etc.

Yubbing of als& natwa and

Lron Shape Magnets atHe
when
eay,
JpUA swsperded iA piecel Hhat
A ironArtificial
caua
ractive MagnetisMgnehte.
m named-Introduction
calleo
-
all baa in. of north
rd a
orme The n of
cre natually
magnet,u with sterirs
'LoadmaPnts ard magnetium. iron
steel stee The Manetie south Greece
autificiad Was
a hey divective Chinese stcel The
owards 5.
Stene'
manta Canratra
ahe dirction.
the ws Fe,Oy Cud A
a occMagnetism
GreeK
phenomena
Cobalt,ec.
Thenicke
megnets horse Calledacqireweak. ships. Compa Ss wwng
in wsed aucoveredit
propehes. t
magrts the Magnesia
shoe Such Thaalays sthuctura his orphilo
atificia! t Tht bu e
maqne sense
stone.
aing bosed sopher &
iz oh ore of
magnet, naanets navigatorSis that,a Matter
tic tou have natradpoints Hece
winy athactien was iron
divectiveon fovmwa Thles
proputis
magrets. towands
Bheore
piece athracte
thatfomd
m4gnetic made thatoften megne to
megnt ut had
rouginot o ove
Out irregulas.
a tite find a in
observai
or
piece their rcite tha snall was Sntall
nedle was or ha an
f

geogrmphie
points
which (2) (L) on South
pole of
pol. The
Gasie Mogne selvesttasShokt
MagnetBar -
iection.
`outh. ofmagnet.
The.se
ends Lantes an
Every raclion the
whena
atractionproperties bwr
threact, wificial
These bhen
shee
noAh The a magnet
Ke shouninagnet
f
geogphc
towanAs mgnet maximum
iron, 1
pole eds then magnat
then in Je
is
attracts of nos*the A
cobalt,
alet t maximumm Bar hold
fige. the nd
tsended
he strergth
t
Coes Small ven
the sprinKle hich
Magnet a
mnet nckl The sheet
at have
¯th twoflirgs Coneniywedfrm
to ece
the patern
sagss
and scnt of
pale ea ends
hih sted reor.tat gla
an eds
it cwer
ne
thL 'and
he ca
anrds no he it
ple
 PIYSICS
line pausing throug noth and
Magnetic Field -
(3) The staight
South pole of is clled aial ine. and T4 A the space ond a magnt,or
e i paing hrog certre af he magnat Cusrent casing ConductoY in which
a directon Serpendiulan al
the magnt is
to the
called equatoAi
lungthef
in o h a effect can e tet. smagnt
nce)
magnet. lequatoiad ine. In ohcdr to a
7mphicay, Faralay introduced thevisualise mogcept af t
feld
-- axial ine
iagnetie "fild Lins
Magnetic Field Lines -
ofMagnetic
perties
(4) LiKe poles repel and unike pole s attract each It is an imaginay cunve, the tan_and b
othet.
which at any point gives us the ihection ot iagnche
fild B at that poit.
Repusion
Atvagtion
Repulsion
5

aghetism
The aebasically tuo types ot magnete fiet
(i) Uniform Magnetic Field -
(5) Indctive phápety
'when a piece of a magnet'e matal
ike sof iron, cobalt, nickel' et i placec rean a
ban magnet is acqures magnetism. The
So acquired is called induced magretism, and
prepety magnetism Calinducive paopety Examples Eanth's magnetic Field, Megnetie fidl inside
a solenoid caying Cushent etc.
(<) The magnetie poles odays erist in pairs. The Gi) Non- Uniform Magnetie Field -X
CL.A
poles ot magrt can neve be separateol ie. mametic
monopde. do not ersts.
Weak
s strmg

Examplk- Magnetic Fild cue to a ban Magnet

Properties of Magnetic Fild Lines -
NOTe The electie teld i s continucus Cwes
eld
Th magnehie field ines "f a magnet (oY f wich a e not
dosed
Josed wnehos
Coninus,
rmarnhe
wes
) torm dared ines e
Continus loops.
fied ins axtending
The

