Chapter 4 - Completing The Accounting Cycle

Accounting Principles
Fourteenth Edition
Weygandt Kimmel Mitchell
Chapter 4
Completing the Accounting Cycle
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Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
LO 1 Prepare a worksheet.
LO 2 Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial
balance.
LO 3 Explain the steps in the accounting cycle and how
to prepare correcting entries.
LO 4 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

The Worksheet
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Prepare a Worksheet
• Multiple-column form used in preparing financial

statements
• Not a permanent accounting record
• May be a computerized worksheet
• Prepared using a five step process
• Use of worksheet is optional
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Form and Procedure for a Worksheet
ILLUSTRATION 4.1
Step 1—Trial Balance
ILLUSTRATION 4.2
Step 2—Adjustments
The adjustments are the same as in Illustration 3.27.
a. Pioneer debits an additional account, Supplies Expense, $1,500 for the cost of
supplies used, and credits Supplies $1,500.
b. Pioneer debits an additional account, Insurance Expense, $50 for the insurance that
has expired, and credits Prepaid Insurance $50.
c. The company needs two additional depreciation accounts. It debits Depreciation
Expense $40 for the month’s depreciation, and credits Accumulated Depreciation—
Equipment $40.
d. Pioneer debits Unearned Service Revenue $400 for services performed, and credits
Service Revenue $400.
e. Pioneer debits an additional account, Accounts Receivable, $200 for services
performed but not billed, and credits Service Revenue $200.
f. The company needs two additional accounts relating to interest. It debits Interest
Expense $50 for accrued interest, and credits Interest Payable $50.
g. Pioneer debits Salaries and Wages Expense $1,200 for accrued salaries, and credits
an additional account, Salaries and Wages Payable, $1,200.
Step 2—Enter the Adjustments
ILLUSTRATION 4.2

Step 3—Enter Adjusted Balances in the
Adjusted Trial Balance Columns
ILLUSTRATION 4.2

Step 4—Extend Adj. Trial Bal. Amounts
to Appropriate Financial Statement
Columns
ILLUSTRATION 4.2

Step 5—Total the Statement Columns,
Compute the Net Income (or Net Loss),
and Complete the Worksheet
ILLUSTRATION 4.2

Steps in Preparing a Worksheet
Review Question
Net income is shown on a worksheet in the:
a. income statement debit column only.
b. balance sheet debit column only.
c. income statement credit column and balance
sheet debit column.
d. income statement debit column and balance
sheet credit column.

Steps in Preparing a Worksheet
Review Answer
Net income is shown on a worksheet in the:
a. income statement debit column only.
b. balance sheet debit column only.
c. income statement credit column and balance
sheet debit column.
d. Answer: income statement debit column and
balance sheet credit column.

Preparing Financial Statements from a
Worksheet
• Income statement is prepared from the income
statement columns
• Balance sheet and owner’s equity statement are
prepared from the balance sheet columns
• Companies can prepare financial statements before
they journalize and post adjusting entries by using a
worksheet

Income Statement
ILLUSTRATION 4.3
Owner’s Equity Statement
ILLUSTRATION 4.3

Balance Sheet
ILLUSTRATION 4.3

Preparing Adjusting Entries from a
Worksheet
• Adjusting entries are prepared from the adjustments
columns of the worksheet
• Journalizing and posting of adjusting entries follows
the preparation of financial statements when a
worksheet is used

DO IT! 1: Worksheet
Susan Elbe is preparing a worksheet. Explain to Susan how she
should extend the following adjusted trial balance accounts to
the financial statement columns of the worksheet.
Cash Balance sheet (debit)
Accum. Dep.—Equipment Balance sheet (credit)
Accounts Payable Balance sheet (credit)
Owner’s Drawings Balance sheet (debit)
Service Revenue Income statement (credit)
Salaries and Wages Expense Income statement (debit)

Closing the Books
Prepare Closing Entries and a Post-Closing Trial Balance
At the end of the accounting period, the company makes

the accounts ready for the next period.

