DMI-ST.

JOHN THE BAPTIST UNIVERSITY

LILONGWE, MALAWI

Module Code: 252MA61

Subject Name: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Unit V

School of Social Work

Module Teacher: Catherine Chisomo Banda

 Syllabus

Unit I Business Research:

Business Research – Meaning, types, process of research, management problem, defining the research
problem, formulating the research Hypothesis, developing the research proposals, research design
formulation, sampling design, planning and collecting the data for research, data analysis and
interpretation. Research Application in business decisions, Features of good research study.

Unit II Types of Business Research Design:

Exploratory Research Design, Conclusive Research Design, Experimental Research Design,

Observational Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Cross Sectional Research Design,
Descriptive Research Design, and Empirical Research Design Sampling: Concepts, Types of Sampling,
Probability Sampling – simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling,
cluster sampling, Non Probability Sampling – convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, snowball
sampling, quota sampling – Errors in sampling.

Unit III Data Collection: Primary and Secondary Data:

Measurement and Scaling Techniques: Basic measurement scales, Nominal scale, Ordinal scale, Interval
scale, Ratio scale. Attitude measurement scale, Likert’s Scale, Semantic Differential Scale, Multi,
Dimensional Scaling.

Unit IV Hypothesis:

Meaning, Types, characteristics, source, Formulation of Hypothesis, Errors in Hypothesis Parametric and
Non Parametric Test: T,Test, Z,Test, the rank sums test. The mann, whittney U test, the one sample Runs
test, and rank correlation Statistical Analysis: Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode), Corelation &
simple regression, Bivariate Analysis (Chi,Square only), Multivariate Analysis (Theory Only) ANOVA:
One, Way.

Unit V Report Writing and Presentation of Results:

Importance of report writing, types of research report, report structure, guidelines for effective
documentation. Bibliography and References – Meaning, difference, and writing styles of bibliography
and references.
Table of Contents

4.0 Hypothesis...............................................................................................................................................4
4.1 Definition of hypothesis......................................................................................................................4
4.2 Characteristics of Hypotheses:............................................................................................................4
4.3 Sources of Hypotheses.........................................................................................................................4
4.4 Basic Format of a Good Hypothesis....................................................................................................4
4.5 Types of Hypotheses............................................................................................................................5
4.6 Falsifiability.........................................................................................................................................5
4.7 Errors in Hypothesis................................................................................................................................5
4.8 Error in statistical decision-making.....................................................................................................6
4.9 Type I error..........................................................................................................................................7
4.10 Type II error.......................................................................................................................................7
4.11 Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests...................................................................................................8
4.12 Parametric Tests.................................................................................................................................8
4.13 Non-parametric Tests.........................................................................................................................8
4.14 Examples of Tests..............................................................................................................................9
5.0 RESEARCH REPORT

5.1 What is a Research Report?

A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a
systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research
process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.

In many ways, a research report can be considered as a summary of the research process that clearly
highlights findings, recommendations, and other important details. Reading a well-written research report
should provide you with all the information you need about the core areas of the research process.

5.2 Importance of a Research Report

 Knowledge Transfer: As already stated above, one of the reasons for carrying out research is to
contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and this is made possible with a research report. A
research report serves as a means to effectively communicate the findings of a systematic
investigation to all and sundry.

 Identification of Knowledge Gaps: With a research report, you'd be able to identify knowledge
gaps for further inquiry. A research report shows what has been done while hinting at other areas
needing systematic investigation.

 In market research, a research report would help you understand the market needs and
peculiarities at a glance.

 A research report allows you to present information in a precise and concise manner.

 It is time-efficient and practical because, in a research report, you do not have to spend time
detailing the findings of your research work in person. You can easily send out the report via
email and have stakeholders look at it.

5.3 Types of Research Report

The research report is classified based on two things; nature of research and target audience.

