A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
THE STUDY OF VECTOR

MORNING STAR
ST. ANSELM" SCHOOL
JAIPUR
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

ME. PUSHPENDRA SIKARWAL HIRENDRA CHOUDHARY

Class XI A

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

DEPARTMENT: PHYSICS
Acknowledgement
with immense please, I ADITYA SHARMA
presenting project report on "vector"

AS part of the curreculum . I wish to thank

principal Fr. Victor Raj , all the teachers and
my friends who gave me unending support.

ADITYA SHARMA

Certification
THIS is to certify that "Aditya Sharma"
student of class 11A has successfully
completed his physics project under the
guidance of "Mr. Pushpendra Sikarwal"

Mr. Pushpendra Sikarwal Fr. Victor Raj

(Teacher) (Principal)

Index
S.no TOPIC
1 Introduction
2 Vector list
 3 Zero vector
4 Unit vector
5 Position vector
6 Co-initial vector
7 Like and unlike vector
8 Co-initial vector
9 Equal vector
10 Displacement vector
11 Negative of vector
12 Addition and subtraction of vector

13 Vector addition: triangle, polygon

14 parallelogram laws of vector

INTODUCTION:
In Physics, we classify quantities into
vectors and scalars. The quantities which
have both magnitude and direction are called
vectors. Examples are velocity, force,
displacement, weight, acceleration, etc. The
quantities which have only magnitude and no
direction are called scalar quantities.
Examples are mass, volume, speed, time etc.

Types of Vectors List

There are 10 types of vectors in mathematics
which are:

Zero Vector
A zero vector is a vector when the magnitude
of the vector is zero and the starting point of
the vector coincides with the terminal point.
Unit Vector
A vector which has a magnitude of unit
length is called a unit vector. Suppose if
x→
is a vector having a magnitude x then the
unit vector is denoted by x̂ in the direction of
the vector
x→
and has the magnitude equal to 1.
∴
x^=x→|x|
Position Vector
If O is taken as reference origin and P is an
arbitrary point in space then the vector
OP→
is called as the position vector of the point.
Position vector simply denotes the position
or location of a point in the three-dimensional
Cartesian system with respect to a reference
origin.

Co-initial Vectors
The vectors which have the same starting
point are called co-initial vectors.
The vectors
AB→
and
AC→
are called co-initial vectors as they have the
same starting point.

Like and Unlike Vectors

The vectors having the same direction are
known as like vectors. On the contrary, the
vectors having the opposite direction with
respect to each other are termed to be unlike
vectors.

Co-planar Vectors
Three or more vectors lying in the same
plane or parallel to the same plane are
known as co-planar vectors.

Collinear Vectors
Vectors that lie along the same line
or parallel lines are known to be collinear
vectors. They are also known as parallel
vectors.
Two vectors are collinear if they are parallel
to the same line irrespective of their
magnitudes and direction. Thus, we can
consider any two vectors as collinear vectors
if and only if these two vectors are either
along the same line or these vectors are
parallel to each other in the same direction
or opposite direction. For any two vectors to
be parallel to one another, the condition is
that one of the vectors should be a scalar
multiple of another vector. The below figure
shows the collinear vectors in the opposite
direction.

Equal Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be equal
when their magnitude is equal and also their
direction is the same.
The two vectors shown above, are equal
vectors as they have both direction and
magnitude equal.

Displacement Vector
If a point is displaced from position A to B
then the displacement AB represents a
vector
AB→
which is known as the displacement vector.

Negative of a Vector
If two vectors are the same in magnitude but
exactly opposite in direction then both the
vectors are negative of each other. Assume
there are two vectors a and b, such that
these vectors are exactly the same in
magnitude but opposite in direction then
these vectors can be given by
a = – b]

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF

VECTORS:
The addition of vectors is not as
straightforward as the addition of scalars.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction,
and one cannot simply add two vectors to
obtain their sum. To better understand this,
let us consider an example of a car travelling
10 miles North and 10 miles South. Here, the
total distance travelled is 20 miles, but the
displacement is zero. The North and South
displacements are each vector quantities,
and the opposite directions cause the
individual displacements to cancel each
other out. In this article, let us explore ways
to carry out the addition and subtraction of
vectors.
Vector Addition: Triangle, Parallelogram
and Polygon Law of Vectors
As already discussed, vectors cannot be
added algebraically. Following are a few
points to remember while adding vectors:
• Vectors are added geometrically and not
algebraically.
• Vectors whose resultant have to be
calculated behave independently.
• Vector Addition is nothing but finding the
resultant of a number of vectors acting on
a body.
• Vector Addition is commutative. This
means that the resultant vector is
independent of the order of vectors.
A→+B→=B→+A→

