ENGLISH COURSE

Index Index Index

Present Simple Reflexive Adjectives – How Long/Often Active / Passive Voice

Negative Present Simple Holidays Phrasal Verbs
Negative Past Simple Prepositions of Position Everybody / Somebody / Nobody / Anybody
Regular Past Comparatives / Superlatives Irregular Verbs
Questions – Present/Past Double-Negatives Modal Verbs
Don’t / Doesn’t / Didn’t / Did There Is/Are Conditional Forms
Future Simple To/For Present Perfect Continuous
Negative Future Simple Animals Past Perfect Continuous
Revision: Don’t / Doesn’t / Didn’t Possessive ‘s / With / By Future Perfect Continuous
Conjugation of Verbs Beside / Besides Pronouns / Some Any
Adverbs of Frequency Verbs – To / ing Many / Much / A lot of / Intensifiers
Past Adverbs of Frequency Whether / If / Other / Another Lie / Lay / Most of
Verb – To Be Future Tenses Raise / Rise / Correlative Conjunctions
Verb – To Be (Past) Something / Nothing / Anything Able to / Suppose to / Supposed to
Future Continuous Plural Modal Verbs / Have
Colors Direct and Indirect Speech Modals Verbs / Have + ing
Numbers
Prepositions
Days of Week/Month
Pronouns
Presente simples
• Sujeito + verbo I sit
You throw
We dust
• I - eu They clean

• You - você/ vocês

• He - ele
• She - ela
• It - coisas/ animais
• We - nós
• They - eles/elas

(Não usar He, she, it ainda)

Negar no presente
• Sujeito + do/does + not +verbo
• Do not = don’t I don’t sleep
You don’t sit
• Does not =doesn’t We don’t talk
They don’t tie
He doesn’t yawn
• I don’t She doesn’t drink
It doesn’t make
• You don’t
• We don’t
• they don’t
• She doesn’t
• He doesn’t
• It doesn’t
Negar no passado
• Sujeito + did + not + verbo
• Did not = didn’t
I didn’t hold
You didn’t shave
He didn’t squat
• I didn’t She didn’t tie
• You didn’t It didn’t throw
We didn’t put on
• He didn’t They didn’t wink

• She didn’t
• It didn’t
• We didn’t
• They didn’t
Verbos com o passado regular
Usamos as letras ED no final do verbo para
dizer que fizemos algo, por exemplo:
Present Past

BORROW BORROWED
Eu caminhei - ACT ACTED
AGREE AGREED
I walked BELIEVE BELIEVED
BELONG BELONGED
ADMIRE ADMIRED
• Lembrando que aqui estão alguns ACHIEVE
BLAME
ACHIEVED
BLAMED
verbos de exemplo. BOTHER BOTHERED
CALL CALLED
CANCEL CANCELED

Quando o verbos terminarem com

• Nem todos os verbos é só colocar ed no consoante+y tira o y e coloca ied
final, existem também os irregulares que
Carry Carried
vão ser estudados mais pra frente. Cry Cried
Try Tried
Question in the present and past
• Perguntas com did indicam passado.
• Perguntas com do ou does indicam presente.
Por mais que a pergunta esteja
Did I laugh ? no passado, o verbo principal
Did you write ? deve estar no presente porque
Did he cry ? o did vai vir antes, e ele já
Did she speak ? indica que a frase esta no
Did it jump ? passado.
Did we knit ?
Did they plant ? * Did he walked
* Did he walk
Do I stop ?
Do you sew ?
Does he play soccer ?
Does she sing ?
Does it tie ?
Do we slide ?
Do they wash ?
Practice phrases using Don‘t, Doesn’t, Didn’t, Do,
Does and Did.
• Go home
• Have lunch
• Have breakfast
• Have dinner
• Wake up
• Do homework
• Wash clothes
• Get dressed
• Watch TV
• Go to bed
• Go to school
Simple future
• Sujeito + will + verbo
I‘ll walk
you‘ll draw
he‘ll get up
• I will - I’ll she‘ll laugh
It’ll sneeze
• You will - You’ll we‘ll go
they‘ll shout
• He will - he’ll
• She will - she‘ll
• It will - It’ll
• We will - We’ll
• They will - They’ll
Negative simple future
• Sujeito + will + not + verbo
• will not = won’t
I won’t have lunch
You won’t drink juice fruit
• I won’t He won’t go hiking
She won’t drive
• You won’t It won’t break
We won’t surf the net
• He won’t They won’t have lessons

• She won’t
• It won’t
• We won’t
• They won’t
Asking in the future
• Will/ won’t + sujeito + verbo Will I drink?
Won’t you blow bubbles ?
Will he pack a bag ?
• Will/ won’t I Won’t she work ?
Will it dig a hole ?
• Will/won’t you Won‘t we listen to music ?
Will they get dressed ?
• Will/won’t he
• Will/won’t she
• Will/won’t it
• Will/won’t we
• Will/won’t they
Revision of don’t, didn’t, and won’t
• Didn’t – quando você quer dizer que não fez algo
• Don’t e doesn’t – quando você quer dizer que não faz algo
• Won’t – quando você quer dizer que não vai fazer algo

