Group-14 (Carbon Family) Short Notes

Carbon
Family
family and of carbon, silicon, germanium
* carbon consist
tin, lead
(sn)(P6)
flesorium.
(FR)

Carbon is the seventeenth

most abundant element
by
*

may in earth's crust.

naturallyinadditiontotherade are
occuring
contains two stable
calbon
isotopes:
notein the

silicon
*
is the
second most abundant element (27.7% by mans)
on earth's crust. It is a
very important component
of glass
ceramics, and cement.

*
Ge exists
only in traces. Tin occurs
mainly as

cassitate, snow and lead 963.

galena
as

ultrapure formanetfermaniumandaction asmed a

 General characteristics
of of group
elements 14

Electronic
configuration:The valance shell electronic

configuration of these elements is usup?

2 Covalent and Ionic Radius:

<Ge<Sn<P6
↳
<Si
covalent radius
thisorder is
followed by

↳ ionic radius

Ionization
3
Enthalpy
C) si) Ge) Sn) p6

Electronegativity:
4 ~

?PDSi Gesn J on

Pauling scale e
=

Point:
Melting
5

> si) Ge)su>P6

of met
melting than
points soiling grauf
points dement
and
much
higher than

G point
Boiling Si) Ge)p6> Sn
Density:
7
P6) sn) Ge) > Si

8 oxidation States: -

The common oxidation state exhibited

elements is
by group in th and +2

carbon
* can have
negative oxidation states

Thestabilityof theoxidation state,

* increases as Gesus the

*
Calbon cannot exceed its covalence monthany, other

elements
vacent
group
oforbitals.
the can do so became
of availability.
of
*
at moderate
undergo hydrolysihalides
s temperatures
CC do not

where as element
other
undergo hydrolysis
have
and
tendency form complexes
to like

(SiFs)
[GeUs]2-(sucons]"-having hybridization sp3d?
9
Allotropy
Carbon ->
Diamond,
graphite, coal, charcoal,
lampblack, fullerenes a
graphene.
 (a) Diamond.
Ithas
each other
linked to
crystalline lattice
tetrahedral having spy hybrid carbons
in
fashion.
is
-cond
length
The
154pm.
It is used as an

in
abrasive
for shaping hand tools,

making dyes manufacture

of tungestan filaments
in and

light
bulbs.
for
electric
(6)
Graphite
Ithas structure. held
layered the Layers by
are

van des

is
Waals
forces and distance between two
layers
540pm.
The bond within the is
length 141.5pm.
*
layer
C-C

hexagonal sing undergoes sp hybridization

Each calson in the

The
therefore, graphite
*
are
electrons mobile and conducts

electricityalong sheet
the

The
graphite
emperature, drywhere
*
lubricant in machine
at oil cannot be
running
used as

(C) Fullerenes

heat in

graphite electric arc

>Fullerenes
C60 Co.
inference of HewAg or
 Fullerenes the only pure of carbon became have
they
* are form

smooth structure without

having dangling
louds.

Coo has
molecule
shape like ball and called
* a soccer

Buckminsterfullerene.
Itcontains six-membered
ringshas fire
so & 12

This
membered
rings.
fall
shaped molecule sovertices

Crystalline
of
* Silicon
Allotropes -

·Amporkhous
,
grytin
Allotropes of Su-- white in
*

>
rhombic tin

10 Catenation:

theinlinkings I called
identical atoms with
each other
catenation.
long
form
to

The associated with

property
this is M-M
of decreases
decease bond
which as C siLGewsn216.
energy
1
Reactivity Towards
oxygen
M+ 02 >MO2

M+ O2->NO

I I
H20, 20

CO2, SiO2, G202

*
an acidic in nature NO, N20
neutral
I
SnO2, P602 are
amphoteric in
in
nature
nature. oxides
Sn0, 400 are
amphothic
* Co is neutral. & Geo is acidic,

high temperature
at
sio exist
only

Reactivity towards water:-

12

CO+H2
Si0z +2H2 [
H20
S H20
cold
> X (noreaction)
steam
Ge_
A
Sn + 2H20 > snOz+2H2

water,
Lead is
unaffected by probably
because
of a
*

protective oxide
film formation.
 Reactivity Halogen:
14 Towards

The elements halides

for two series
of in x2&MX4.
*

In
general halides
the covalent and
sphybridized.
*
are

snf and POF which an ionic

except
POI4
*
does not exist.

order
of thermal stability
(x4> sixn> 4ex47 suxa796X4

CF) CUn) CBrn) (In.