magnetsolenoid tt
tne
through the nort
pele to body Magnetie Dipde -
ipole Comsti
A mannetie
Pole
of equa' rength and
istance
Examples -
istance btwen h ta poes a
Tie
dipole. i calld he maanetie eng t
magnetic vete dire ted m 3sath
the magnat It i a
(2) Ousie tthe bdy meget th alineetiin pole to north pole ct the agnetic d poe
of mane tic field da irom north pole to uprserted by
tnpole
(3) äe magnitude
b nehe fed at any Boint Magnetic Dipde Moment (M) -
s repreient numbe c7 magneie ield
pading Aormally throngh "unit aa anound
pot eole (m and the mmgete ang (itý ie mt
M: m(ii)
shong Magetie fiett Magnehc pble moent i a vector hnhy and
heak mtagic Field
uts cirection rom south
(6) Tare mantic field ines can not inersect each the magnet M
othu. Becose at the oojt ot ntesechon we zt
tro divechions ot magntic fid cwhich is not
possible.
Unit o M e]la
*SI
unit of pole sthengh m ü Am.
S) Magnetic fild ins exists inide evey magne tised Note Mtnuhe pole srtnth deen n natue
MatejaJ. Crass sec+Yorn aca of the menial
 PHYSICS
Magne tie ipole Elechie Dipe. Magntie Field Strength de to Bas Meamd
point i he,
Poinothetca north "xpuiRed
placed at
M = mx21
IE Js a Vector quantityThe diree Hon
magnetie field is dong which ypo thetieal
north pole would ter to move .
F (A) whn a point ies on axjal Line os bar mgu.
FSa Let 2l be the magnette length ok a bar ma
with cantre o. Miu the gnetic dipole möart o ta
magnet.
M= mx21
Hese
axi d is the istane os the point P on ie
ne trom the cente o the magnet.

Note
(Mag
04UNTT-
in turo eaua
gatong #he
bar magnei dength
pats then ts Dole strenth becomes
halg I7 m w the stength ot eoch pole, hn masie ie
shength at point p ue to s pele ot nagret i
2l
M = nx2L

(ü) when we cut a ban Tnaget pupndictdar to its Magnetie tiake tength
length im twD egua pats, thn its pole strengtth Da
Yemans the Same

So th, Magnetie tleld stength t P oe o he bal

magnet
24 n'e Bn
M = mx 2L
 - Ho
4n
Thutore
bau magnetMagruie
i jead strngh
m
B

Ho 2M M
4n (
h Hhe magnet Shot << ) So -
thos<<) e
T} the magret i

4 t ay oint en awial M
ine oca dipolk, magretie tielol 4L

strength Bi dong
An any peint on eguatral ure mrhe so
strenstl he dretar opcate
s in
(8) when paint Les on eatorial me o bar Magnut
am puint P ies o eauatoa Nete
ire sh the ba maet
Magretic tield stegth at P a pourt at thesa ditoru o tthe ara ine
oe to Nerth Pole ot magnet ot the magnet
NP 41

Masr he tie stergth at P

dui to seutth pole os fagnet

41 Sp² -2L

So their verthieal
H: B, = 35 in magnitde ,Cmee each oth
amponents B, Sin9 amd B1 Sing
"e Components along Px (shch is paralle! to
NS ) add up
PHYSICS
Curent Loop as Mognehc Dipele - Torque ona Bas Magnet in a Magnetic field.
Conid a plane lop o wHre Let NS s a ban magnt ot length 2l iard ssog
in qniclockuise retion. Tejre has a O cach pole m s placud in a mitorn magrutie ie.
polai Looting t te lewe trco of the lop cwunt The magnt id het at nge o' with the diritin
u dockise thekutre has a Soudh polauty.
ance)
Upper ja c (N)
Force on north pole m8 ( adng )
Forea on South pote = m G {opposie to )
These tores a e9ual amd teds to otate the
magnet doekise.
Ltwer ace (s

Thus the Caeent caiging dop bahavu as a magnetie

ipele
The montie peie moment the CWsen Joop
(M) is dinetiy proportienal to
(ii) Area CA) endosed by + op.
A Törqus acting on the bas magnet is -
(May
04
UNIT- Torque ( ) Force x peaperdicde tnu
Sz M= k1A (Hene K! mB X NA

M- IA
Tn A NAS

NA = 2l sin9
So

It the mogretic moment o ora

-CLASS
XIT turn lusp one uase metea Aying a cuwnt
ampoE.
The airection o ? epencula to the plane
Containing M id d ginen by the igt hand
 Nhem
Total hork don in votaing
Magnetic diple moment the torque acing en a Coso,]
- MB C es92-
umit shengt.pexpendicud to a nigrm mgrutie ield o7 the dipeie is
o
Toude pen Tesla (Tr) the potental cgy