• Change
• Keep
• Sleep
• Prepare breakfast
• Get on a bus
• Leave home
• Walk to school
• Fold
• Blow the candles out
 Conjugation of verbs
• Somente válido para he she e it.
• Somente presente e o primeiro verbo depois dos sujeitos he, she e it.
O,s,x,sh,ch = +es
• She washes the car (to wash)
• He fixes the car ( To fix)
Consoante + y = -y + ies
• She cries a lot (To cry)
• Peter tries to be nice (To try)
Vogal + y = +s
• She pays the bill (to pay)
• He says many things (to say)
Have = has
• she has a car Frases de exemplo:
•Maria has a big house Does she go to the supermarket ?
He enjoys sitting in the park.
My dog runs a lot.
Pedro drives his car pretty well.
Maria tries to study on the weekend.
Did He go to the party ?
Will she sleep all day ?
does Sofia raise the pen ?
She says that she likes him.
Restante = +s
• She likes chocolate
Adverbs of frequency
• Always (pode ser usado no final) the children are playing always.
• Usually Maria usually goes to United States.
• Normally my dog normally doesn’t get angry at strangers.
• Often he often comes to my house.
• Sometimes we sometimes hang out together.
• Occasionally (pode ser usado no final) I eat meat occasionally.
• Seldom I seldom travel.
• Almost never Pedro almost never gets late.
• Never I never drink beer.

How often...
• Once a/per day ( week, month, year, decade...)
• Twice a/per day( week, month, year, bimester, semester, decade...)
• Three times a year ...
• Four times a year...
• Five times a year...

• Three times a semester, I have an exam at school.

• Four times a year Maria and her family travel.
• I‘ll start studying English three days a week.
• Generally I work 3 to 4 hours a day.
Adverbs of frequency in the past
• A few days ago.
weeks
A few years ago, she traveled to Paris.
years
We were in São Paulo a few months ago.
months
Maria‘s car broke down a few minutes ago.
hours
A few hours ago, I was walking on the beach.

We started studying English a few months ago

After the word AGO comes the subject and

the verb in the past either regular or
irregular
Verbo to be
Verbos terminado em:
• I am
E = -e+ing write/ writing

• You are Ie = -ie+ying die/ dying

• We are EE = + ing see/ seeing

• They are Consoante+vogal+consoante = +ultima

letra+ ing run/running

• He is
• She is Abreviações
I am I’m
• It is You are you’re
We are we’re
They are they’re
O verbo que vier depois do He is he‘s
verbo to be, é She is she‘s
OBRIGATÓRIAMENTE usado It is it’s
com as letras ing
Negative Verbo to be
• I‘m not
• you’re not
• we‘re not He’s not walking
He isn‘t walking
• they‘re not
I am not writing
• he‘s not I‘m not writing

• she’s not They‘re not watching

They aren‘t watching
• it‘s not

Abreviação de are not pode ser

também aren‘t.
Abreviação de is not pode
também ser isn’t
Interrogative Verbo to be
• Am I
• Are you
Are you speaking?
• Are we Is he sleeping ?
Are they walking to school ?
• Are they Is he preparing breakfast ?
Am I going for a walk ?
• Is he
• Is she
• Is it
Past of the Verbo to be
• I was
• He was
• She was
• It was

• We were
• They were
• You were

Depois de aprender que o verbo to be é

usado com um verbo e ing do lado, ele
também pode ser usado com
características
Interrogative past of the verb to be
• Was I
• Was he
• Was she
• Was it

• Were we
• Were they
• Were you
Negative past of the verb to be
• I was not
• He was not
• She was not
• It was not

• We were not
• They were not
• You were not

Abreviações
Was not wasn‘t
Were not weren‘t
 Future continuous
• Sujeito + Will + be + verbo com ing
• I’ll be
• You‘ll be
• he‘ll be
• she‘ll be
• it‘ll be
• we‘ll be
• they‘ll be
I‘ll be working
you‘ll be driving
she‘ll be ironing
he‘ll be walking home
it‘ll be digging
we‘ll be having dinner
they‘ll be mowing the lawn
Negative future continuous
• Sujeito + won’t + be + verbo com ing
• I won’t be smiling
• You won’t be laughing
• He won’t be stepping
• She won’t be climbing
• It won’t be sleeping
• We won’t be building
• They won’t be fixing a car
Colors
Cores sempre vem antes do objeto que
você se refere

I will buy a white shirt

She doesn’t have a yellow car
Do you like blue pants?
I‘ll be buying a black car
Once a week she buys new green shoes

Para dizer que a cor é escura, usamos a

palavra DARK.

