SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

BY / ENG : ABDELRHMAN SAMY

• What is Internal Combustion Engine?
• An engine in which the fuel combustion process takes place inside the engine
cylinder is known as an Internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine).
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERNAL ENGINES ACCORDING
TO NUMBER OF STROKES

1. 2 – stroke engine
2. 4 – stroke engine
3. 5 – stroke engine ( leave it now)
4. 6 – stroke engine (leave it now)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES ACCORDING TO FUEL USED:

1. Petrol Engine
2. Diesel Engine
3. Bi-fuel Engine
METHODS OF COOLING :

1. Air Cooled Engine

2. Water Cooled Engine
DESIGN OF ENGINE

1. Reciprocating Engine
2. Wankel Engine
METHODS OF IGNITION

1. Compression-Ignition Engine
2. Spark-ignition Engine
ARRANGEMENT OF ENGINE CYLINDER :

1. W Engine
2. Horizontal Engine
3. Opposed Piston Engine
4. X Engine
5. In-Line Engine
6. Vertical Engine
7. V-type Engine
8. Radial Engine
HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED ENGINE (BOXER ENGINE)

• The cylinders of this engine are located in two groups on each side of a single crankshaft. This
means that both cylinders connect with the same crankshaft. The horizontally opposed IC
engine is also known as a boxer engine or Flat engine.
• https://youtu.be/nn96jYZ-6ig
INLINE ENGINE

• The cylinders of this engine install in a straight line. Therefore, it is also known as a “straight
engine.” The number of cylinders of an in-line engine varies according to the design and
requirements. This engine may have between two to eight cylinders. It is a conventional engine.
Therefore, it has a simple design.
V – ENGINE

• In the V-type engines, the cylinders are arranged diagonally. These cylinders install in such a
way that they make a “V-shape.” The angle between the cylinders diverges from 60 degrees to
90 degrees.
• This design of IC engine usually uses an even number of cylinders. These types of internal
combustion engines are most commonly used on high-end cars and high-end sports bikes.
X ENGINE

• When a crankshaft connects two V-engines, an X-engine is formed. The X engine consists of
two V-engines. These engines contain their historical importance as they were employed in
aircraft during World War II.
W ENGINE

• Like the V engine, the W engine shares a similar name. In other words, when you view the
engine from the front, it looks like the letter W. This type of engine uses multiple banks of
cylinders (usually 3 or 4) on a single crankshaft.
• https://youtu.be/PIalpzJVPp4
OPPOSED PISTON ENGINE ( DIESEL ENGINE )

• This type of engine has pairs of pistons. These pistons are co-axial and share a single
compression cylinder. It doesn’t have a cylinder head. This cylinder contains pistons at both
ends.
• https://youtu.be/TjHUXlg8Tp8
• https://www.youtube.com/shorts/S3LkVvBznX0?feature=share
• https://youtu.be/UF5j1DvC954
• 2 - stroke engine
TWO STROKE ENGINE ( SUCTION AND COMPRESSION
STROKE :
• In a 2-stroke engine, the suction and compression strokes take place simultaneously.
• During this stroke, the piston moves upward from the bottom dead center (BDC) to the top
dead center (TDC).
• During this upward movement of the piston, a vacuum starts producing inside the compression
cylinder (combustion chamber) of the engine. Due to the creation of this vacuum, the air-fuel
mixture enters the cylinder via an inlet port.
• After the suction process, the piston continues its upward movement and compresses the air-
fuel mixture.
• At the end of the compression stroke, the compressed mixture is ignited due to the spark
provided by a spark plug. As the mixture ignites, the power stroke piston starts.
TWO STROKE ENGINE (POWER AND EXHAUST
STROKE)
• Like suction and compression strokes, the power and exhaust process also complete in just one
stroke of the piston.
• Due to the combustion process, the temperature, internal heat, and pressure of the air-fuel mixture
become very high. The high-pressure gases produced during the combustion process exert a very
high force on the piston and force it to move downward (from TDC to BCD).
• The downward motion of the piston rotates the crankshaft, which further rotates the flywheel of the
vehicle.
• As the power is completed, the piston further moves downward and opens the exhaust valve.
• As the exhaust valve opens, the piston pushes the exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber.
• As the piston reaches at BDC, the piston completely expels the exhaust gases and fills the combustion
chamber with the fresh air-fuel mixture, and the whole working cycle repeats. At BDC, one power
stroke of the engine is completed, and now the piston is ready for the next power cycle.
FOUR STROKES ‫ارﺑﻊ اﺷﻮاط‬
‫ اﻟﺳﺣب‬Intake .A
‫اﻟﺿﻐط‬Compression .B
‫ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬Power .C
‫ ﺧروج اﻟﻌﺎدم‬Exhaust .D
4 STROKE ENGINE ANIMATION

