Experiment – 1 Date ;  Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the

average value of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere R is
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SOLID SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS
calculated.
USING VERNIER CALIPER  Using the known value of the mass of the sphere M and calculated radius of the
AIM : sphere R the moment of inertia of the given sphere about its diameter can be
 To determine the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of known mass using calculated using the given formula..
Vernier caliper TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
APPARATUS :  Least count (LC) of vernier caliper
 Vernier caliper, Solid sphere One main scale division (MSD) = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
FORMULA: Number of Vernier scale divisions = 10
 Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter 1 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑀𝑆𝐷) 0.1 𝑐𝑚
𝟐 ∴ Least count ; LC = = = 0.01 𝑐𝑚
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑴 𝑹𝟐 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 10
𝟓
Where M → Mass of the sphere ( known value to be given ) in kg Zero error ; ZE = - 0.02 cm Zero correction ; ZC= + 0.02 cm
R → Radius of the sphere in metre VSR = TR = Diametre
DIAGRAM: MSR VSC
S.No VSC × 𝑳𝑪 MSR + VSR 𝟐𝑹 = (𝑻𝑹 ± 𝒁𝑪)
(cm) (div)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 2.9 7 0.07 2.97 2.99
2 2.9 6 0.06 2.96 2.98
3 2.9 7 0.07 2.97 2.99
4 2.9 5 0.05 2.95 2.97
5 2.9 7 0.07 2.97 2.99
6 2.9 6 0.06 2.96 2.98
Mean diametre ; 2R 2.9833 cm
R 1.4916 cm
∴ 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝒎
CALCULATION :
𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟎
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒆 ; 𝟐𝑹 = =
𝟔 𝟔
𝟐𝑹 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒎
𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟑
𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑹= = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝒎
𝟐
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 ; 𝑴 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒈 = 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝒌𝒈
 Hence Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter
𝟐
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑴 𝑹𝟐
𝟓
PROCEDURE: 𝟐
 The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and error if found is to be noted. 𝑰𝒅 = × 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 × (𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟕
𝟓
 The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main scale 𝑰𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
reading (MSR )is noted.
 Vernier scale division which coincides with some main scale division ( VSC ) is
noted. RESULT :
 Multiply this VSC by least count (LC) gives Vernier scale reading ( VSR ).  The moment of inertia of the given solid sphere about its diameter using
 Add MSR with VSR. This will be the diameter of the sphere.
Vernier caliper : 𝑰𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment - 2 Date :  The experiment is repeated by adding masses in steps of 50 g to the mass hanger
and period of oscillation at each time is calculated.
SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING
 For the masses M1 and M2 ( with a difference of 50 g ), their corresponding time
AIM : periods are T1 and T2.
 To determine the spring constant of a spring by using the method of vertical  Using the formula the spring constant of the given spring is calculated.
oscillations TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
APPARATUS REQUIRED : Time
 Spring, rigid support, hook, 50 g mass hanger, 50 g slotted masses, stop clock, Mass M Time taken for 20 oscillations
S.No period T 𝑻𝟐
metre scale, pointer (kg) Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean (s)
FORMULA : 1 0.200 22 18 20 1.000 1.000
 Spring constant of the spring 2 0.250 21 21 21 1.050 1.103
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐾 = 4𝜋 3 0.300 25 21 23 1.150 1.323
𝑇 −𝑇 4 0.350 25 23 24 1.200 1.440
where M1, M2 → selected loads in kg
T1, T2 → time period corresponding to M1 and M2 respectively in second Mass 𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴 𝟏
DIAGRAM : 𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏 𝑻𝟐𝟏 𝑻𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐𝟏
𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐𝟏
0.200 0.300 0.1 1.000 1.323 0.323 0.3096
0.250 0.350 0.1 1.050 1.440 0.337 0.2967
𝑴𝟐 𝑴𝟏
Mean ; 𝟐 𝟐 0.3032
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏
CALCULATION :
𝑀 −𝑀 0.1
(𝑖) = = 0.3096
𝑇 −𝑇 0.323
𝑀 −𝑀 0.1
(𝑖𝑖) = = 0.2967
𝑇 −𝑇 0.337
𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏 0.3096 + 0.2967 0.6063
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; 𝟐 𝟐
= = = 0.3032
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 2 2
 Hence spring constant,
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐾 =4𝜋 = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × 0.3032
𝑇 −𝑇
𝑲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒔 𝟐

PROCEDURE :
 A spring is firmly suspended vertically from a rigid clamp of a wooden stand at its
upper end with a mass hanger attached to its lower end. A pointer fixed at the
lower end of the spring moves over a vertical scale fixed.