Dark blue

Para dizer quando a cor é clara, usamos a

palavra LIGHT

Light blue
Numbers
Zero Twenty One hundred One thousand
One Twenty one One hundred one One thousand one
Two Twenty two One hundred two One thousand two 172 – one hundred seventy two
Three Twenty three One hundred three One thousand three
Four Twenty four One hundred four One thousand four 639 – six hundred thirty nine
Five Twenty five One hundred five One thousand five
Six Twenty six One hundred six One thousand six 719 – seven hundred nineteen
Seven Twenty seven One hundred seven One thousand seven
Eight Twenty eight One hundred eight One thousand eight 1,382 - one thousand three hundred
Nine Twenty nine One hundred nine One thousand nine eighty two.
ten One hundred ten One thousand ten
3,283 – three thousand two hundred
Eleven Two hundred Two thousand eighty three.
Thirty Three thousand
Twelve Forty Three hundred
Thirteen Four hundred Four thousand 71,294 – seventy one thousand two
Fifty Five thousand hundred ninety four.
Fourteen Sixty Five hundred
Fifteen Six hundred Six thousand
Seventy Seven thousand 17,352 – seventeen thousand three
Sixteen Eighty Seven hundred
Seventeen Eight hundred Eight thousand hundred fifty two.
ninety Nine thousand
Eighteen Nine hundred
nineteen Ten thousand
Most common prepositions
• In – months, afternoon, morning, years, seasons of the year, country and city.
• On – days of the week, holidays, means of transport and names of streets.
• At – locations, work, night, hours, feelings, and habits: good or bad.

They‘re walking at the park.

On easter we walk in the park.
The friends are walking in the morning.
He‘s walking in the day time
Days / Months
• Days of the Week
Sunday On Sunday we go to a park
Monday Does Maria work on Tuesday?
Tuesday
On Saturday we‘ll be travelling to Paris.
Wednesday
She eats healthy food on Friday.
Thursday
Friday
Her birthday is In March.
Saturday
Will you be on vacation in December ?
We`ll start studying in January.
• Months: Where will you be living in May ?
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August Dias da semana, meses, nomes
September de rua, pessoas, pronome eu,
October
November cidades e feriados, sempre
December com letra maiuscula.
Pronouns
Personal pronoun Possessive adjective possessive pronoun Pronoun as object

I My Mine Me
You Your Yours You
He His His Him
She Her Hers Her
It Its Its It
We Our Ours Us
they their theirs them

I like the way she looks at me. Where is her jacket? She‘ll travel with us.

Its house is breaking apart. This is my bag and that is yours. This is his book.

Does he like them ? Is that car ours ?

Their car is black and mine is gray.
Reflexive adjectives How long and how often
I Myself
You Yourself / yourselves How often - frequency of an action
He Himself
How often do you go to the gym ? I go to the gym four times
She Herself
per week.
It Itself
We Ourselves
they themselves How often does he watch movies? He watches movies
everyday.

How often are we meeting ? We‘re going to meet once a

She did it herself week.
or How long - Duration of an action
She did it by herself
How long does it take you to get to the gym ? It take twenty
minutes by car.

How long is this flight going to take ? It‘s going to take

São Paulo itself is a big and busy city. approximately five hours
He carries the couch himself.
We paid our apartment by ourselves. How long does it take to walk from the pharmacy to the bakery ?
Themselves paid for the new cellphone. Maybe it takes five minutes if we walk fast.
Holidays
Preposition on

On Christmas, we eat turkey for dinner

She‘ll present her father with a tie on Father’s day

On Easter, the children love eating chocolate.

Prepositions of position

The cupcake is on the box

The pink cupcake is among the other cupcakes

The cupcake is above the box

Comparatives and superlatives
Adjectives comparatives superlatives
Tall Taller Tallest Comparativos:
Big Bigger Biggest A dog is faster than a turtle.
Small Smaller Smallest I am happier than Pedro
Young Younger Youngest Are you better than me in this game ?
Old Older Oldest This food is worse than my food.
New Newer Newest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful Superlativos:
Hungry Hungrier Hungriest Cheetah is the fastest lend animal.
Happy Happier Happiest I’m the happiest
Sad Sadder Saddest I‘m the best in this game
Good Better Best This movie is the worst ever.
Bad Worse Worst
Angry Angrier Angriest
Fast Faster Fastest When the adject ends with y I take
off the y and add ier for comparative
and iest for superlatives.

Happy – happier – happiest

Don’t use double negatives
• Em uma frase não pode usar 2 palavras negativas nem 2 positivas, por mais que
em uma conversa com nativos é usado, mas não segue a regra gramática.

Negativas: Positivas:
X The bird didn’t fly no more
None Any V The bird didn’t fly anymore
Neither Either
No Many X She doesn’t like none
Not Much V She doesn’t like any
Nothing A lot of
Never Always X We don’t like nothing
Ever V We don’t like anything
some
There is and there are
There‘s a bird on the tree.
• There‘s – (tem) para singular There‘s someone calling you.