Maneiec Eneygy
Potential Field
oa Magnetie Dipole in 4
whan
The enceAgy pouess ea by +he dpole dua to ds
iculaL posiion in the d the potentid eng'y
o a magnetie ipoe.
Jhen a magie ipole ot moment w held
at on ante e aith the dirrctom oj a unitorm magnete Special Cases -
tes B, So the magniude o tie torqu actirgn the
then

aireck to dend to algn the lpole in the when the olipoe

d
wok has to be dore in rotating enay zn.
torque. Ats potential
against the qction o the
This eok dole is stbred in th magnetic ipole as then
pote tad enengy oj oipole.
the hm stabe
de, equilibHum.
So lohen the mette dipee din lng ne
magntc tek, in stabe guiun hahng
miimrm "P.E.
(m) wen
U - M & Ce&
Now. small mont ot wok done in otating
thi It dA Maximum. hii he poim t nstabie
he dipale againt
elading gh o Smal ongle oo eqalibhum.
dw = Id = MA Sin0 d0
PHYSI To ilertie thin ba magnuts, each of egth
n pole stergth mae ptbed ot ightault RA ban maynt of magnhe momut s
each oth, ith N- pele ot one tuc hing "the ies aligned with the direction of g eni form
th
the othur. Fino the mogrtic moYnert magnie" fild of o22T.
(a) what the amount of work done do tn
Sol. magt so to
Hee Hhe ystem behaves the
(æ) Nermad to th fied direction
align its magie
Fole
Stength is m ond lengtth s LJE (Gi) Oposite to the. ild iectjbn ?
So the magnetic mement o
th syste is (b) what is the tore on the magnet in Cases
(i) and (ii ) ?
M= Peie stength x L2 Sol Hee M : :s JT
M =S) m
(a) li) Here (along the fied)
8, 90 (L to the feld)
Q what id the
magnitude o7 the equatohal m
axial tields ue to a bas magnt of length 5Cm As w:-MO ( Cos 9,- Cos 9,)
t a Diutana ok Cm. srtm Us apoiht? .The
magnehe momerd "o the ba' mgnt 4Am.
: - 623 (o-1) O33 J
Sol on qxia line he
(i) Hee
o 2Md
- s x0-22 ( cos jbo - coso)
0:23 (-1 -1) :
(os) (b) Torgue
on equatoriad ine the nagnetie tdd is. (i) He
B (<ed) So T: 's* b.22 Sin98 = D33 Nm
-CLASS
XIT
: 3.2 XIo T
 He to
In eAiioium, torms
|4
tuns and raus baJace
A cweet
t o.7s A rests
to
ts Plane KI6noYmal
T. The Coil extena
i
fild
htude s ree to
n'about an its plane frpendicuar
directon. when the Coil 'tuned
about ts
sigtly -
stable Gauss's Lew for Maqui3m
merd of ineia of he cou
abeut its a xis , f rottion ? ux
the n masqntie

I: 07S A

So thot M = NIA
M [C * .7S 3-14 K (.1)
0-377

lwhene I A the momert

As
2LJ I of instia of the coil.
Conkides a SmLi vecto r eioéc,
I
MO O377 x5 xLo
this Stce. Meqnetic tur throuh this a s
4x (3-14)a 2
idegnda
Summing ovA all
accerdi ng o Sause's Law r mrens.
dipole infuene
iu under thebetween we obtain
GA mognetie the
Cud ure ion so and on
as a magnitu of 2 KIo T. I# he oipo
Cemel to "stabe egiibriumn an
t magnitual he The law impes that tine
tn thi, fild, what he ield linel lCanng an
egal to