ExceptwaterCH4 because
other tetrachlorides
easilyhydrolysed
*
are

the central atom

by can

from oxygen
accomodate
electrons
lone
the pairof
4
Sit
on
I

a
4 a
si on

↓ 3He
+

OH

si
o
Ho!, silicic acid
 -
The
stabilityof
dihalides:

sixz<GeXa <SnX2 [96X2

pyt4 p6+
2
action)
2B-> Buz
(oxidizing
+
+

pp 4
-

2
p6+
+

+
25 + 12

16 Calbon:-
Oxides
of
(a) Carbon Monoxide:-
-
2CCs) 021g) 2019
*
+

limited
supply
-
teame
Burner
373k
* H200H > 120 +C0 on small
conc. H2SO4
scale
purs
COH H2SO4 CO+CO2+ H20
M
>
coprparation
* commercial scale

473-1273k
c(s)
H2019) >Hag
t

gas
water or

synthesis gas
 1273k

4N2(g) 4N2(g)
* +
2(x)
02(g) >2201
+
+

- -

fom air producer

gas
I industrial
fuel)
A
* > 2 Fe+ 3CO
RegOz + 3C

A
7
TnO +C In+CO

=0 2n0+cO
In+CO2

k4R(N16] 6H2SO4
* +

6H20 ->CK2SO4 ReSO4

+ +

+ 620
3(Nul>SO4
+

Co is a colourlers, odourless, and almost water

insoluble
gas.withblue
* Itturns
flame form
to CO2

very good reducing agent.

It
*
is a

<2f(x)
*

regOz(1+
3C019) 3102)
+

A
2n0C1
+cOly
>Tax) +
cong

Itishighly poisonousinnaturebecause of
*
at
as the
than
300 times more
oxy-haemoglobin.
16) carbon dioxide:

complete a
*
CCS)
+02(g) combustion
>
O219)
*

CH41g1+2021) >CO2191 +
2H20(g)
In

generiys+ (+)02(g) <xco2g1+ Holy

*

Lab method:
*

CaCO31+2H4(ag) >Callag1 C02

+ +
HOH)

+H2OH)
NaNLOzn HUlag
+202
NaClag)
+ -

slightly
*It is a colourless and odourless and

soluble in water. gas

It
*
carbonic acid H2COs reaction with water.
farms on

H2COb/HC05 buffer helps maintain

system pH of
to
-

blood between 7.62507.42.

*It is
used
by green plants process of
in the

photosynthesis.
6 CO2 + 1420
chophys omparates '02 + 6120
Itis externateinathen
poisonousat
*

non
global warming.
solid is which is used
dryice,
A CO2 as used as

refrigerant.
as a

Itis combustible itis used

fire extinguisher.
*
non so as

17S ilicon Dioxide, SiOz: -

* 95% earth's crust

of the is
up ofsilica
made and
silicates.

Quastotaliteand tidymite
the
of
* are some

**
site is a covalent, 3-D network solid
I
si-o-si-o-si-o-
- ↓ !
-

Si-o-si-o-bi-o-
! !
9
site normal almost non-reactive
in its
is
*
form

because
of
its
high
sito bond
enthalpy.
 halogens,
*
site resists attack
the
by H2 & most
of
acids & metals even at elevated
temperatures
SiO2 +2 NaOH > N925i03 H2O
swater
glass)
SiOg 4HF
+
>
SiF4 +CH20

is
Quartz material.
extensively used as
piezoelectric
*

that can produce electric

p.
(energy
materials
mechanical
upona pplication of
Quartz has made possible to accurate
develop extremely
*