• There‘re – (tem) para plural There‘re many people at the beach.

There‘re animals at the zoo.

There isn’t anything to do

• There isn‘t – não tem There isn‘t a car in the garage
• There aren‘t – não tem There aren‘t dogs at the street.
There aren‘t beautiful clothes in this store.

Is there anyone here ?

• Is there – tem? Is there a cake to eat ?
• Are there – tem?
Are there places to visit?
Are there many people on the plane ?
To and for
• To – para movimentos na frase ou entre 2 verbos.
• For – quando alguém será beneficiado.

She‘s traveling to Paris. (movimento)

This gift is for her. (Beneficiado)
She likes to eat hamburger. (Entre 2 verbos)

As vezes terá que escolher entre um e outro dependendo o sentido da frase.

What did you do to him ?

What did you do for him ?
 Lend animals
Animals
Marine animals
Possessives with S with / by
Here is how you‘re going to say something belongs to
someone:
By = It describes the way you do something .
Pedro‘s car is broken down.
We open the door by pushing
Maria‘s school is closed.
I study English by watching online classes
João’s cellphone is charging.
With = It describes what you use to do something.
If the name of person finishes with s you can only add
apostrophe.
I walk with my new shoes
I write with a pen
Mateus’ house is big.

When there‘re two people, you can use apostrophe either

one or both names.

João and Maria‘s flight is late.

João‘s and Maria‘s flight is late.
 Beside and besides
• Beside
• At the side of: • When something isn‘t important:
My bag is beside Julia My phone is running out of battery, well, it‘s
Pedro is beside João beside the point because I‘ll sleep soon.

Besides
• When I want to give more information:
Besides watching movies, I enjoy running in my free time.

• Besides also means Exception:

Besides João, everybody was at the party.
Verbs followed by to and Ing
Love Practice
Afford Demand He loves eating chocolate. Adore Put off
Agree Don’t like I can’t stand working with her. Admit Risk
Arrange Love This conversation is about finishing our Avoid Care
Ask Hate project. can‘t help I don‘t mind
Begin Mean I really don’t mind working until late as can‘t stand Mind
Continue Need long as I get paid well. Consider Of
Decide Offer
About Miss
Fail Plan + TO + ING
For Hate
Forget Prefer I‘m the one who helped her to pass the Deny finish
Help Pretend exam. Dislike Keep on
Hope Promise You plan to travel in a few months, Enjoy Give up
Intend Refuse don‘t you? Fancy Involve
Learn Start We try to arrive on time, but the traffic Fell like Like
Like Remember is heavy at this time of the day. Forward imagine
Want Try He hates to wake up early.
 Whether and IF
Whether:
you‘ll do the action no matter what.
Tomorrow we‘ll go out whether it rains or not.
He‘ll buy a house whether it‘s expansive or not.
She prefers cold temperature whether other people
like it or not.
If:
You’ll do the action only on a certain circumstance.
Tomorrow we‘ll only go out if it‘s going to be sunny.
He‘ll buy a house only if it‘s cheap.
She‘ll travel only if the ticket is cheap.
Other and Another
Another: the noun that comes after shall be singular
and we won’t use “the” before the word another.
There‘s another person coming.
Can you reach me another pen?
Other: we can use it in three different cases.
1°
She gave other advice to her daughter.
We‘re going to buy other car.
2° -plural
There are other computers in that store.
This document is fine, but the others are entirely
crinkled.
3° - singular nouns but only to talk about a different
specific subject.
I don’t want this pen, I want the other pen.
He doesn’t like this city, he likes the other one.
Future Tenses Grow and grow up
1° - speaking about a future plan which I have already decided to do. Grow up – It‘s used when we‘re talking
Be + going to + verb about a child becoming and adult, it‘s from
We‘re travelling to Brazil next month. childhood to adulthood

Also used to make predictions When he grows up he wants to become a

It is going to rain. teacher
She said that when she grows up she is
2° - future with present continuous going to live in another city
used to future plans which we plan and organize.
Be + verb with ing
They‘re getting married in October Grow – used for plants, people, animals, object...
He isn‘t buying a new phone Grow out – hair

My hair is growing fast.

3° - Future simple She‘ll grow her hair out and dye it as well.
Used to decisions just made. The shrub grew in a park.
In my garden, those bushes have grown and
Subject + will + verb become a hedge.
I‘ll drink some water He‘ll grow his beard out.
We‘ll go to the store now.
Something / Nothing / Anything
• Something
•Affirmative sentences.
•Invitation when we wait an affirmative sentence.

Let’s do something on Saturday.

She has something interesting to show to you.
• Anything
•In affirmative sentences “ qualquer coisa”
•In negative sentences “nada”
•Interrogative sentences “ alguma coisa”

If you need anything, call me.