B 2 xoT The fact tht a o intes t h t thu sinpeat

magnehe element a a l e o cwot p Th.
isolRted mgnehie polea(eaud magneie manopales) a
not
PIIYSICMagnete Field oh Eauth - Cause of Enths Magnatism
Sir wiam Gilbet w
in the yeas 1600 that eath The exact Cauyes o7 eaths_ moorstsm s t
4 huge yet Knom fuly Howewc So me impsont pstuatu
m maenet sus ended thom
to a thea ond
rotte in e
hoztd phn Connes to reat
along the neath Soth airecfen. (i) Eanth's magnism may be ue to rotation o
eth atot ds onis. Thl becawe
(Arotns eier suksn
Tie is ke a huse ba
olactal maoret
brKmatelu adeng te akis o rotedien ct eath Theresore a substonceotating about on axis w
amd deaDi t s ihteior. eguvklunt io circwlating
The morth pole o} tihis Imaginany maget
must be towards geerae soth ds tottact
Sowth pole ot the spended magnet amd vie- yersa,. (iü) eIn the qutu
in the ionisec layers
'state of
, earn'sasrosphere,
pimaw 2azes
on a cçout ot
The imogina maantic axis o uth matuy an Cotmic Yays s eentth rstates , s t a t curTet
We Se u d to neve mert .(Cht,ae
orge ogiz' wtt th geogiaghc otaiend axis. Cwents might be maretsng
Mgnetie poley ae appronmately 2D Em. away
$rom the gogrphe pole. hot ard molten
(i) The eaxth's Core
Circ ulating, ioM o irom ma d hiekal in the hNgh
Rotaion axis Corduchng"qid egien ot the eanhs Core mgt
be korming crent Joops omd rducirg eai
OrthPhi
Geograp Maguetic magietic ld.
south pole

(Magt
04UNIT-
Magnutic Elements of Eth
Meugnetic elemnds ot eath at in
a plate a
mooait
the quantitie cribeComplety
ohich oes
as wel as oirectien the manetie ed o eanh,ar
that place.
Magnete axis -
The line oining the north ars
South pole o} a jredy supendea" magnt cel
magneic axis."
-ILASS
X Magnetic Geographic
north pole south pole Geographle asis i.
The. axiS abowt wrich eath
rotates i the geonhic aNS.
 MegneHe declination (e) Incinatien (5)
The sall amgle betwen n) Magnetie Dip or Mogetie
at a pla cA magetic ais an
w as thedetned moutie ditectin ntr
at at the placa. maks wt a horinniay

MWlan ange

Magnuhec
Mulan Note -

the t di 2 s .
The magr
hettetrehy n t on
ie Modian +he Compass nudle to
A vetide plone pasing through ns
Lre ot a eey suspendea moged is caud magntie
Geogep e Meidan The vaue oc meagie lip
Th veutiele planeCallco
pasing at a plau c n be sAe
grapkie north South irectin caule
-dor. ing an instru ment
"dip circle'.
HoL im fqw cD represe t s the magnhe ais oma c'D
ererts he georaphc anis.
The vetele plane cD.AB
veHe plan c's AG the 8graphe
Incll natiern (6) (üü) Horizontad Compone (H)
V) Magnetie Dip oy Magetie oTtal dire
datind os the angte, which the eavth' mayneie
t is gneie ield gneti
to taJ

**ja nt pla cas on the suyace oh eathy B

rt ange o p Hoiz enta Cevunt
"n ne magH qatov, the an. dog e
Venticla (anpenent a AD V Bsin8
PHIYSTCS
ro The hohizorta Compement of the eanti's mognh
B = J&v idd ad a place is s3 times t vetiea cootrot
e thure. Find the valu of the ange dip as n¢
tan &= H place. wha is the ratio of the heizntal corrot
to the total magrete fld o the eath at that
place
t hent paes.
H ZAO
fielo.
Z} angle oj ip at that pace

4 Re vae ct H at a pas em the utate o earth So that

o the ordir et 2iT.
HoAi 2.ontad Comport o eaths masnhe ie
* The direhen oi the Horizon tal Compnent
South t pegraic nortn above the sasau oj earth.

1QJ The verica Compomend ct ethd magneic

Aeid at a plac is 43 Ic4T. Calculate the a. The haricontl coupomurt of eths manehi
valu o' harieentad Companet ot eaths magieic CE fild at a place is s nd angle af dip ko:
Hld, ange ot dip at that ploce id so. ze hat i the vadue ot veteal Compenont a
UNTI magnetic fiek at egator ?
8 30
So HO¦i Lerta! Comporant
Frn (giver)
ton 3D
-CLASS
XI
Venic Compontnt
V R Sin 60
 Some Important Teyms used in Mcgntism B intide the tortidad slenoic
s på ce , thin nagnHe
Permeability (u)
) Magnehe a matutal to permt
o force throgh t. 31
degrce or exent to whicl magnhe
) Magnetisation Tntnsity (I)
The
penetrate or pumeate a material is Alld
rAgnhe pemobility
reprrsee o the matial. It TRe. Manetsaicn inte:
the mearte
Plative magneie permeability a mateial Vbheme ct the nateuia
relatire magnutie
be denHmability a
I =Magntic moment
maeuad, materiaJ() dnd magiic MAgnetic volue
PUbli tree gpaca().
Ax2
L
I
Ur e
cutino the pele heoyt
sehom ot the mmadua.
r has nu dimension. Its value is 1 tor vacuum.
A nP mers A
I =
Velume