Temporary Versus Permanent Accounts
ILLUSTRATION 4.4

Preparing Closing Entries
Closing entries formally recognize in the ledger the

transfer of:
• Net income (or net loss) to owner’s capital
• Owner’s drawings to owner’s capital
Produce a zero balance in each temporary account.
Companies generally journalize and post closing entries
only at end of the annual accounting period.
Permanent accounts are not closed.

Diagram of Closing Process—
Proprietorship
ILLUSTRATION 4.5

Closing Entries Journalized
ILLUSTRATION 4.6
Posting Closing Entries
ILLUSTRATION 4.7
Post-Closing Trial Balance
ILLUSTRATION 4.8
General Ledger Permanent Accounts
ILLUSTRATION 4.9

General Ledger Temporary Accounts
ILLUSTRATION 4.10

DO IT! 2: Closing Entries
Entry to Close Revenue to Income Summary
Hancock Company has the following balances in selected accounts
of its adjusted trial balance.
Accounts Payable $27,000 Owner’s Drawings $15,000
Service Revenue 98,000 Owner’s Capital 42,000
Rent Expense 22,000 Accounts Receivable 38,000
Salaries and Wages 51,000 Supplies Expense 7,000
Expense
Prepare the closing entries at December 31.
Service Revenue 98,000

Income Summary 98,000
Entry to Close Expenses to Income Summary
Expense

Salaries and Wages Expense 51,000
Rent Expense 22,000
Supplies Expense 7,000

Entries to Close Net Income and Owner’s Drawing
to Owner’s Capital
Expense

Owner’s Capital 18,000
Owner’s Capital 15,000
Owner’s Drawings 15,000
The Accounting Cycle and Correcting Entries
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle and how to prepare
correcting entries.
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

1. Analyze Business Transactions
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

2. Journalize the Transactions
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

3. Post to the Ledger Accounts
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

4. Prepare a Trial Balance
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

5. Journalize and Post Adjusting Entries:
Deferrals/Accruals
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

6. Prepare an Adjusted Trial Balance
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

7. Prepare Financial Statements
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

8. Journalize and Post Closing Entries
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

9. Prepare a Post-Closing Trial Balance
ILLUSTRATION 4.11

Correcting Entries—An Avoidable Step
• Unnecessary if accounting records are free of errors

• Made whenever an error is discovered
• Must be posted before closing entries
Instead of preparing a correcting entry, it is possible to
reverse the incorrect entry and then prepare the correct
entry.

Correcting Entries—Case 1
On May 10, Mercato Co. journalized and posted a $50 cash
collection on account from a customer as a debit to Cash $50 and a
credit to Service Revenue $50. The company discovered the error
on May 20, when the customer paid the remaining balance in full.
Incorrect Cash 50
entry Service Revenue 50
Correct Cash 50
entry Accounts Receivable 50
Correcting Service Revenue 50

entry Accounts Receivable 50

Correcting Entries—Case 2
On May 18, Mercato purchased on account equipment costing $450.
The transaction was journalized and posted as a debit to Equipment
$45 and a credit to Accounts Payable $45. The error was discovered
on June 3, when Mercato received the monthly statement for May
from the creditor.
Incorrect Equipment 45
entry Accounts Payable 45
Correct Equipment 450

Correcting Equipment 405


DO IT! 3: Correcting Entries
Sanchez Company discovered the following errors made in January
2022.
1. A payment of Salaries and Wages Expense of $600 was debited
to Supplies and credited to Cash, both for $600.
2. A collection of $3,000 from a client on account was debited to
Cash $200 and credited to Service Revenue $200.
3. The purchase of supplies on account for $860 was debited to
Supplies $680 and credited to Accounts Payable $680.
Correct the errors without reversing the incorrect entry.