He doesn’t need anything.
Does she need anything?
• Nothing
•only for affirmative sentences “nada”
He wants nothing to drink.
We need nothing today.
They said nothing.
 Consonant +o = +es Without plural
Plural of nouns Hero – heroes
potato – potatoes Fish
The principal rules is to add the letter S.
Car – cars Bread
Book –books Finishes with f/fe = - f/fe + ves chocolate
Knife – knives Juice
S, x, sh, ch, z = +s Wolf – wolves Milk
Bus – buses Leaf – leaves Water
Tax – taxes Loaf – loaves Tea
Bush - bushes Wife – wives Coffee
Butter
Vowel +y = +s Irregular: Salmon
Day – days Shrimp
Boy – boys Man – men Sheep
Toy – toys Woman – women Deer
Person – people Fruit
Goose – geese series
Consonant +y = - y + ies
Ox – oxen
Baby – babies
Candy – candies Foot – feet
Ended with us = - us + i
City – cities Tooth – teeth
Mouse – mice
Cactus – cacti
Vowel + o =+s Child – children
Octopus – octopi
Radio – radios Octopus - octopi
Video- videos
 Direct speech reported/indirect speech
Exactly words the other person said. Make some changes so that it sounds more natural.

She asked, “What time is it?”.

We told them (that) we had to go.
She said, “I love you”.
Dad said (that) it was time to sleep.
She said, “I‘ll clean the house”.
We shouted (that) we were the best.
Mom told me, “We‘re travelling in one month”.
Peter wrote (that) he had to go to the hospital.
They shouted, “We‘re the best players in the world”.
Fred told me (that) he was going to tell me a secret.
• here we have some phrases from direct to indirect speech.

My team had run 20 miles in the field. > > > > > > >> He said (that) his team had run 20 miles in the field.

We can hear you. > > > > > > > > > They told me (that) they could hear me.

She asked, “ can you go”?. > > > > > > > Sara asked if I could go.

Can you go with us ? > > > > > > > Peter and Jhon asked if you could go with them.
Active voice passive voice
• Here the focus is on the action the person did.
• Here the focus is on the person.

The vikings invaded Britain. Britain was invaded by the Vikings.

She stole my money. My money was stolen by her.

The company has to arrange deliveries everyday. Deliveries have to be arranged everyday.

Someone must stamp the passports. The passports must be stamped.

She stole the package in the post. The package got lost in the past.

They were kissing most of the movie. Most of the movie was spent kissing.

His boss told him to leave. He was told to leave.

They‘re playing the game. The game was being played.

Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are constructions which consist of a verb, preposition, adverb or both.
• Hopefully, they‘ll put us up for tonight. (To invite)
• She is looking for her purse. (To search)

The verb come for example, if we add a selection of tiny words to this verb, the meaning changes.
• Pedro‘s bag has come apart. (Broken up)
• He doesn‘t want to play soccer but if I talk to him, he‘ll come around. (Change his mind)
• My friend comes from Japan. (Hails from)
• I didn’t recognize her, then it came back, we were classmates years ago. (remember)

The verb look has also several meanings.

• Look! There is my house. (To direct your eyes)
• We looked everywhere but we couldn‘t find her. (To try to find someone or something)
• He looks nice in those clothes. (To seem)
• I look forward to our travel next week. ( fell excited about something )

Even though we‘re talking about phrasal verbs, they also have past forms and need to be used by the right way, whether
they‘re regular or irregular.
• Peter tore up the letter he received from his girlfriend.
• The train broke down.
Here we have some phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs related to cellphone:
• To ring somebody up.
• To get through.
• To hang on.
• To hang up.

Here there‘re some common phrasal verbs:

• Peel off - Fruit or vegetable skin.
• Fry up - Breakfast or vegetable.
• Slice off - Meat from bone.
• Cut up - Into slices.
• Cut off - Fat from meat.
• Chop up - Into small pieces or cubes.
• Boil away - The water is boiling in the pan.
• Boil over - The water is boiling in the pan and coming out.
• Slice off - Cut a piece.
 Transitive phrasal verbs
Can be followed by an object.
• She made up an excuse.

Some of them are separable, the object is placed between the verb
and preposition.

• I talked my brother into letting me use his ticket.

• Bill looked the phone number up.

Some of them are separable, the object is placed after the preposition.

• The cyclist got on his bike.

• Bill ran into an old colleague in the pub.
• (look after, pick on...)

Some of them you can choose whether you separate or not.

• They turned down my request OR they turned my request down.
• (Pick up)
 Although many transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places.
You MUST put the object between the verb and the preposition if the
object is a pronoun. THERE IS NO CHOICE.

The object is a noun. The object is a pronoun.

Look up the number. Look it up.

I put on a coat. I put it on.

Put your toys away. Put it away.

Turn the TV on. Turn it on.

Turn the TV off. Turn it off.