(i) Magnetising Farce or Magnutie Intenity CH) S1 unit o I Am

The dearee to magnthc jld

whieh a
ü represcntd in
(iv) Magnetic Susce ptibiliy (x)
can manse a atea)
tee
ej magticing rce oY mcgntic intensity (H). t a pvpey which
s
a mteiad Carn be maorznsea.
tooidau sole nod w th n
Lets Coni Cuhent I Wor
S ceptib + n
tri
Yamd pe Lmit ngthmognc
a ing Ca mateio. as the ratio manets
/n he mateial
The magntie ied produed
Maqnetie Saceptitby repcsentes Xa.
he producd nI cad the magnui sing yore
mcuintic intity H*
So H
AS unit o a ) n u r e (K-)
PIYSICS
Rlation between Magnetic PeAmeability and Some Important terms used in MAgnism
Magnetic Suauptibinity - Physical Quantity SymbelNature Units ark
When a masneic mateia s plac in q Mognuhc tield Vector T
magnutic ed o Maneie inteni ty H, the mater manie lur crzity,
Monutie tnduetin
2 Magnetie Irdersity
Magnth sing cre
Vecir

a Magnisaticr Irten ty Vecter

natuia
Am
4.Magnetie Menent
Tm
The tota! magneie tild e in the matuial |s Magnetie Pesmeablity Scalar

the um ot the maantic Be in vacuum prdus 6 Magnetie Pumensity MSca'ay Tm

by the magmatc intenity nd maneie 7idd Bm.
tmattsaen ot the mateual.
a(Mugnetism z Ralate Magnuic Perabty Scalan No

B= Be+ Bm
Xm Scajar No
But |2| Magnetie Suscaptibaliy
So
04
UNTT- dividing by i t we get

This i the reotion betwn he reetive magneie

pelmesbih ona magnetic suscptblity the mteinl.
 Matuis
ong n bar of Cross Sechon area imm Classific ation of Magnetie
ALm insiS a solenoid. I% he magnisma forcL bug catgeri
placd Farday claiecet
oopeiee
the Solenoid is 4RIb on thn findthe Subetants
MAetic olipole m o t of the ion bah
pemablity of iron : I4J16 HJm)
(i)) Paamagneie
Dianagneic Substancea
(i Ferromagnetie Subhstan
(() Diamagntic Subtans
(r ret poes
mdiidual toms Inaiecwes t
oich the manutie
ma morent on t r o an rten
any nt ae piacud n
Such Suhetancs
magnie S mhing ie.
, Copper, Led,art,
opposite
Exanples- Andimeny, Gicnuthyogen, inert ass ete.
Watee, Macy ,
Propeies -
when ciamagnethie Sastand
(U)

() when dia maanth Shs trnca8 ae a

hese
PHYSICS
(m) camgntic mated Explanaion of Diamagnuism
Plaed tied the magrntie tield Ln a diomagretic Substonu th motion ot
nes pete not the m t a l .

motion ot turo alechns revolving with sAme anpla

reelld omd the tiedd inside the mtdia euud velocity in a circa oroit f Sme radi, b
in obauite sense.
In the absence of any trad mnogmeti
monetic mornet two eleehrms bein
feld 4te for w
obþosi te mo cancd cach othe
ttht net magnetie noment ot eoch ato
tom, se

iv) Subs
Relative mgnehe peuneaily o~,diamagnutie
tmces ie anys less tho utty.