clocks, modern ladio television

and
broadcasting
a

mobile radio communications

silica
gel is used
drying agent
and
*

as a as a

material
support for chromatographic catalyst.
&

kieslghue, amorphous form of silica is used in

an
filtration plants.
18 Silicones -
They are a
group of organosilicon polymers
containing si-o-si
linkages.
*
They
substituted
are
formed by
chlorosilanes
the
hydrolysis
their
of alkyl oaryl
and subsequent
polymerization
Ringx sil >RsiUst MgUz
+

anguard Reagent
CRMgU+sick- ReSiU+SingUz
Rysic
3RMgU+ sicy single
-> +

where Re
alkyl aranyl group.
↳powder
2
U34 + Si
570K
>
(C3),sills.

(413), Sil 0112

ol -

2HU

Thepolymerizatiome
n ofdial the yiels
* siladiol lineas

iSicone
R
R

nn -
0 si
-
-
0 -

H - - bi-o- si
R R

(linear)
 u OH
* I I
3 H20
R-si-U 7 R-si-OH
3H4
di
-

I
R

bi-o-i-o-si-o-
OH
R
I
n R- si-on polymerization -
or

i ironsto
di
-orino

I
linked
cross
polymes
polymerization*
3 -
site -Bi R
R) -o
-

silicone

R
cyclic
R

ER3SiOH-R- si-o-bi-R
k R

Thechainlength ofthepolymescanbe or
* control
 C3 113
n no-si-on + Ho-si-C3

13 3
-
120 polymerization
W

C13 CH3
I
-
-
si -

0 -
si 3
-

des 13
n

silicones being surroundedby non-price allygoesit

*

*
They have in
general high thermal stability,
high
dielectric
chemicals.
strength and resistance oxidation and
to

*
electrical inculators
They are

water
used as sealant,
greases,
and
proofing fabrics.
19 Silicates:
silicates metal deviratives
are
of silicic acid,
HuSiOn or
SiCOnly.
used with
I N94SiOn,N92(SiO3)n etc.
N92CO3 sand (SiOn)"

Types of silicates:

(a) orthosilicates:
These silicates
single
contains discrete
unit sinh-tetrahedra.
of
-
-
Zircon Zusion
eg: I
-
I
-

-
-

Olivine
igzsiOn
- ⑳

-
-0 -

0
· Si

(6) O-oxygen.
Pyosilicates these silicates contain size unit.
- O
I I
Thoutveitite
--- eg.. Scz(Si,7)
Hemimorphite
Zuz(siz07) InION)z: H2O
o
-

O
X-oo O
 silicates:
cyclic
c)
have
(Sion)-cyclic arsing
silicates
general
formula
-

·
Wallastonite CazSizOq.
Eg:

-
a --

*
Beup
Remusicolo

YoY isisad
·Go
-
(a) Chain silicates:
The
general formula is
of types
two

(SiOs?" (ii) (sinOn)."

-

(i)
-
-
-

eg: spodumene (iAl(SiO3)2:

-
- -
-

-
-

Jadeite
--
⑧ -
NaAKSi03)2.

- -
-

-
- -

-
-

-
-

-
-

- -
-

(e) 2 D -

sheet silicates:
The
generaleach [SizOs)2"-
formulatetrahedron
is
atoms
ofsion4-tetrahedra.
The three
oxygen
all

shared with
adjacent
eg:
Tak:
Mg(SicOs/zMg(OU)s
(f) 3-4 sheet silicates: -
silicates involve all
These
your oxygen
in
atoms
shaving with
adjacent sionh-tetrahedra.
Quartz, Feldspare, Zeolites
eg:
-

20 zeolites -

It
*
aluminium atom replace few silicon atoms in 3-4

overall structure aluminosilicates

network
ofsiz known as

cations such Nat, or catt

acquire a
negativecharge as

negative charge.
Jalance the

Zeolites
are used
widely petrochemical
catalyst in
*

as

industries
cracking of hydrocarbons. ISM-5
eg.
for

zeolite)
(A
type of
used convent alcohols
to
directly
gasoline.
into

Hydrated
* zeolites are used as ion
exchanger in
water.
softing of Hard