Get back - Pick up -

return collect
Make up – Take off –
fake a story remove
 Everybody, somebody, anybody and nobody
Everybody: Used in affirmative sentences.
This year, everybody will have longer vacation.
Everybody heard the explosion.
Everybody will help with the project.
Somebody: Affirmative and interrogative sentences.
He needs somebody to come to work on Saturday.
Is anybody home ?
He has lost money on the street and somebody took it.
Anybody: Interrogative, negative or affirmative sentences.
Anybody can learn English.
Is here anybody who doesn’t want pizza ?
Anybody could be part of our team.
Nobody:
Affirmative sentences
Nobody wants to do it.
I went there yesterday, but there was nobody at home.
They trust nobody to do this job.
 Irregular verbs
Present Past Past participle

Fly Flew Flown

Sit Sat Sat
Say Said Said
Know Knew Known
Come Came Come
Begin Began Begun
Break Broke Broken
Bring Brought Brought
Build Built Built
Draw Drew Drown
Drink Drank Drunk
Drive Drove Driven
Eat Ate Eaten
Speak Spoke Spoken
Fall Fell Fallen
flee fled fled
Present Past Past participle

Fight Fought Fought

Get Got Got/gotten
Grow Grew Grown
Hold Held Held
Keep kept Kept
Leave Left Left
Light Lit Lit
Mean Meant Meant
Mistake Mistook Mistaken
Pay Paid Paid
Put Put Put
Read Read Read
Remake Remade Remade
Run Ran Run
Send Sent Sent
Do Did Done
Be Was/were Been
sweep swept swept
Present Past Past participle
Swear Swore Sworn
Swim Swam Swum
Take Took Taken
Teach Taught Taught
Tear Tore Torn
Think Thought Thought
Throw Threw Thrown
Wake Woke Waken
Wear Wore Worn
Wet Wet Wet
Win won Won
Write Wrote Written
Stand Stood Stood
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Sleep Slept Slept
Rise Rose Risen
Hang Hung Hung
Break Broke Broken
carry carried carried
Present Past Past perfect
Choose Chose Chosen
Speak Spoke Spoken
Steal Stole Stolen
Show showed Shown
Beat Beat Beat
Ride Rode Ridden
Bite Bit Bit
Hide Hid Hid
Hit Hit Hit
See saw Seen
Take Took Taken
Blow Blew Blown
Ring Rang Rung
Sing Sang Sung
Become Became Become
Tell Told told.
Cost Cost Cost
Cut Cut Cut
leap leapt leapt
Present Past Past participle
Hurt Hurt Hurt
Let Let Let
Put Put Put
Shut Shut Shut
Sink Sank Sunk
Arise Arose Arisen
Feed Fed Fed
Forgive Forgave Forgiven
Meet Met Met
Seek Sought Sought
Go Went Gone
Build Built Built
Catch Caught Caught
Bet Bet Bet
Bend Bent Bent
Bid Bid Bid
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast
Present Past Past participle

Fell Felt Felt

Find Found Found
Give Gave Given
Have Had Had
Lead Led Led
Lose Lost Lost
Lend lent Lent
Shoot Shot Shot
Sell Sold Sold
Spend spent spent
Understand Understood Understood
Bleed Bled Bled
Burst Burst burst
Cling Clang Clung
Hear heard heard
 Modal Verbs
Modal verbs aren‘t followed by TO and after them the verbs must not be conjugated.
She runs
She can run

Questions
Affirmative Negative contractions
To make questions, all the modal
Can – could
verbs must come in the
Shall – should Can‘t – couldn’t
beginning of the sentence and
Will – would shan‘t – shouldn’t
must either be negative or
May Won’t – wouldn‘t
affirmative.
Must Mayn‘t
Have to haven’t (without to)
Might Might not
Shouldn‘t she cook food today ?
Ought to Oughtn’t (without to)
could João come with us ?
May I use the bathroom ?
We can‘t work on Saturdays. Could he have spoken with you
She could buy new clothes. earlier?
The children oughtn’t sleep late.
We should sleep early. Have we done anything wrong?
Maria shan‘t eat chocolate.
You ought to study more often. Will the bus leave at 10pm ?
You shouldn‘t go out in this bad whether.
It might rain tomorrow. Should we have chosen this
I wouldn’t touch this dog if I were you.
Peter may clean his bedroom. restaurant for dinner tonight?
 Conditional forms
Simple present Simple future
Real situations Real situations but in the future

If she studies a lot, she‘ll have good grades in He won’t have to ask for a loan if he saves up money.
school. It’s too hot outside, if we go out we‘ll have to go by
If we travel to Paris, we can see the Eiffel tower car.
We‘ll run out of money if you don’t be careful. If you don’t want to repeat a grade, you should study.

Past perfect
Simple past
Imaginary or future situations. Past situations, however, not possible to change.
If I won the lottery I would buy many cars. If I hadn‘t gone downtown, I wouldn‘t have seen
If she wrote a book, she wouldn‘t sell it at a high price. him.
What would you do if you walked across the desert ? She shouldn‘t have been travelling but she had
and emergency.

