without changing to intermediate
it using asbestos sheet. liquid state.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 6 of 13
EXPT NO: 6 ACTION OF HEAT ON AMMONIUM DICHROMATE

EQUATION:

(NH4)2Cr2O7 ——> Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.
Take ammonium dichromate in a Sparks are seen. The reaction is exothermic.
hard glass test tube and heat it
strongly. A greenish fluffy powder is gushes out of test The green fluffy powder is chromic oxide.
tube.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 7 of 13
EXPT NO: 7 FLAME TEST

OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Flame test on Salt 1. Colour of the flame is brick red Ca++ is present in the given salt .

2. Flame test on Salt 2. Colour of the flame is golden yellow

Na+ is present in the given salt .

3. Flame test on Salt 3. Colour of the flame is lilac

K+ is present in the given salt .

RESULT : Lilac flame indicates presence of K+ ;

brick red flame indicates presence of Ca++ ;
golden yellow flame indicates presence of Na+

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 8 of 13
EXPT NO: 8 ELECTROLYSIS
Sr.
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. SOLUTION 1.
Glucose Solution The solution is a non – electrolyte, made
The bulb does not glow, bubbles are not seen
up of molecules only.
2. SOLUTION 2. The bulb glows brightly, many bubbles are seen at the electrodes The solution is a strong electrolyte, made
Aqueous sodium
chloride
up of ions only.
3. SOLUTION 3. The bulb glows dimly, few bubbles seen at electrodes The solution is a weak electrolyte, made up
Acetic acid of ions and molecules.
4. SOLUTION 4. The bulb glows dimly, few bubbles seen at electrodes The solution is a weak electrolyte, made up
Ammonium
hydroxide of ions and molecules.
5. SOLUTION 5. The bulb glows brightly, many bubbles are seen at the electrodes The solution is a strong electrolyte, made
Dilute sulphuric
acid
up of ions only.

RESULT :

1. Glucose solution is a strong electrolyte.

2. Acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide are Weak electrolytes.
3. Aqueous sodium chloride and dilute sulphuric acid are strong electrolytes.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 9 of 13
EXPT NO: 9 APPLICATION OF ELECTROLYSIS
OBSERVATION COLUMN:

Sr.
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. Electroplating of
coin with copper MATERIAL OF ANODE: copper metal, anode reduces in size Copper ions migrate to the cathode and get deposited
on the steel coin. The coin gets an attractive
MATERIAL OF CATHODE: steel coin, pinkish layer on the steel appearance.
coin.

ELECTROLYTE USED: acidified copper sulphate, blue colour of

the electrolyte does not fade

2. Electroplating of
iron nail with nickel MATERIAL OF ANODE: nickel metal, reduces in size Nickel ions migrate to the cathode and get deposited
on the iron nail. This coating prevents rusting of the
MATERIAL OF CATHODE: iron nail, a silvery grey layer on the iron nail
coin.

ELECTROLYTE USED: aqueous nickel sulphate, green colour of

the solution remains

RESULT :

Electroplating is the coating of a baser metal on a superior metal using the process of electrolysis.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 10 of 13
EXPT NO: 10 IDENTIFICATION OF GASES - 1

OBSERVATION COLUMN :

Sr.
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. Take small amount of Colourless pungent gas is released.
NaCl in a test tube. Add _________________________________________________ __________________________________
conc.H2SO4 to it. It turns moist blue litmus red . Acidic gas
_________________________________________________ __________________________________
When a rod dipped in NH4OH soln. is brought close to the The gas released is hydrogen chloride
gas, it gives dense white fumes . __________________________________
_________________________________________________
Add a pinch of MnO2 Greenish yellow pungent gas is released __________________________________
to the above test tube ___________________________________________
It turns moist starch iodide paper blue black and then __________________________________
_________________________________________________ The gas released is chlorine
bleaches it __________________________________
_________________________________________

RESULT : HCl is an acidic gas

Cl2 is an acidic gas

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 11 of 13
EXPT NO: 11 IDENTIFICATION OF GASES - 2

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Take small amount of Colourless pungent gas is released.

NH4Cl in a test tube. It turns moist red litmus blue . __________________________________
Add calcium When a rod dipped in conc. HCl is brought close to the gas, Basic gas
hydroxide to it . it gives dense white fumes . __________________________________
Heat the mixture. _________________________________________________ The gas released is ammonia, NH3
__________________________________

__________________________________

Sr. No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

2. Take some copper Colourless suffocating gas released
sulphite and add conc. It turns moist blue litmus red __________________________________
Sulphuric acid to it. When the gas is passed through KMnO4 soln. , the soln. turns SO2 is acidic
Heat it. _________________________________________________ __________________________________
Colourless. SO2 confirmed
_________________________________________________ __________________________________
When the gas is passed through K2Cr2O7 soln., the soln. turns
_________________________________________________ __________________________________
Green SO2 confirmed
__________________________________

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 12 of 13
THEORY : 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
CuSO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O + SO2
SO2 on reacting with potassium dichromate soln. forms green coloured chromium sulphate
OBSERVATION COLUMN:

RESULT : SO2 is an acidic gas which turns potassium dichromate solution green.
NH3 is a basic gas which gives dense white fumes with conc. HCl.

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Std IX Chemistry Journal Page 13 of 13