1. Nature of Research

 Qualitative Research Report

This is the type of report written for qualitative research. It outlines the methods, processes, and findings
of a qualitative method of systematic investigation. In educational research, a qualitative research report
provides an opportunity for one to apply his or her knowledge and develop skills in planning and
executing qualitative research projects.

A qualitative research report is usually descriptive in nature. Hence, in addition to presenting details of
the research process, you must also create a descriptive narrative of the information.

 Quantitative Research Report

A quantitative research report is a type of research report that is written for quantitative
research. Quantitative research is a type of systematic investigation that pays attention to numerical or
statistical values in a bid to find answers to research questions.

In this type of research report, the researcher presents quantitative data to support the research process
and findings. Unlike a qualitative research report that is mainly descriptive, a quantitative research report
works with numbers; that is, it is numerical in nature.

2. Target Audience

Also, a research report can be said to be technical or popular based on the target audience. If you're
dealing with a general audience, you would need to present a popular research report, and if you're
dealing with a specialized audience, you would submit a technical report.

 Technical Research Report

A technical research report is a detailed document that you present after carrying out industry-based
research. This report is highly specialized because it provides information for a technical audience; that
is, individuals with above-average knowledge in the field of study.

In a technical research report, the researcher is expected to provide specific information about the
research process, including statistical analyses and sampling methods. Also, the use of language is highly
specialized and filled with jargon.

Examples of technical research reports include legal and medical research reports.

 Popular Research Report

A popular research report is one for a general audience; that is, for individuals who do not necessarily
have any knowledge in the field of study. A popular research report aims to make information accessible
to everyone.

It is written in very simple language, which makes it easy to understand the findings and
recommendations. Examples of popular research reports are the information contained in newspapers and
magazines.

5.4 Contents of Research Report

Although no hard and fast rules can be laid down, the report must contain the following points.

Preliminary Part:
o Cover
o Title
o Preface
o Acknowledgement
o Table of contents
o List of tables
o List of graphs

 Introduction of the Report

o Introduction
o Background of the research study
 o Statement of the problem
o Brief outline of the chapters

 Review of Literature
o Books review
o Review of articles published in books, journals, periodicals, etc
o Review of articles published in leading newspapers
o Working papers / discusssion paper / study reports
o Articles on authorised websites
o A broad conclusion and indications for further research

 The Research Methodology

o The theoretical framework (variables)
o Model / hypothesis
o Instruments for data collection
o Data collection

 Results
o Pilot study
o Processing of data
o Hypothesis / model testing
o Data analysis and interpretation
o Tables and figures

 Concluding Remarks
o Findings
o Conclusions
o Shortcomings
o Suggestions to the problems
o Direction for further research

 Bibliography
o Appendices
Preliminary Part
The preliminary part may have seven major components – cover, title, preface, acknowledgement, table
of contents, list of tables, list of graphs. Long reports presented in book form have a cover made up of a
card sheet. The cover contains title of the research report, the authority to whom the report is submitted,
name of the author, etc.

The preface introduces the report to the readers. It gives a very brief introduction of the report. In the
acknowledgements author mention names of persons and organisations that have extended co-operation
and helped in the various stages of research. Table of contents is essential. It gives the title and page
number of each chapter.

Introduction of the Report

The introduction of the research report should clearly and logically bring out the background of the
problem addressed in the research. The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the research project to
the readers. A clear statement of the problem with specific questions to be answered is presented in the
introduction. It contains a brief outline of the chapters.

Review of Literature

The third section reviews the important literature related to the study. A comprehensive review of the
research literature referred to must be made. Previous research studies and the important writings in the
area under study should be reviewed. Review of literature is helpful to provide a background for the
development of the present study.

The researcher may review concerned books, articles published in edited books, journals and periodicals.
Researcher may also take review of articles published in leading newspapers. A researcher should study
working papers/discussion papers/study reports. It is essential for a broad conclusion and indications for
further research.