An action which has been made but you don’t say when exactly.
*When have you eaten ?
* When did you eat ?
Just – Just finished
Already – Already finished
Since – Exact data.
For – Period of time.
Yet - Yet didn‘t do
Present perfect
• Recently
Subject + have/ has + Past participle • Already
• So far
• Ever
I have studied.
• For
She‘s gone to the beach.
• Lately
Peter has done his homework.
• Never
The yellow bird has flown to another tree.
I‘ve just finished studying.
Negative
Have you already eaten the cake ?
Has not – hasn’t
Have not - haven’t
She hasn‘t watched this movie since she was a child.
Interrogative
Peter has been my boss for 3 years.
Has and have come
João and Pedro haven’t cooked their food yet.
before the noun
 Past perfect
Two actions in one sentence, had is used in the first action.
Subject + had + past participle
I had drunk some coffee
Before I watched TV. An easier way to understand it.
* The verb had is used in the
first action, it can be used
Or
either as a first sentence or I watched TV – past simple.
second.
I watched TV after
I had drunk some coffee – past
I had drunk some coffee.
with had
• Recently
• Just

• For The police arrived but the thief had already left. Negative
• Already I‘d not written the text yet after the
• Yet He had already washed the clothes before hanging them up. teacher erased it from the black board.
• Since
• Lately When he arrived, the meeting had already finished. Interrogative
• This year Had she arrived before the meeting
• Never Her father had driven to school before her class finished. started?
• Ever
 Future perfect
It’s used to express an action which will either be completed or finished before an specific time in the future.
Subject + will / won’t + have + Past participle
She‘ll have finished the dinner
By the time you get home.

He‘ll have graduated from school by this time next year.

She won’t have brought my clothes by the time I must go.

By 1pm, I‘ll have cleaned the house.

Mari won’t have drunk her coffee by the time we must leave

Negative Interrogative
We won’t have finished coping Will she have washed the clothes by the
it by the time we must give it time it must be dried ?
in.
 Present perfect continuous
Someone has been doing an action and hasn‘t finished yet.
Subject + have / has + been + verb ing
I‘ve been working.
She‘s been writing a book.
Negative
• Recently
• Just
I‘ve not been feeling well since I ate
• For He‘s been driving for 3 hours. that bread.
• Already Pedro has been on the plane since 7am.
• Yet I‘ve been studying English for months. She‘s not been studying because
• Since Juliana has been a singer for 1 year already. you don’t help her.
• Lately
• This year Interrogative
• Never
• Ever Has she been sleeping since
• So far 9 am ?

We they been out since

yesterday ?
 Past perfect continuous
An action which finished just before another past event
Had + been + Past participle

Past with had > > > I had been studying when
Simple past > > > she sent me a message.

• Recently
• Just I had been sleeping for 8 hours before I woke Interrogative
• For up and went to the gym.
• Already We had been waiting for the Uber for 10 Had you been walking when the
• Yet minutes when it arrived. dog bit you ?
• Since She had already been sleeping when the
• Lately neighbors started to play loud song. Negative
• This year
• Never We hadn‘t been doing anything
• Ever and he came talk to us.
• So far
 Future perfect continuous
An action which will continuo up until a certain future point.
Subject + will + have + verb ing

• Recently I‘ll have been working here for 10 years when I

• Just retire.
• For
• Already She‘ll have been living in this apartment for a
• Yet month by next month.
• Since Negative
• Lately He‘ll be already working as a teacher for 3 years by
• This year the end of this year. I won’t be living here anymore
• Never by next month.
• Ever We‘ll be studying English for 5 months by the end
• So far of this week. Interrogative

Will Sara be working with us for

a year by tomorrow?
Pronouns to replace people
Who – Precedes the subject.
Which – precedes the object.
That – replace who and which, but can‘t be used
after in, with, about...
Whose – when someone own something and must
by noun.
Whom – replaces “ tell who, for who, with who,
about who...”
I saw the man whose the house burned down living
in other city.
This is the dog which I’ve been feeding.
Some and Any
Some – affirmative countable
and uncountable.
There‘re some people in the line.
There is a sharpener in my pencil case.
Any – negative, interrogative,
countable and uncountable
There aren‘t any people in the line.
There isn’t any sharpener in my
pencilcase

I thought that you had drunk all the coke which was
inside the fridge.

The woman who you saw is my mom.

Many, much and a lot of Intensifiers
Much – uncountable nouns.
Very A little
Many – plural and countable nouns. Pretty + Slightly -
Completely A bit
A lot of – not common in negative too Not at all
sentences or questions, it can be used
with countable or uncountable.
It is too hot.

He isn‘t my friend at all.

Tomorrow we‘ll be completely busy.
We don’t have much money. São Paulo itself is a pretty big city
Since we‘ve started studying, we‘ve
learnt a lot of things.
There‘re many animals in the zoo.
 Lie and lay Most and Most of
Lie – it‘s a verb

Present Past past participle Most – I‘m not being specific.

