Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate observable phenomena.

A
phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or situation that we want to unearth further or understand.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large sample size.
Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s
intuition and personal guesses.
Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with
better conveyance and interpretation.
Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less timeconsuming data analysis.
Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size
and random samples were taken.
Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research
uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently.
Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the population, making it more
credible and reliable for policymaking and decision making.
High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false or
immature conclusions.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature. There is no experimental manipulation,
and the researcher does not start with a hypothesis.
The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and
effect, for example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.
Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions. The term
“Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon.
A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables. Although it resembles the
experimental design, the quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of
subjects. Here, the independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre-existing groups
of subjects.
Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of two or more variables.
This design provides a more conclusive result because it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations.
1. TRUE: Quantitative data can be presented using tables and graphs.
2. TRUE: The results of quantitative research can be used to generalize and predict.
3. FALSE: Quantitative research follows a structured methodology and is not flexible to changes during the study.
4. TRUE: Quantitative data are often considered more credible, reliable, and useful due to its numeric nature and statistical analysis.
5. FALSE: Research studies can and should be replicated or repeated to validate findings and ensure reliability.
6. TRUE: Quantitative research involves data in the form of numbers and statistical analysis.
7. TRUE: Data analysis in quantitative research is an ongoing process and can be done at various stages.
8. FALSE: Observing participants' behavior is more common in qualitative research than in quantitative research.
9. TRUE: Quantitative data analysis is often considered less time-consuming due to the structured nature of numerical data.
10. FALSE: In quantitative research, the researcher typically maintains a distance from the participants and does not participate or engage directly in the study.

YES: Are high grades in Mathematics a good indicator for employment after graduation?
YES: Will taking brain enhancers increase examination scores?
NO: Are there changes in consumer behavior before and after online selling was popularized?
YES: Do online learning materials enhance the computer skills of students?
NO: Are there changes in the study habits of public-school students before and after the Covid-19 pandemic?
NO: What kind of pick-up lines are most appealing to both genders at the early adult stage?
YES: Is there a difference in the academic performance of students using online, blended, and modular learning modalities?
NO: Will students' and parents' attitudes towards distance learning change over time?
YES: Which of the four SHS tracks (Academic, Tech-Voc, Sports, Arts & Design) is greatly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic?
NO: What are the factors affecting the delayed completion and submission of assignments/tasks given to students using modular learning
modality?

Independent Variable: This is the variable that the researcher manipulates or controls in an experiment.
Dependent Variable: This is the variable being studied and measured in an experiment.
Extraneous Variable: These are variables that are not of primary interest to the study but might affect the dependent variable.
Continuous Variable: A continuous variable is a variable that can take any numerical value within a given range.
Discrete Variable: A discrete variable is a variable that can only take specific, distinct values and cannot take values between these distinct
points.
Nominal Variable: Nominal variables are categorical variables that represent different categories or labels.
Ordinal Variable: Ordinal variables are categorical variables with a clear order or ranking among the categories, but the intervals between the
categories are not uniform. ‘

The scope specifies the coverage of your study such as variables, population or participant, and timeline.
Delimitation cites factors of your study that are not included or excluded or those you will not deal in your study.