 A suitable load M (eg; 200 g ) is added to the mass hanger and the reading on the
scale at which the pointer comes to rest is noted. This is the equilibrium position.
 The mass in the hanger is pulled downward and released so that the spring
oscillates vertically on either side of the equilibrium position.
 When the pointer crosses the equilibrium position a stop clock is started and the
time taken for 20 vertical oscillations is noted. Then the period of oscillation T is RESULT:
𝟐
calculated.  The spring constant of the given spring is found to be ; 𝑲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒔
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 3 Date : TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS:
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDULUM Length of Time taken for 20
oscillations Time 𝑳
AIM : the
period 𝒈 = 𝟒 𝝅𝟐
S.No pendulum (s) 𝑻 𝟐 𝑻𝟐
 To measure the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum T
APPARATUS REQUIRED : L
Trial-1 Trial-2 Mean (s) (ms-2)
 Retort stand, pendulum bob, thread, meter scale, stop watch. (m)
FORMULA :
1 0.65 32 33 32.5 1.625 2.640 9.7080
 Acceleration due to gravity
𝑳 2 0.70 34 33 33.5 1.675 2.806 9.8399
𝒈 = 𝟒 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
𝑻 3 0.75 35 34 34.5 1.725 2.976 9.9404
where T → Time period of simple pendulum (second) 4 0.80 37 36 36.5 1.825 3.331 9.4729
L → Length of the pendulum (metre)
5 0.85 37 38 37.5 1.875 3.516 9.5353
DIAGRAM :
6 0.90 38 38 38 1.900 3.610 9.8322
Mean ; 𝒈 9.7214
CALCULATIONS :
0.65
1. 𝑔 = 4π = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × = 9.7080
2.640
0.70
2. 𝑔 = 4π = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × = 9.8399
2.806
0.75
3. 𝑔 = 4π = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × = 9.9404
2.976
0.80
4. 𝑔 = 4π = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × = 9.4729
3.331
0.85
5. 𝑔 = 4π = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 ×
3.516
= 9.5353
0.85
6. 𝑔 = 4π = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 ×
3.610
= 9.8322
9.7080 + 9.8399 + 9.9404 + 9.4729 + 9.5353 + 9.8322 58.32840
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑔 = =
6 6
𝟐
PROCEDURE: 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒎 𝒔
 Attach a small brass bob to the thread. Fix this thread on to the stand.
 Measure the length of the pendulum from top of the suspension hook to the middle
of the bob of the pendulum.
 Record the length of the pendulum in the table given below.
 Note down the time (t) taken for 20 oscillations using stop watch.
 The period of oscillation T = t/20 is calculated.
 Repeat the experiment for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’ .
 Find acceleration due to gravity g using the given formula.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 4 Date :  Then raise the tube approximately about two times the first resonating length.
Excite the tuning fork again and place it on the open end of the tube.
VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR USING RESONANCE COLUMN  Adjust the height of the air column until the maximum sound is heard.
AIM :  Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the second
 To determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using the resonating length 𝒍𝟐
resonance phenomenon.  We can now calculate the velocity of sound in air at room temperature by using the
APPARATUS REQUIRED : relation. 𝒗 = 𝟐 𝒏 (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 )
 Resonance tube, three tuning forks of known frequencies, a rubber hammer, one  Repeat the experiment with tuning forks of different frequency and tabulate the
thermometer, plumb line, set squares, water in a beaker. corresponding values of 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 .
FORMULA :  The mean of the calculated values will give the velocity of sound in air at room
 Speed of sound in air temperature.