The Research Methodology

Research methodology is an integral part of the research. It should clearly indicate the universe and the
selection of samples, techniques of data collection, analysis and interpretation, statistical techniques, etc.

Results

Results contain pilot study, processing of data, hypothesis/model testing, data analysis and interpretation,
tables and figures, etc. This is the heart of the research report. If a pilot study is planned to be used, it’s
purpose should be given in the research methodology.

The collected data and the information should be edited, coded, tabulated and analysed with a view to
arriving at a valid and authentic conclusion. Tables and figures are used to clarify the significant
relationship. The results obtained through tables, graphs should be critically interpreted.

Concluding Remarks

The concluding remarks should discuss the results obtained in the earlier sections, as well as their
usefulness and implications. It contains findings, conclusions, shortcomings, suggestions to the problem
and direction for future research. Findings are statements of factual information based upon the data
analysis.

Conclusions must clearly explain whether the hypothesis have been established and rejected. This part
requires great expertise and preciseness. A report should also refer to the limitations of the applicability
of the research inferences. It is essential to suggest the theoretical, practical and policy implications of the
research. The suggestions should be supported by scientific and logical arguments. The future direction
of research based on the work completed should also be outlined.

Bibliography

The bibliography is an alphabetic list of books, journal articles, reports, etc, published or unpublished,
read, referred to, examined by the researcher in preparing the report. The bibliography should follow
standard formats for books, journal articles, research reports.

The end of the research report may consist of appendices, listed in respect of all technical data.
Appendices are for the purpose of providing detailed data or information that would be too cumbersome
within the main body of the research report.
5.5 Basic Format for the Research Report

 Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Methodology (Materials and Methods)
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Reference List / Bibliography
 Appendices

5.6 CITATION
What is a Citation
A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly
quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text
citation should follow. An in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation
which refers the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of-paper citation, that provides all necessary details
about that source of information.

Direct quotations should be surrounded by quotations marks and are generally used when the idea you
want to capture is best expressed by the source.

Paraphrasing and summarizing involve rewording an essential idea from someone else's work, usually to
either condense the point or to make it better fit your writing style.

You do not have to cite your own ideas, unless they have been published. And you do not have to
cite common knowledge, or information that most people in your audience would know without having
to look it up.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations alert the reader to an idea from an outside source.

Parenthetical Notes
In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations usually appear as parenthetical notes (sometimes
called parenthetical documentation). They are called parenthetical notes because brief information about
the source, usually the author's name, year of publication, and page number, is enclosed in parentheses as
follows:

MLA style: (Smith 263)

APA style: (Smith, 2013, p. 263)

Parenthetical notes are inserted into the text of the paper at the end of a sentence or paragraph:>

In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations are associated with end-of-paper citations that
provide full details about an information source.

Note: Different source types and situations require different information within the parentheses. Refer to
a style guide for the style you are using for details.
Note Numbers
In Chicago and CSE styles, in-text citations usually appear as superscript numerals, or note numbers, as
follows:

These note numbers are associated with full citations that can appear as footnotes (bottom of page),
endnotes (end of chapter or paper), or lists of cited references at the end of the paper.
Footnotes

Endnotes

End-of-Paper Citations
End-of-paper citations, as well as footnotes and endnotes, include full details about a source of
information. Citations contain different pieces of identifying information about your source depending on
what type of source it is. In academic research, your sources will most commonly be articles from
scholarly journals, and the citation for an article typically includes:
 author(s)
 article title
 publication information (journal title, date, volume, issue, pages, etc.)
 and, for online sources:
o DOI (digital object identifier).
o URL of the information source itself
o URL of the journal that published the article

There are many other types of sources you might use, including books, book chapters, films, song lyrics,
musical scores, interviews, e-mails, blog entries, art works, lectures, websites and more. To determine
which details are required for a citation for a particular source type, find that source type within the style
guide for the citation style you are using.