Sc

when a uniform maneic field 3 be appied

electtn expeiences a maaraie LCTenE
each
Xn is agati ve -force F eve Flemnss Left
According to Gcts
mate has a Small rF rale
Henu susupti bi liy o ajonngrate hand rule, the Lorentz
valui the electron relimg articl ockaise. Tt
04
(M
UNIT- decrease the certipetai force and hence derae
(vi) Suscaptibly ot oamagntis dees ot chnge wnth the veloeity t ede ctron to (v- AV). As a
oee
decron
resut, AMUe Moment f
(M- the
to

-CLASS
XI
 On the deton
orie acts adially Yevolving dockise, the Lotnt
4 inwards (i) Pata megnutic
ICe_and henc, tending to increade the
the velocity Substanus
Theresore of electan
Jecton increaded to (M+ AM).the mognetic momznt og cach iiclund aton rncleee | ion ha, a net non- zar
The veetor adoition o magnetic mont
hee tuo mognetic when Such
evies m nagreic ieldSbstamas
plauc in an
moments gves ise t net tey get Ackhy magrutMd m
2AM, directed wpwar ie. dipde magnhe moment the aincthion os he mgnetisimg ied.
opbasite to exten Exanples - Alumimium , chrmiun
The
AA Cad net magnthic moment 24M So dwedopec
Pladirum Tungsten, Socum,
inouced Properties -
moment indued in mognetic
feront momt. add maretic
The
net maigneeahon atomy vtically
in when,
of the mateia in a a pakanagretic subetanca s sspanded
direetion opoaite
ia magette behaiou
Ao B, TRis
açcounts fo the
a unitrm maanehe ted, thy otate se a to
ot matel. bring thatr longet axjs alorg * directon
The apeaee of induced magnetic
moment in
atoms is not atfected by the tumad motion
t atoms, the fore, agnetie Susceptibliy of
Such mateualses n:t depends on tempa atie
of the mateials. (ü) when the mateas
a non- unitor on'paramngretc
piauo n
maanzi ted
strne pa.

tracted tu th magne.

( 1

() whev a pec o a parannNt Swhitana

phad in 4 magnei n te, Anene t d rs
Pryes to pau thiugh tf °are rahu' than haongh
the magne yiekt puts'e tie piea BB
 Iamth magt eo theKinehe
mateal matra, paamgnctic substana
Inatomieç beha
m ln mag mumbe
matuil oipelette cupeoltemaeatuein
tsiet
he
Hoe pioud
qverage
ewemoment. Some shéngy a
he not theef paamagmeric and
-paramagntism
ield, dos
mathias, ela magnetc
whu
directon
temeatue he
acqires ae
ate
thatthemateiel magnethe f suhstmcesgt Nieku
dupble A n Siuetons
magnetic Susceptiblity thuy
he
tiet!
eD of atomic
Thatthe nise Substornces
Ferromagnetic
moecule
paamagnehc a Cobalt,
maqnhe volume
pasamamate in nith ied,
m
Feromdqnete
Cxten fiek.
the weakly the
pAmais
VThis
of align raue decrenss abm
magnete
why
Às
as
memnt
magrethc
Nhano
Such
magneising
Explanation "unit
pmAnent
yrandom
ae om
th2
magntisehe imividua
Iron
dircton
+heir
In absence,f,
pesa H to the
atomic
moment when
tiesdirectiorn when mateials Example
external
the
Some gots (i
) ench
t in
pauamgntic tendany is vanils
guhstances
pasAmagnie
a 3ubstonte
in substanu
placd
ahave
Substms
o} mty when pasaagnetie
pemability the
than ine paitive. o}
vaiw terperatuu teir
ioote
more ted ha.Scter
wth
ris
magnatie paiamagnetic
means
H be k Snau
woays meqmte mutH Susbepthiblity
Swuptibility
(vi)
tha
with s
Ralative Xn
in InvAsly tanpeat
in
ubstanu
pl, thuorpostive mareie
(V)
As Hente
iv) to
Êaue)to -LIN)
 mogniç
substomoented
the any
dutectm
fermenecrenerto,
m oj
perdf
im aloy beaye
in
tadonly
teomagrutie
the memet
becawse t
he n
nu an in
tied im
camge ise
ahe homagretiseam a n l aAbice gradually,his
magtt, amd
magrutie
vmagnic s Is t r h
donain terronagntic amd
a bmau Thus
stats such mateal1
jied.
ieCabalt
this, fld.
a Yesultont bd7
domain. nickl,
mterials
as iHeur nognshised.
strongy : exkna Hard
Sott FeYomagnets:
Femomagnets moAgneti
sohi
pesists
seneo:agretic
che
decreasel
behave
does
not
magntie
eniasnsh
Ispite the giant auminium,
stu
hir Whan w nj-mantt.
on Ln
domain
magnatisahon
bsente
tndsthat applied
The aþued
Singte
matevas
havd when
LYom,exlena
So the thi
a *
of rionmthe
mignutbuomagnehe doTmkin,
magrisecl g t epoo K. Lirus
swatane
djuomagnehe tiny eternal
isection mateialsvahe te to,pamagrutis.
'Thiu
cwietempetre
abot eld
rathu
than
throgh Neng
&.
a oshong o7 4
postire s memeut.
a Callld
fno
Sephbity magnetie torm any
theplaced-
Styraced Cata is substanu
bthout
meve be
temmagnic ion regiors
atm.
in rglon tan lage a dpole
ae
magnchsed io At ot thí stongmagut
shongy Hey Xm Callld teromomtie
th pemeab
they tendensy (a ,
demperatwe
deteases-
çiee
temperate
eld, eechve
substanus
Vpmanunt
lange. fertonagrdits
chage
oves
to
"kieh
get o whystrogy s
a
srong nagnie bilty tempiotue Small
asbny magn terromcanic
ot havi
in
magie.vey
jed they That maleralscuhepiece doroin
a
in atoen
a Hena is Saucep ; c
-Properties have Rdatie ise a ain
ekarmpe
vi)
wn plaus Explenalim
i diple n¯nter
matehias lang
external on
th megrthe
Each
ey Te4Weak Helet- Thevey, ransi
In
Magrutie
G) iv) (V) FoY lage
t2)o
 CLASS -xI UNIT D(Mageti
9A Daniagih
epanaragmctie 1
* Substuna
S sectim Pemmagrtie
the Hent
Xm
a: bar. magrehe
b2 §
t2 cn. s r
a and
5961 m Cm
Calelete tei Sngl
2 : u
YIp74T 2-4x1bS
D2XIm o oh
l600 positive
I10TA7-5 m.
pemeality Magntie
Am Hr
number.
2-4
X
prducs Sbctanes
1S
andsusuphiliity
h a
magnute.