DO IT! 3: Correcting Entries Solution
1. A payment of Salaries and Wages Expense of $600 was debited to Supplies
and credited to Cash, both for $600.
Salaries and Wages Expense 600
Supplies 600
2. A collection of $3,000 from a client on account was debited to Cash $200
and credited to Service Revenue $200.
Service Revenue 200
Cash 2,800
Accounts Receivable 3,000
3. The purchase of supplies on account for $860 was debited to Supplies $680
and credited to Accounts Payable $680.
Supplies ($860 - $680) 180
Accounts Payable 180
Classified Balance Sheet
Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.
• Presents a snapshot at a point in time

• To improve understanding, companies group similar
assets and similar liabilities together
Assets Liabilities and Owners Equity
Current assets Current liabilities
Long-term investments Long-term liabilities
Property, plant, and equipment Owner’s equity
Intangible assets
ILLUSTRATION 4.16

Assets
ILLUSTRATION 4.17
Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
ILLUSTRATION 4.17
Current Assets
• Assets that a company expects to convert to cash or

use up within one year or the operating cycle,
whichever is longer
• Operating cycle is the average time that it takes to
o purchase inventory,
o sell it on account, and
o collect cash from customers

Current Assets Section
ILLUSTRATION 4.18
Accounts are usually listed in order of liquidity.

Current Assets
Review Question
The correct order of presentation in a classified balance
sheet for the following current assets is:
a. accounts receivable, cash, prepaid insurance,
inventory.
b. cash, inventory, accounts receivable, prepaid
insurance.
c. cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid
insurance.
d. inventory, cash, accounts receivable, prepaid
insurance.
Current Assets
Review Answer
The correct order of presentation in a classified balance
sheet for the following current assets is:
a. accounts receivable, cash, prepaid insurance,
inventory.
b. cash, inventory, accounts receivable, prepaid
insurance.
c. Answer: cash, accounts receivable, inventory,
prepaid insurance.
d. inventory, cash, accounts receivable, prepaid
insurance.
Long-Term Investments Section
• Investments in stocks and bonds of other companies
• Investments in long-term assets such as land or
buildings that are not currently being used in
operating activities
• Long-term notes receivable
ILLUSTRATION 4.19

Property, Plant, and Equipment
• Long useful lives

• Currently used in operations
• Depreciation - allocating the cost of assets to a
number of years
• Accumulated depreciation - total amount of
depreciation expensed thus far in the asset’s life
• Sometimes called fixed assets or plant assets

Property, Plant, and Equipment Section
ILLUSTRATION 4.20

Intangible Assets Section
• Long-lived assets that do not have physical substance
ILLUSTRATION 4.21

Review Question
Patents and copyrights are
a. Current assets
b. Intangible assets
c. Long-term investments
d. Property, plant, and equipment

Review Answer
Patents and copyrights are
a. Current assets
b. Answer: Intangible assets
c. Long-term investments
d. Property, plant, and equipment

Current Liabilities
• Obligations company is to pay within coming year or
its operating cycle, whichever is longer
• Usually list notes payable first, followed by accounts
payable, other items follow in order of magnitude
• Common examples are accounts payable, salaries and
wages payable, notes payable, interest payable,
income taxes payable current maturities of long-term
obligations
• Liquidity - ability to pay obligations expected to be
due within the next year
Current Liabilities Section
ILLUSTRATION 4.22

Long-Term Liabilities Section
• Obligations a company expects to pay after one year.
ILLUSTRATION 4.23

Long-Term Liabilities
Review Question
Which of the following is not a long-term liability?
a. Bonds payable
b. Current maturities of long-term obligations
c. Long-term notes payable
d. Mortgages payable

Long-Term Liabilities
Review Answer
Which of the following is not a long-term liability?
a. Bonds payable
b. Answer: Current maturities of long-term
obligations
c. Long-term notes payable
d. Mortgages payable

Owner’s Equity Section
• Proprietorship - one capital account
• Partnership - capital account for each partner
• Corporation - Common Stock and Retained Earnings
ILLUSTRATION 4.24