Lie Lied Lied
Most of – I‘m being specific
He‘s a liar because he doesn’t tell us the truth.
They lied to me about that. Most people like this movie, but I don’t like it.
Most of the people I know like this movie, but
Lay – to put something down I don’t like it.

Present Past Past participle

lay laid laid Most dogs were furious.
Most of the dogs I saw were furious
I lay my phone on the desk
She‘s laid the jar on the sink to wash it.

Lie – to rest

Present Past Past participle

Lie lay lain
It‘s completely late, I‘ll lie down on the bed.They‘ve been
lying down early all this week.
Rise and Raise Correlative conjunctions
Raise – I move up something to make an action.
Both ....... And 2 ideas
Present Past Past Participle
Either ...... Or 2 ideas and 1 is going to happen
raise raised raised
Neither ...... Nor 2 ideas and both won’t happen
Not only ...... But also 2 good or bad ideas.
He‘ll raise the chair to clean.
Whether ....... or 2 possibilities and one will happen.
I‘ve raised the headphones from the floor.
The children should’ve raised their hand to talk.

Their mother raised them well.

I‘ll travel either by car or bullet train.

Not only is he a cashier in the supermarket but also he‘s

Rise – the object moves up by itself.
also owner.
Present Past Past Participle
The dog is both calm and beautiful.
rise rose risen
He likes neither this movie nor the other one.
In summer the heat rises quickly.
In winter the sun rises later.
We‘ll go to the beach tomorrow whether it rains or not.
The bread is rising in the oven.
The spaceship is rising.
Able to Supposed to and suppose to
Present

I‘m able to work today Suppose to- Imaginary situation

Is she able to come visit me ?
The students are able to get the homework done
by tomorrow.
Past
We were able to run the marathon.
I was able to work yesterday.
The cars weren‘t able to cross the road because
of the accident.
Future
I‘ll be able to work tomorrow
He won’t be able to make big decisions, he‘s too
young yet.
Will you be able to attend the meeting for me ?
Suppose we‘re walking and you
see you friend, what would you
do ?
I‘m supposing that on my payday
I will get much money.
Supposed to – when I‘m
expecting you to do something.
She‘s supposed to pick her son up
from school.
You‘re supposed to come meet
me at 10pm.
Happy – happily
Angry – angrily
Quiet –quietly
Adjective becomes adverb
Quick – quickly
Nervous – nervously
Careful – carefully
Fast – fast When the adject ends in e
Good – well She spoke nervously in her speech. or y we take off either of
Neat – neatly these letters and add ily.
Early – early Peter shouted angrily at his
Sad – sadly costumers. Happy – happily
Busy - busily Brave - bravely
Brave-bravely The cars will drive slowly.
Elegant - elegantly
Hungry - hungrily The animals behaved wildly while
Lazy - lazily they were being transported to the
Careless - carelessly zoo. They are all used after the main
Courageous - courageously verb but fast and quick, these
Loud – loudly two can be used in the end.
Mysterious - mysteriously
Slow – slowly
Violent - violently
Wild - wildly
Soundless - soundlessly
 Modal verbs and have
Should + have + past participle
Affirmative
She should’ve saved more
money for this travel.
We should’ve studied at least
a bit more.
Interrogative
Should she have paid the
bill today ?
Should I had gone to work
yesterday ?
Negative
You shouldn‘t been with
her.
The children shouldn‘t
have eaten candies.
Could + have + past participle
Affirmative
We could‘ve gone with
them.
Sarah could‘ve bought a
new car.
Interrogative
Could you have been nice
to him ?
Could they have brought
us a cake from the store ?
Negative
He couldn’t have paid the
bill.
Mary couldn‘t arrive on
time.
Would + have + past participle
Affirmative
We would‘ve gone to the party but
it was late.
She would‘ve come but she was
sick.
Interrogative
Would she have been angry at him
for that ?
Would I have more time to study in
your house ?
Negative
Peter wouldn‘t have come if it
wasn‘t for me.
Peter and Mary wouldn‘t have won
the lottery but they did.
 Modal verbs with have and ing
Should + have + participle + ing Could + have + participle + ing Would + have + participle + ing
Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative
She should have been making I could've been eating healthy I would‘ve been coming if
the bed. food. I knew it.

The dog should have been Sarah could‘ve been having She would‘ve been doing
eating dog food. shower. her homework.

Negative Negative Negative

I shouldn‘t have been I couldn‘t have been sleeping I wouldn‘t have been
listening to this song. now. doing it.

He shouldn‘t have been They couldn‘t have been It wouldn‘t have been
walking outside this time. drinking wine. falling it it wasn‘t for you.

Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative

Should we have been reading Could we have been watching Would we have been
this book ? another movie ? working ?

Should they have been Could he have been walking Would he have been
working together ? the dog ? driving this car ?