Hou tactrs
these
So Combining
(il) i)
Curie
atomidipole
monants,
magfeisaion'abphei
mMntisatim
Sdation the al wsthe * Ur *
onThuus
Gut Also inwensely Tntensty
directly
the
At depnds C
mimum magnttisatien
vey Sample tr
I
La
(outempratues, d
B
propotioral
propohtional
not a a ot in
psamatic Constont
value onlyon H
B magrutisahon
tem dI
peratue.
Tnt Magntis
callec ensity
hen to to
the the
rnagrtic m
T I aI
maea! Cie
nateal, (I) i
tmpentuhe
Conetmt. teld
byth a
but (a), mgi
also (T) amd
armd m
 at a gien
Theginen iye shouse the vaiatiom intenity Smallu the tmpuatue
aane tisation vu the iealied
matgnhicfie fidd H, igha umagrete sbetance
A and . of
TRe susce ptibility and magrting fild.
Mdepenoent f tpuetse
vanatm d insety
figwe shocs the
fe) Iderity the matias A an o. imtenity H for huro
Wy dos the matead e have a laA I
(6) susupti bdity then 4 gen field at
Const at tempahue ?

Sls(a) The sloe of I-H Cuwe gives mmgnie

Suscepibiity
matal A is patamagntc substance becawse mateia
(a) Identity theraiatn )
Zm is smal but posi tive
Dra the
(b) tempuate at suscuptGbility
Matuia B is Ferromognhe swbstance because
in id lage and pesi ve So A s
(a) Maia bmall paamagrete Substonce erawe
and s ve.
6) The Suscepibiity of mateia B Layea
har A at gven manee fiea becaue femomag Matal
natea! ts shon gly manhs e anod in hence
Pr duws Lagaa irtensi of gretision Comp bmall but
fore t
paarmghe sbstance, thee b)The Suscaptibity os Diamaete sus tanu s
independent t tmpant anad magziing fe
Wy does a paamanuie sbutanee isplay
3reatu maization for the some mogruizing
when "coskd? Hou dloes iamegrHe substanie
rapond to siwilak temperatwe change ?
of Paa
SOSinte inteniy of mgn Constan
masntic Sukstance
( Cueie lans ) Dlanagute
PHYSTCs
Hysteresis Curve Nexti the cwent in the. solenid
revehse cmd inoreased slowly Cetam claoni
The huyste reais Cue represents the relation e tipped unti) the nt magrte tiele H
betten megnte
mateial wtmagneisin ()
tieid toxce(omagnethe u reduud to zero. This i repreénte by
the bC.