At the end of your research paper, full citations should be listed in order according to the citation style
you are using:
 In MLA style, this list is called a Works Cited page.
 In APA style, it is called a References page.
 In CSE style, it is called a Cited References page.
 And, in Chicago style, there may be both a Notes page and a Bibliography page.

MLA
APA

CSE
Chicago

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography is a list of books, scholarly articles, speeches, private records, diaries, interviews, laws,
letters, websites, and other sources you use when researching a topic and writing a paper. The
bibliography appears at the end.

The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to authors whose work you've consulted in
your research. It also makes it easy for a reader to find out more about your topic by delving into the
research that you used to write your paper. In the academic world, papers aren't written in a vacuum;
academic journals are the way new research on a topic circulates and previous work is built upon.
Bibliography entries must be written in a very specific format, but that format will depend on the
particular style of writing you follow. Your teacher or publisher will tell you which style to use, and for
most academic papers it will be either MLA, American Psychological Association (APA), Chicago
(author-date citations or footnotes/endnotes format), or Turabian style.

The bibliography is sometimes also called the references, works cited, or works consulted page.

Components of a Bibliography Entry

Bibliography entries will compile:

 Authors and/or editors (and translator, if applicable)

 Title of your source (as well as edition, volume, and the book title if your source is a chapter or
article in a multi-author book with an editor)
 Publication information (the city, state, name of the publisher, date published, page numbers
consulted, and URL or DOI, if applicable)
 Access date, in the case of online sources (check with the style guide at the beginning of your
research as to whether you need to track this information)

Order and Formatting

Your entries should be listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author. If you are using
two publications that are written by the same author, the order and format will depend on the style guide.

In MLA, Chicago, and Turabian style, you should list the duplicate-author entries in alphabetical order
according to the title of the work. The author's name is written as normal for his or her first entry, but for
the second entry, you will replace the author's name with three long dashes.

In APA style, you list the duplicate-author entries in chronological order of publication, placing the
earliest first. The name of the author is used for all entries.

For works with more than one author, styles vary as to whether you invert the name of any authors after
the first. Whether you use title casing or sentence-style casing on titles of sources, and whether you
separate elements with commas or periods also varies among different style guides. Consult the guide's
manual for more detailed information.

Bibliography entries are usually formatted using a hanging indent. This means that the first line of each
citation is not indented, but subsequent lines of each citation are indented. Check with your instructor or
publication to see if this format is required, and look up information in your word processor's help
program if you do not know how to create a hanging indent with it.

Types of Bibliographies
Although the concept of a bibliography might seem straightforward, many different types of
bibliographies exist and are necessary for different situations. These types include, but are not limited to,
the following:

 an enumerative/systematic bibliography,
 an annotated bibliography,
 a working bibliography,
 a period bibliography,
 and a subject bibliography.
Enumerative Bibliography

The most commonly used type of bibliography is the enumerative bibliography, sometimes called a
systematic bibliography. This type of bibliography is simply a list of the sources consulted and cited in a
research paper or project ordered in a particular way, usually alphabetically by each author's last name.
Whenever an assignment or instructor requests a "bibliography" without any other details, they typically
refer to an enumerative bibliography.

Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a type of bibliography usually used early on in research projects.

Annotated bibliographies have a list of sources to support a research project and brief "annotations" about
each source. These annotations are usually around 150 words each and explain what the source is about
and why it would be helpful to consult in the research project.

Working Bibliography

A working bibliography is similar to a rough draft version of a bibliography. A working bibliography is

what one uses in drafting a research project or paper. This means that the working bibliography will
change over time as new sources are added to it when the author continues their research. A working
bibliography is not always a polished version of the bibliography. Depending on the requirements for an
assignment, it might not even be in alphabetical order since the author has not finalized the bibliography
yet.