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SPn5AxVx3k&pp=ygUZNCBzdHJva2UgZW5naW5lIGFuaW1hdGlvb
g%3D%3D
PCV (POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION)
‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎازات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻗﺔ اﻟﮭﺎرﺑﺔ اﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻜﺮﻧﻚ‬

• Gases are formed in the engine when fuel is burned, and most of them end up in the exhaust, but some
still manage to “escape” and reach the crankcase. This is not a good thing because gases can mix with
the oil in the crankcase and can form sludge, which leads to engine clogging.
• The PCV valve has the role to eliminate these gases from the crankcase by recycling these gases into the
intake and mixing them with fuel to be burned in the engine.
 ‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣوﺿوع ده ﻋﺷﺎن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻠﻲ اﺗﮭرﺑت ﻣن ال ﺑﺳﺗم اﻗدر اﺗﺧﻠص ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺷﺎن ﻣﺗﻧﺑوظﻠﯾش اﻟدﻧﯾﺎ ﺗﺣت و اﻟﻐﺎزات دي ﺗﺧﺗﻠط‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟزﯾت ف اﻟﻣوﺗور ﯾﺑوظ ﻓﺑرﺟﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات دي ﺗﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻲ ﻏرﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺗراق ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻓرق اﻟﺿﻐط اول ﻟﻣﺎ اﻟﺑﺳﺗم ﺑﯾﻧزل ﺗﺣت ﯾﻌﻣﻠﻲ ﻓرق‬
‫ﺿﻐط ف اﻟﻐﺎزات اوﺗوﻣﺎﺗﯾك ﺗﻔﺗﺢ ﺻﺑﺎب ال ﺗﮭوﯾﺔ ده و ﺗروح ﻟﻠﻣﺎﻧﻔوﻟد )اﻟﻔرن( ﻋﺷﺎن ﺗﺧش ﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺗﺣرق و ﺑﻛدا ﻗدرت اﺣﺎﻓظ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺗور ﺑﺗﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬‬
PCV

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPIfI9aZHt4&pp=ygUJcGN2IHZhbHZl
‫‪NOTES‬‬

‫‪1. Each crankshaft revolution , the camshaft rotates half revolution .‬‬
‫ﻛل ﺷوط ﺑﯾﻠﻔﻔﻠﻲ ﻋﻣود اﻟﻛرﻧك ‪ 180‬درﺟﺔ ‪2. Each stroke makes a 180 degree rotation of crankshaft‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣود ‪ 360‬درﺟﺔ‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺣرك رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﻻﺷواط ﻛل ﻟﻣﺎ اﺧﻠﺻﮭم ﺣﯾﻠﻠﻔﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﻣود ‪ 720‬درﺟﺔ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻟﻔﺗﯾن ﻛﺎﻣﻠﯾن‬
WATER COOLING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Water pump ‫طﻠﻣﺑﺔ‬