It ears to redue the reaidual

magneism retentvity to mogreie
zero, we, have t
magnetie abbt a magni sing torceS o idenit
ShicH edhoto o in a
madeva
vaj ue os mmegitisina t r e t ecalledrechien.
coercivi
O7 the Bnatetal.
As, he revese cutent in solenoid
increasee in rnagritude, e once agin cbtain
satuhatim im th hewese ireetier at d. Th
vaiati'on represerted by tha wve cd.
Next the selennod Cent is redutud
Cwwe (ale) revcued, mal increased ( Cuve ea)
Sopese He mateid is unmaantised inhally The yde repeats tset
Heo. Thhs stadeis represerted
Tus ts, that ohen a piee
Ie Dae tHhe mateic n a solenoid
a magrtic mateua
gnafisathon,
JERn thrgh a
the inensitu t m a e r g 1
(Magnetis
04
UNIT- omd increaie the cutnt hrongh the solenoidl qnt magnehche
groduai. The magntising torce & increascs. fbrce tH. tielo (s) La b£hin the mantig
Thee g e tel increaes
as s k
Satuyates behin The pha
HSmenorn,
This
hu domain ot is subjected to a
a specim
represerte aignmirt teomn
mateial ri no t t i ncre ae in posi ble hyateesis .
im cwent
Sdencib ond hune magnetie bagmd this.
We cam, plot I-H iovp n the same way a
Solenoid cwAert d we have ploea B-H Loop ot a fenomTtc
herce magretic irteity mateial. The Shapts eop 8- lg
ora given mateo -CIASS
A
-CLASS
XII hat H=obd B#o. Thus Some maruti sm s
The vau Tngnetic, tield, let iin the.
matejal
redued to
uonro the magie iderity Rebicual
).
magnetism
calld , Retentity
atia).
ot he
 Hysteresis Loop for Soft iron and steel - Hysterasis Loss
Hyateelis oop toy (nn naro when o ferornagnic matoia ndeAgoes
Steal wi of hatesis Cwue then the
Ono
a Complete e t dumagratise the modor
be an eneay Loss mateia im he form cf
Soft Iron we en to the
maic fild in oppot ite direcin
stet
of the hstebis we is egual
The ahea
pe unit voune oj e mnataia in a
the energu das
H
Complete yele of hyteress Loop.
Total Eney oss

The hysteeis lovps ok soft iron md steel n: fequency of yeles

YevealHhal t time
() Te retentvity o ot iron is greter then
sto.
the retenti ity TR The ea f a hsteris Cue r a mateial
more Strongty magnetiseal than is eqi valent to 2s8s. Rnd the r y lacs in
steal one howh maieial TSwith
JJo?.
is le than the stel. jrequey s He enity of the mate
( ) Coercivity soose s magnism more
rapidly
(iv) A the aua oa BH Lop for soft ion
steel us
Smalle is
Theyore hptereis loss in cose o% sot on
Salle tha the ote).
HIYSIeS
Use of Ferronagnetics Ga Magnt As an Eqivalnt Solenol4
i Peamanent Magnts Comsidu a solenoid o ungtn 21 Gnd ndist
a cunet I Number ot tins pu it lat
Pemanent
magts ahe the mateds Carnging
Tetam thur temgntik
The mateachasen shadpropeate tur a lng imu No Cosids a small element ot thickrs
(i) Hish Tteniity so that the at a iEtance x rorn cete os the soenia o. Numhr
mngnet is shng ot tu in he elment ane nde
not° erased by itle masntie 'elds, d
Chamges cor mthanicad damage de to Dugh hmding
() Hg peealiy so that
ea cn be magmuttsed
K

(üi)Elertromagnets Magnete fre at a point p( shere cP : r) de t

this element s -
fem mateials, which have high pesmeability
Sot im s itble ateial Ic r s vey dage, ie.
this ppese
Solenoid
Hence the magmte fel at p ie to Csmgate seni
Soft iron
B

Use -
Elketeagrts ae wsed in letie
louaspeakars,
machinery tc, teleprene. diaphrapm amd to Lljt
N:n4
A ne
(G) Transformer Core -
M NIAT
Soft in w wed or making transforeer Cre
Becquse, Nsherei; oasor his s minmutn the aNIal mmgnehe field o a Cuunt Camyng
i has gh resinty t decrenle energ4 losseaandduu Seenoid is dame ad hat ot a ber
to edy cuants. a cuhA ent camying anet. Hene
saenec quivaiant a bor Nt