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01-Concrete Technology-Fundamentals 1.03
01-Concrete Technology-Fundamentals 1.03
Concrete Technology-
Fundamentals
Contents
Part-1 : Fundamentals
1) Introduction
2) Cements and Hydration
3) Aggregates
4) Admixtures (Chemical & Mineral)
5) Factors Effecting Properties of Concrete
6) Shrinkage & Creep
7) Poisson’s Ratio
8) Stress & Strain, Modulus
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1) Introduction
1) Introduction
Concrete as A Construction Material -
Advantages
Ease of production from local materials and
experience (cost benefit)
Mouldability to achieve any shape and size
A durable material in principle
Excellent material for fire resistance
Requires less energy to produce than other
construction materials
Aesthetic possibilities through the use of color,
texture, and shape
A material with tailorable properties
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1) Introduction
1) Introduction
What is Concrete?
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1-Introduction
Paste, Mortar, or Concrete?
1-Introduction
Mix Proportion
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Binder materials
◦ Portland cements (various
types)
◦ Cement + supplementary
cementitious materials (SCM)
Aggregates
◦ Fine aggregates <5mm
◦ Coarse aggregates >5mm
Water
Admixtures
Fiber
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THE PANTHEON
❖ Almost 2000 years after its construction
❖ The best preserved Ancient Roman monument.
❖ Turning into a church in 609 AD has a lot to do with it in
later time, but also the structure itself is way ahead of its
time.
❖ In fact, the exact composition of the material is still
unknown and appears to be structurally similar to modern
day concrete!,
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THE PANTHEON
Ancient cementing materials
◦ Romans: Lime, volcanic ash or burnt clay tile
ground together (hydraulic cement)
44m
Pantheon (126 AD)
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San Nwe 15
San Nwe 16
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Future Development
• What is the maximum possibility strength?
Cement compacts
Manufactured by application of very high pressure with
simultaneous high temperature.
San Nwe 17
Future Development
• What is the maximum possibility strength?
Application of pressure of 340 MPa (49 500 psi) and
temperature of 250 °C (480 °F) has resulted in compacts
with a compressive strength of about 660 MPa (95 000 psi)
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Composition Limits of
Ordinary Portland Cement
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2-Types of Cements
ASTM Portland Cements
Type I General Purpose
Type II Moderate heat of hydration and sulfate resistance (C3A
< 8%) : general construction, sea water, mass concrete
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2-Hydration of Cement
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2- Hydration of Cement
When Water Is Added to Cement, What Happens?
Dissolution of cement grains
In later stages, products form on or very near the surface of the anhydrous
cement
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2- Hydration of Cement
Hydration of Calcium Silicates
(75% of Cement)
Durability concern
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2-Remarks on Setting
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3-Aggregates
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3-Aggregates
Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert
material.
In fact, aggregate is not truly inert
Aggregate is cheaper than cement
Aggregate has higher volume stability and better
durability than cement paste alone
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Gradation
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Aggregates sizes
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Aggregates sizes
Effect of Maximum
Aggregate Size on
Compressive Strength
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Aggregates sizes
above the 38.1 mm maximum
size the gain in strength due to
the reduced water
requirement is offset by the
detrimental effects of lower
bond area (so that volume
changes in the paste cause
larger stresses at interfaces)
and of discontinuities
introduced by the very large
particles, particularly in rich
mixes.
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Aggregates sizes
From the point of view of
strength;
• there is no advantage in
using aggregate with a
maximum size greater
than about 25 or 40
mm.
Aggregate Grading
Continuous aggregate grading reduces the void content and
improves workability
Under-sanded (Harsh) and over-sanded(fat) mixes difficult
to compact
Amount of water necessary to wet the aggregate particles
depends on the total surface area of the aggregates
particles
Increases in the fine aggregate proportion reduces the
workability
Increase in the fineness of sand decreases the workability
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4- Admixtures
Concrete Admixtures
Chemical Admixtures
Mineral Admixtures
(ASTM C 494)
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4-Chemical Admixtures
4-Mineral Admixtures
Mineral Admixtures (or) Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM)
Blast Furnace
Fly Ash (ASTM C
Slag (ASTM C
618)
989)
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Chemical
Composition
Curing Aggregate
Vibrating Water
Quality of
Concrete
Placing Depends on Admixture
Hydration Proportions
Transportation Mixing
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Free
Water
Content
Aggregate Cement
Grading Content
Workability
of Concrete
Water-
Aggregate
Reducing
Shape & Size
Admixture
Temperature
& Time
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Shrinkage
Volume changes accompany loss of moisture (by
evaporation or by hydration) from either fresh
or hardened concrete
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8- Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Elastic modulus is a fundamental
parameter in designing concrete
structures
❑ In the simplest terms, modulus of
elasticity (MOE) measures the
stiffness of the material and is a good
overall indicator of its strength.
❑ It is the ratio of stress to strain.
❑ Stress is the deforming force acting
per unit area (F/A), and strain is the
deformation (change in shape) caused
by stress (∆L/L).
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8- Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Young’s Modulus (E) - ratio of linear stress to linear
strain
❑ E= Stress / Strain
❑ Young’s modulus enables the calculation of the
change in the dimension of concrete members under
tensile or compressive loads
❑ It predicts how much a concrete column can shorten
under compression
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8- Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does
not have a fixed value of modulus of elasticity.
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7- Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’s Ratio
❑ When a material is compressed in one direction, it
usually tends to expand in the other two directions
perpendicular to the direction of compression.
❑ This phenomenon is called the Poisson effect.
❑ https://youtu.be/73vk5B94bT8
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7- Poisson’s Ratio
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Any Question?
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