Other Bibliographies

Enumerative, annotated, and working bibliographies are the most common types of bibliographies used in
academic settings. Depending on the field of study, however, there are other types of bibliographies one
might use. One of these is a period bibliography, which includes sources from a specific era, usually to
aid in historical research. These bibliographies might accompany a project, but they might also be
published separately just as a list of sources for others to consult if they are researching over that period.
A subject bibliography works in much the same way as a period bibliography but covers a particular
subject instead of a time.

How to Write a Bibliography

Being able to understand what a bibliography is and how to do a bibliography are entirely different
concepts. Many students in high schools, colleges, and even universities might be comfortable writing a
research paper but still wonder, "How do you write a bibliography?" The bibliography in a research paper
or project is typically one of the last pages of the paper, occurring after the bulk of the writing but before
appendices. All bibliographies must include all of the references used to create the paper or project and
what bibliographic information is available for a source; this includes:

 the name(s) of the author(s),

 the title,
 the year of publication,
 the date of publication,
 the publisher,
 the containing work (journal, newspaper, anthology),
 the internet retrieval location (when applicable),
  and other necessary information for someone to be able to find the source.

Different citation styles determine how the bibliography should be formatted. Usually, an instructor or
assignment will indicate the required citation style for the class or assignment. The three primary citation
styles are the Chicago Manual of Style, the APA Style, and the MLA Style. While the Chicago style uses
"bibliography" to refer to the bibliographies in their papers, APA style uses "references" while MLA style
uses "works cited." The names refer to the same information, but each style guide has different
requirements for formatting.
Chicago style
A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the
author’s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is
alphabetized by authors’ last names.
Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the type of source. Templates and examples for the
most common source types are shown below.

1. Book


Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of
Template
publication: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Example Williams, John. Stoner. London: Vintage, 2003.

 The edition is always abbreviated (e.g. 2nd ed. or rev. ed.).

 Only include the URL for books you consulted online.

2. Book chapter

Author Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by Editor First
Template
Name Last Name, page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Stewart, Bob. “Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership.” In Enriching Our Lives with
Example
Animals, edited by John Jaimeson, 220-90. Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007.

 Use this format to cite a chapter in a multi-authored book. If all the chapters in a book were
written by the same person, reference the whole book.
 Begin the citation with the author of the chapter. The editor who compiled the book is listed later.

3. Journal Article

Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month
Template
Year): Page range. DOI/URL.

Example Andreff, Wladimir, and Paul D. Staudohar. “The Evolving European Model of Professional
Sports Finance.” Journal of Sports Economics 1, no. 3 (August 2000): 257–276.
 https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304.

 The page range identifies the location of the article within the journal issue.
 For articles accessed online, include a DOI (digital object identifier) where available, and a URL
if not.

4. Website
Template Author Last Name, First Name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL.

Scribbr. “Chicago Style Citation.” Accessed June 16, 2020.

Example
https://www.scribbr.com/category/chicago-style/.

 If the author is unknown, list the organization or website name as author, and don’t repeat it later
in the citation.
 If no publication date is listed, include an access date instead.
 The website name is not italicized, unless it is an online version of a newspaper or magazine.

Formatting the bibliography page

 The bibliography appears at the end of your text. The heading Bibliography is bolded and centred
at the top of the page.
 Unlike the rest of a Chicago format paper, the bibliography is not double-spaced. However, add a
single line space between entries.
 If a bibliography entry extends onto more than one line, subsequent lines should be indented, as
seen in the example below. This helps the reader to see at a glance where each new entry begins.
 Example of a Chicago bibliography
Author names in the bibliography
Author names in the bibliography are inverted: The last name comes first, then the first name(s). Sources
are alphabetized by author last name.

If a source has no named author, alphabetize by the first word of the title or organization name that starts
the entry. Ignore articles (“the,” “a,” and “an”) for the purposes of alphabetization.

Sources with multiple authors

For sources with more than one author, only the first author’s name is inverted; subsequent names are
written in the normal order.

For texts with up to 10 authors, all the authors’ names should be listed in the order they appear in the
source, separated by commas.