𝒗 = 𝟐 𝒏 (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 ) TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
where , 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 → The length of the air column for the first and
Frequency Resonating Mean
second resonance respectively (m) 𝒗
of tuning Resonance length resonating
𝒏 → Frequency of the tuning fork (Hz) S.No Trials
fork stage 𝒍 length
DIAGRAM : cm s-1
(Hz) (cm) (cm)
1 17.5
I 𝑙 = 17.7
2 17.9
1 426 31090
1 54.4
II 𝑙 = 54.2
2 54.0
1 16.3
I 𝑙 = 16.5
2 16.7
2 480 34560
1 52.4
II 𝑙 = 52.5
2 52.6
1 16.3
I 𝑙 = 16.1
2 15.9
3 512 34920
1 50.4
II 𝑙 = 50.2
2 50.0

Mean 𝑣 = 33523
PROCEDURE :
 Adjust the position of the resonance tube, so that the length of air column inside CALCULATION :
the tube is very small. 1. 𝑣 = 2 𝑛 (𝑙 − 𝑙 ) = 2 𝑋 426 𝑋 (54.2 − 17.7) = 852 𝑋 36.5 = 31090 𝑐𝑚 𝑠
 Take a tuning fork of known frequency and strike it with a rubber hammer. 2. 𝑣 = 2 𝑛 (𝑙 − 𝑙 ) = 2 𝑋 480 𝑋 (52.5 − 16.5) = 960 𝑋 36 = 34560 𝑐𝑚 𝑠
 The tuning fork now produces longitudinal waves with a frequency equal to the 3. 𝑣 = 2 𝑛 (𝑙 − 𝑙 ) = 2 𝑋 512 𝑋 (50.2 − 16.1) = 1024 𝑋 34.1 = 34920 𝑐𝑚 𝑠
natural frequency of the tuning fork. 31090 + 34560 + 34920 100570
 Place the vibrating tuning fork horizontally at the open end of the resonance tube. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑣 = = = 33523 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 = 335.23 𝑚 𝑠
Sound waves pass down the total tube and reflect back at the water surface. 3 3
 Length of the water column in the tube is adjusted either by lowering or raising the
reservoir of the tube, until a maximum sound(resonance) occurs.
RESULT :
 Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the first 𝟏
 Velocity of sound in air at room temperature, is found to be ; 𝒗 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎 𝒔
resonating length, 𝒍𝟏
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 5 Date : TABULATION AND OBSERVATIONS :
1. To find the radius of the spherical ball (r) :
VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID BY STOKE’S METHOD
 Least count (LC) of screwgauge
AIM : Pitch of the screw ) = 1 mm
 To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid by Stoke’s method Number of head scale divisions = 100
APPARATUS REQUIRED : 1 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 (𝑃𝑆𝑅) 1 𝑚𝑚
 A long cylindrical glass jar, highly viscous liquid, metre scale, spherical ball, stop ∴ Least count ; LC = = = 0.01 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 100
clock, thread. Zero error ; ZE = - 5 Zero correction ; ZC= + 5
FORMULA : H.S.R Diametre
P.S.R H.S.C
 The Coefficient of viscosity of liquid, S.No = H.S.D ± ZC = 𝑷. 𝑺. 𝑹 + (𝑯. 𝑺. 𝑹 × 𝑳𝑪)
(mm) (div)
𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝒈 (𝝆 − 𝝈) (div) (mm)
𝜼 = 1 3 75 80 3.80
𝟗𝒗
where r → radius of spherical ball ( m ) 2 3 76 81 3.81
𝝆 → density of the steel sphere ( kg m–3 ) 3 3 74 79 3.79
σ → density of the liquid ( kg m–3 ) Mean diametre ;2r 3.80 mm
g → acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m s–2 ) Radius ; r 1.90 mm
𝒗 → mean terminal velocity ( m s–1 ) ∴ 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝒎
DIAGRAM : 2. To find the terminal velocity (𝒗) :
Distance covered Terminal velocity
by the spherical Time taken t 𝒅
S.No 𝒗=
ball d (s) 𝒕
(m) (ms-1)
1 0.5 7.2 0.06044
2 0.5 7.3 0.06849
3 0.5 7.0 0.07143
4 0.5 6.8 0.07353
5 0.5 6.7 0.07463
6 0.5 7.0 0.07143
Mean terminal velocity ; 𝒗 0.06999
CALCULATIONS :
𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝟏 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝟏
1. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒔 2. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒔
𝒕 𝟕.𝟐 𝒕 𝟕.𝟑
𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓
PROCECURE : 3. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒔 𝟏 4. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒔 𝟏
𝒕 𝟕.𝟎 𝒕 𝟔.𝟖
 The radius of the metal spherical ball is determined using screw gauge. 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓
 Then a long cylindrical glass jar with markings is taken. 5. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒔 𝟏 6. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒔 𝟏
𝒕 𝟔.𝟕 𝒕 𝟕.𝟎
 Fill the glass jar with the given experimental liquid. 𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟑 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟎.𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝟏
Mean 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒔
𝟔 𝟔
 Two points A and B are marked on the jar. The mark A is made well below the
 Density of the sphere ; 𝜌 = 7700 𝑘𝑔𝑚 Density of liquid ;𝜎 = 970 𝑘𝑔𝑚
surface of the liquid so that when the ball reaches A it would have acquired
terminal velocity 𝒗.  Thus the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is
 The spherical ball is dropped gently into the liquid. 2 𝑟 𝑔 (𝜌 − 𝜎) 2 𝑋 (1.90 𝑋 10 ) 𝑋 9.8 𝑋(7700 − 970)
𝜂 = =
 Start the stop clock when the ball crosses the point A. Stop the clock when the ball 9𝑣 9 𝑋 0.06999
reaches B and note down the time ‘t’. 2 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 10 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 6730
= = 0.7569 𝑁 𝑠 𝑚
 Note the distance between A and B and use it to calculate terminal velocity. 0.6291
 Now repeat the experiment for different distances between A and B. RESULT :
 Make sure that the point A is suitable for the ball to acquire terminal velocity.  Coefficient of viscosity of given liquid ; 𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟗 𝑵 𝒔 𝒎 𝟐
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 6 Date :  Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the vibrating
sound of the wire is maximum when the frequency of vibration is in resonance
STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A GIVEN with the frequency of the tuning fork, the paper rider falls down.
WIRE UNDER CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER  The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meter scale.
AIM : It is called as resonant length.
 To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant  Repeat the above procedure for tuning forks of different frequencies by keeping
tension using a sonometer. the same load in the hanger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
 Sonometer, six tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad, paper  The mass suspended on the hanger ; 𝑀 = 3 𝑘𝑔
rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges Frequency of 𝟏
Resonant
the tuning 𝒏𝒍
FORMULA : S.No Length 𝒍 𝒍
fork n (Hz m)
 The frequency n of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is given by (𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝒎) (𝒎 𝟏 )
(Hz)
1 𝑇 1 256 20.5 4.9 52.48
𝑛= 2 288 18.2 5.5 52.41
2𝑙 𝑚
3 320 17 5.9 54.40
For a given m and fixed T
Mean ; 𝒏𝒍 53.09
1
𝑛∝ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 CALCULATION :
𝑙 1. 𝑛 𝑙 = 256 × 20.5 × 10 = 256 × 0.205 = 52.48 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
where m → Mass per unit length of the string ( kg m–1 )
2. 𝑛 𝑙 = 288 × 18.2 × 10 = 288 × 0.182 = 52.41 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
l → Length of the string between the wedges (m)
3. 𝑛 𝑙 = 320 × 17.0 × 10 = 320 × 0.170 = 54.40 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
T = Mg → Tension in the string (including the mass of the hanger ( N )
52.48 + 52.41 + 54.40 159.29
M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg) 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑛 𝑙 = = = 53.09 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
DIAGRAM : 3 3
MODEL GRAPH :

PROCEDURE :
 Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure
minimum friction
 Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger. Keep a small paper rider
over the wire, between the two bridges.
 Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad and place it
over the sonometer by its stem.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502