DO IT! 4: Balance Sheet Classifications
Match each of the following to its proper balance sheet classification, shown
below. If the item would not appear on a balance sheet, use “NA.”
CL Salaries and wages payable
___ LTI Stock investments (long-term)
___
NA Service revenue
___ PE Equipment
P___
CL Interest payable
___ P___
PE Accumulated depreciation
IA Goodwill
___ ___
NA Depreciation expense
CA Debt investments (short-term)
___ OE Owner’s capital
___
LTL Mortgage payable (due in 3 years)
___ CL Unearned service revenue
___
Current assets (CA) Current liabilities (CL)

Long-term investments (LTI) Long-term liabilities (LTL)
Property, plant, and equipment (PPE) Owner’s equity (OE)
Intangible assets (IA)

Reversing Entries
Prepare reversing entries.
• It is often helpful to reverse some adjusting entries

before recording regular transactions of the next
period
• Companies make a reversing entry at beginning of
next accounting period
• Each reversing entry is exact opposite of adjusting
entry made in previous period
• Use of reversing entries does not change amounts
reported in the financial statements

Reversing Entries Example
We use the salaries expense transactions for Pioneer Advertising as
illustrated in Chapters 2, 3, and 4.
1. October 26 (initial salary entry): Pioneer pays $4,000 of salaries
and wages earned between October 15 and October 26.
2. October 31 (adjusting entry): Salaries and wages earned
between October 29 and October 31 are $1,200. The company
will pay these in the November 9 payroll.
3. November 9 (subsequent salary entry): Salaries and wages paid
are $4,000. Of this amount, $1,200 applied to accrued salaries
and wages payable, and $2,800 was earned between November
1 and November 9.

Comparative Entries
Without and With Reversing Entries
ILLUSTRATION 4A.1

Posting With Reversing Entries
ILLUSTRATION 4A.2

A Look at IFRS
Compare the procedures for the closing process under GAAP and
IFRS.
The classified balance sheet, although generally required
internationally, contains certain variations in format when
reporting under IFRS.

A Look at IFRS
Similarities
• The procedures of the closing process are applicable to all
companies, whether they are using IFRS or GAAP.
• IFRS generally requires a classified statement of financial
position similar to the classified balance sheet under GAAP.
• IFRS follows the same guidelines as GAAP for distinguishing
between current and non-current assets and liabilities.

A Look at IFRS
Differences
• IFRS recommends but does not require the use of the title
“statement of financial position” rather than balance sheet.
• The format of statement of financial position information is
often presented differently under IFRS. Although no specific
format is required, many companies that follow IFRS present
statement of financial position information in this order:
o Non-current assets
o Current assets
o Equity
o Non-current liabilities
o Current liabilities

A Look at IFRS
More Differences
• Under IFRS, current assets are usually listed in the reverse
order of liquidity. For example, under GAAP cash is listed first,
but under IFRS it is listed last.
• IFRS has many differences in terminology from what are shown
in your textbook.
• Both GAAP and IFRS are increasing the use of fair value to
report assets. However, at this point IFRS has adopted it more
broadly. As examples, under IFRS, companies can apply fair
value to property, plant, and equipment, and in some cases
intangible assets.

Copyright
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or from the use of the information contained herein.
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Chapter 4 - Completing The Accounting Cycle

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Accounting Principles

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• Multiple-column form used in preparing financial

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At the end of the accounting period, the company makes

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Closing entries formally recognize in the ledger the

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Prepare the closing entries at December 31.

Service Revenue 98,000

Prepare the closing entries at December 31.

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Prepare the closing entries at December 31.

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• Unnecessary if accounting records are free of errors

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Correcting Service Revenue 50

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Correct Equipment 450

Correcting Equipment 405

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• Presents a snapshot at a point in time

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• Assets that a company expects to convert to cash or

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Accounts are usually listed in order of liquidity.

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• Long useful lives

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