Gmuca, Natalia V., Linnea E. Pearson, Jennifer M. Burns, and Heather E.M. Liwanag. “The Fat and the
Furriest: Morphological Changes in Harp Seal Fur with Ontogeny.” Physiological and Biochemical
Zoology 88, no. 2 (March/April 2015): 158–66.
If there are more than 10 authors, list the first seven, followed by “et al.”

Multiple sources by the same author

If you include multiple works from the same author, only include the author name in the first entry. In
subsequent entries, replace the name with three em dashes, followed by the rest of the citation formatted
as normal. List the entries in alphabetical order by title.

Rhys, Jean. Good Morning, Midnight. London: Penguin, 2000.

———. Quartet. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.
———. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1997.

MLA Style

Writing a Bibliography: MLA Format

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Below are standard formats and examples for basic bibliographic information recommended by the
Modern Language Association (MLA). For more information on the MLA format,
see http://www.mla.org/style_faq.

Basics

Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered title, Works
Cited. Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system
(ignore spaces and other punctuation.) If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring
any A, An, or The.

For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of your paper, but abbreviate them in the list of works
cited, except for May, June, and July. Use either the day-month-year style (22 July 1999) or the month-
day-year style (July 22, 1999) and be consistent. With the month-day-year style, be sure to add a comma
after the year unless another punctuation mark goes there.
Underlining or Italics?

When reports were written on typewriters, the names of publications were underlined because most
typewriters had no way to print italics. If you write a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the
names of publications. But, if you use a computer, then publication names should be in italics as they are
below. Always check with your instructor regarding their preference of using italics or underlining. Our
examples use italics.

Hanging Indentation

All MLA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the first line of an entry should be flush left, and
the second and subsequent lines should be indented 1/2".

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation

The MLA guidelines specify using title case capitalization - capitalize the first words, the last words, and
all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Use lowercase abbreviations
to identify the parts of a work (e.g., vol. for volume, ed. for editor) except when these designations follow
a period. Whenever possible, use the appropriate abbreviated forms for the publisher's name
(Random instead of Random House).

Separate author, title, and publication information with a period followed by one space. Use a colon and a
space to separate a title from a subtitle. Include other kinds of punctuation only if it is part of the title.
Use quotation marks to indicate the titles of short works appearing within larger works (e.g., "Memories
of Childhood." American Short Stories). Also use quotation marks for titles of unpublished works and
songs.

Format Examples
Books
Format:
Author's last name, first name. Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing
company, publication date.

Examples:

Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic
Society, 1974.

Boorstin, Daniel J. The Creators: A History of the Heroes of the Imagination. New York: Random, 1992.

Hall, Donald, ed. The Oxford Book of American Literacy Anecdotes. New York: Oxford UP, 1981.

Searles, Baird, and Martin Last. A Reader's Guide to Science Fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.,
1979.

Toomer, Jean. Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton, 1988.

Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:
Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Date.
Note: If the dictionary or encyclopedia arranges articles alphabetically, you may omit volume and page
numbers.

Examples:

"Azimuthal Equidistant Projection." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. 1993.

Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. "Falcon and Falconry." World Book Encyclopedia. 1980.

Tobias, Richard. "Thurber, James." Encyclopedia Americana. 1991 ed.

Levinson, David, and Melvin M. Ember, eds. Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. 4 vols. New York:
Henry Holt, 1996. Print.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author's last name, first name. "Article title." Periodical title Volume # Date: inclusive pages.

Note: If an edition is named on the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition.

Examples:

Hall, Trish. "IQ Scores Are Up, and Psychologists Wonder Why." New York Times 24 Feb. 1998, late
ed.: F1+.

Kalette, Denise. "California Town Counts Down to Big Quake." USA Today 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1.

Kanfer, Stefan. "Heard Any Good Books Lately?" Time 113 21 July 1986: 71-72.

Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping." New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51.