• Thermostatic valve
• Radiator
• Hoses ‫ﺧراطﯾم‬
• Fan ‫ﻣروﺣﺔ‬
‫‪WATER PATH‬‬

‫•‬ ‫ﺑص دﻟوﻗﺗﻲ اﻧﺎ دورت اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه ﺣﺗﺗﺳﺣب ﻣن اﻟرﯾدﯾﺎﺗﯾر ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟطﻠﻣﺑﺔ و ﺗروح ﻧﺧش ﺗﺑرد ال اﺳطواﻧﺎت ﻣﺗﻧﺳﺎش ان اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬
‫ﺑﺗﺑرد اﻻﺟزاء اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ و اﻟزﯾت ﺑﯾﺑرد اﻻﺟزاء اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ ﺛم اﻟﻣﯾﺎه ﺣﺗﻛون ﻋﺎوزة ﺗرﺟﻊ ﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠرﯾدﯾﺎﺗﯾر طب ﺣﺗرﺟﻊ اﻣﺗﻲ ﺣﺗرﺟﻊ ﻟﻣﺎ‬
‫اوﺻل ﻟدرﺟﺔ ﺣرارة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺗﻛون دي درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﻔﺗﺢ ﻋﻧدھﺎ اﻟﺗرﻣوﺳﺗﺎت و ﺗرﺟﻊ ﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠردﯾﺎﺗﯾر ﯾﺑردھﺎ و ﯾرﺟﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗروح ﺗﺑرد و ﺗﻔﺿل راﯾﺣﺔ ﺟﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﻘﺎا‬
RADIATOR
THERMOSTAT
WATER PUMP
WATER JACKET
THE BEST VIDEO YOU CAN SEE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0ovUHEOtyE&pp=ygUSY2FyIGNvb2xpbmcgc3lzdGVt
OIL PATH COMPONENTS

• Oil pan ‫ﻛرﺗﯾرة اﻟزﯾت‬

• Strainer inside oil pan ‫ﻣﺻﻔﺎه ﺟوا اﻟﻛرﺗﯾرة‬
• Oil pump ‫طﻠﻣﺑﺔ‬
• Oil filter
‫•‬ ‫ﺑص دﻟوﻗت اﻧﺎ دورت اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟزﯾت ﯾﺑﺗدي ﯾﺗﺳﺣب ﻣن اﻟﻛرﺗﯾرة ﺛم ﻋل اﻟﻣﺻﻔﺎه اﻟﻠﻲ ﺟوا اﻟﻛرﺗﯾرة ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟطﻠﻣﺑﺔ ﺛم اﻟﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﺗر ﺛم‬
‫‪oil gallery‬ﯾﺧش ﻋﻠﻲ ال ﻛرﻧك ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻣﺟري اﺳﻣﮫ‬
‫‪OIL GALLERY‬‬
‫ﻋﺎرف اﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﯾﻘﺎك‬
OIL PUMP
OIL FILTER
OIL PAN AND STRAINER
OIL PATH

https://youtu.be/9lse1SfDq7M

• https://youtu.be/RcEDc9HraIU
‫‪DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIMING BELT AND DRIVE BELT‬‬

‫ﺳﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾﻣﺔ ‪• Timing belt‬‬

‫وده ﺑﯾﺑﻘﻲ راﻛب ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻋﻣود اﻟﻛﺎﻣﺎت واﺧد ﺣرﻛﻧﮫ ﻣن ﻋﻛود اﻟﻛرﻧك و اﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ طﻠﻣﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه و اﻟﺳﯾر ده ﻣﮭم ﺟدا ﻻﻧﮫ ھو اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﺣدد‬
‫اﻟﺻﺑﺎب ﺣﯾﻘﻔل و ﯾﻔﺗﺢ اﻣﺗﻲ‬
TIMING BELT
‫‪TIMING MARK‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﺮوض ﺗﺎﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ و اﻧﺖ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﺒﮫ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ او ﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﻮ ‪DRIVE BELT‬‬

‫•‬ ‫ھو ﺳﯾر ﺑﯾرﻛب ﻋل اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣو و ﻛوﻣﺑرﯾﺳور اﻟﺗﻛﯾﯾف واﺧدﯾن ﺣرﻛﺗﮭم ﻣن ﻋﻣود اﻟﻛرﻧك واﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ طﻠﻣﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬
DRIVE BELT
OIL PUMP

• Oil pump connected to crank shaft via gear ‫ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻣود اﻟﻛرﻧك ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﺗرس‬