Triangle Law of Vector Addition

The vector addition is done based on
the triangle law. Let us see what the triangle
law of vector addition is:
Suppose there are two vectors, a and b.
Draw a line AB representing vector a with A
as the tail and B as the head. Draw another
line BC representing vector b with B as the
tail and C as the head. Now join the line AC
with A as the tail and C as the head. The line
AC represents the resultant sum of the
vectors a and b.

The line AC represents the resultant sum of

the vectors a and b.
a→+b→

The magnitude of vectors a and b is:

a2 + b2 + 2ab cos θ
Where,
a = magnitude of vector a
b = magnitude of vector b
θ = angle between vector a and b
Let the resultant make an angle of Φ with
vector a, then:
tanϕ=b sin θa + b cos θ
Let us understand this using an example.
Suppose two vectors have equal magnitude
A, and they make an angle θ with each other.
Now, to find the magnitude and direction of
the resultant, we will use the formulas
mentioned above.
Let the magnitude of the resultant vector be
B.
B=A2 + A2 + 2AA cos θ=2 A cos θ2
Let’s say that the resultant vector makes an
angle Ɵ with the first vector.
tan ϕ=A sin θA + A cos θ=tan θ2
Or,
θ=θ/2

Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition

The vector addition may also be understood
by the law of parallelogram. The law states,
“If two vectors acting simultaneously at a
point are represented in magnitude and
direction by the two sides of a parallelogram
drawn from a point, their resultant is given in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of
the parallelogram passing through that
point.”
According to this law, if two vectors, P and
Q, are represented by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram pointing outwards, as shown in
the figure below, then the diagonal drawn
through the intersection of the two vectors
represent the resultant.

In the Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition,

the magnitude of the resultant is given by:
(AC)2=(AE)2+(EC)2
or R2=(P+Qcosθ)2(Qsinθ)2
or R=(P2+Q2)+2PQcosθ
The direction of the resultant vector is
determined as follows:
tan⁡ϕ=CEAE=Qsin⁡θP+Qcos⁡θ
θ=tan−1⁡[Qsin⁡θP+Qcos⁡θ]

Polygon Law of Vector

According to the polygon law of vector
addition, if the number of vectors can be
represented in magnitude and direction by
the sides of a polygon taken in the same
order, then their resultant is represented by
magnitude and direction such that the
closing side of the polygon is taken in the
opposite direction.
Let vector A, vector B, vector C and vector D
be the four vectors for which the resultant
has to be obtained.
Consider triangle OKL, in which the vectors A
and B are represented by sides OK, KL and
are taken in the same order. Therefore, from
the triangle law of vector addition, we know
that the closing side OL is considered in the
opposite direction such that it represents the
resultant vector OR and KL.
Therefore,
OK→+KL→=OL→..eq.1
From the triangle law of vector addition, we
know that triangle OLM can be expressed as
vector OM is the resultant of the vectors OL
and LM.
That is,
OL→+LM→=OM→
From eq.1,
OK→+KL→+LM→=OM→..eq.2
Again, applying the triangle law of vector
addition to triangle OMN,
OM→+MN→+ON→
From eq.2, we get,
OK→+KL→
LM→+MN→=ON→..eq.3
Therefore,
OK→=A→
KL→,B→
LM→,C→
MN→,D→
Considering vector ON=vector R, the
equation becomes
A→+B→+C→+D→=R→

Vector Subtraction
The subtraction of two vectors is similar to
addition. Suppose vector a is to be
subtracted from vector b.
vector a – vector b can be said as the
addition of vectors a and -b. Thus, the
addition formula can be applied as:
a→–b→=a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ
vector (-b) is nothing but vector b reversed in
direction.

IMPORTANCE OF VECTORS:
• Vectors are the most basic and important
part of Calculus.
• We represent 3-dimensional space using
vectors.
• We do 3D geometry completely using the
properties of vectors.
• Any problem in science which has to deal
with the direction component has to be
done with the help of vectors.
Hence we can conclude that vectors are an
important tool to study science and
understanding the fundamentals of nature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
* GOOGLE
*NCERT BOOK
*AAKASH APP