Website or Webpage
Format:
Author's last name, first name (if available). "Title of work within a project or database." Title of site,
project, or database. Editor (if available). Electronic publication information (Date of publication or of
the latest update, and name of any sponsoring institution or organization). Date of access and <full
URL>.

Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.

Examples:

Devitt, Terry. "Lightning injures four at music festival." The Why? Files. 2 Aug. 2001. 23 Jan. 2002
<http://whyfiles.org /137lightning/index.html>.

Dove, Rita. "Lady Freedom among Us." The Electronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 1998. Alderman
Lib., U of Virginia. 19 June 1998 <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu /subjects/afam.html>.

Lancashire, Ian. Homepage. 28 Mar. 2002. 15 May 2002 <http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080 /~ian/>.

Levy, Steven. "Great Minds, Great Ideas." Newsweek 27 May 2002. 10 June 2002
<http://www.msnbc.com /news/754336.asp>.
Chicago Style
A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the
author’s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is
alphabetized by authors’ last names.

A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers. It gives your
reader an overview of all your sources in one place. Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether
you need a bibliography.

Chicago style bibliography examples

Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the type of source. Templates and examples for the
most common source types are shown below.

1. Book

Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of
Template
publication: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Example Williams, John. Stoner. London: Vintage, 2003.

 The edition is always abbreviated (e.g. 2nd ed. or rev. ed.).

 Only include the URL for books you consulted online.

2. Book Chapter

Author Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by Editor First
Template
Name Last Name, page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Stewart, Bob. “Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership.” In Enriching Our Lives with
Example
Animals, edited by John Jaimeson, 220-90. Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007.

 Use this format to cite a chapter in a multi-authored book. If all the chapters in a book were
written by the same person, reference the whole book.
 Begin the citation with the author of the chapter. The editor who compiled the book is listed later.

3. Journal Article

Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month
Template
Year): Page range. DOI/URL.

Andreff, Wladimir, and Paul D. Staudohar. “The Evolving European Model of Professional
Example Sports Finance.” Journal of Sports Economics 1, no. 3 (August 2000): 257–276.
https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304.

 The page range identifies the location of the article within the journal issue.
  For articles accessed online, include a DOI (digital object identifier) where available, and a URL
if not.

4. Website

Template Author Last Name, First Name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL.

Scribbr. “Chicago Style Citation.” Accessed June 16, 2020.

Example
https://www.scribbr.com/category/chicago-style/.

 If the author is unknown, list the organization or website name as author, and don’t repeat it later
in the citation.
 If no publication date is listed, include an access date instead.
 The website name is not italicized, unless it is an online version of a newspaper or magazine.

 Formatting the bibliography page

 The bibliography appears at the end of your text. The heading Bibliography is bolded and centred
at the top of the page.
 Unlike the rest of a Chicago format paper, the bibliography is not double-spaced. However, add a
single line space between entries.
 If a bibliography entry extends onto more than one line, subsequent lines should be indented, as
seen in the example below. This helps the reader to see at a glance where each new entry begins.
 Example of a Chicago bibliography
References
Referencing can be described as giving credit, with citation, to the source of information used in one’s
work. Research is a buildup on what other people have previously done thus referencing helps to relate
your own work to previous work. Unacknowledged use and presenting someone else’s ideas as if they
were your own can be used to describe plagiarism. Referencing is an important part of academic work. It
puts your work in context, demonstrates the breadth and depth of your research, and acknowledges other
people’s work. You should reference whenever you use someone else’s idea.
Why reference?

Referencing correctly:

 helps you to avoid plagiarism by making it clear which ideas are your own and which are
someone else’s
 shows your understanding of the topic
 gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and opinions
 allows others to identify the sources you have used.
When to reference

Whenever you use an idea from someone else's work, for example from a journal article, textbook or
website, you should cite the original author to make it clear where that idea came from. This is the case
regardless of whether you have paraphrased, summarised or directly quoted their work. This is a key part
of good practice in academic writing.